Sociodemographic and academic factors associated with unhealthy lifestyle among Brazilian nursing students.

This study aimed to identify sociodemographic and academic factors associated with unhealthy lifestyles among Brazilian undergraduate nursing students. A cross-sectional study was completed by 286 nursing students in Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between sociodemographic and academic variables with the latent lifestyle indicator. The model fit's validity was assessed using Akaike information coefficient estimation, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and the ROC curve. A high health risk lifestyle was 2.7 times more likely among students aged 18-24 years than students aged 25 years or older (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = [1.18, 6.54] p = 0.02); 2.3 times more likely among students with ≥400 h of semester time (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = [0.93, 5.90], p = 0.07); and 3.8 times more likely among female students (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = [0.82, 8.12], p = 0.09). A moderate health risk lifestyle was 1.8 times more likely among students from the 6th to 10th semesters (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = [-0.95, 3.75], p = 0.07). Sociodemographic and academic factors were associated with unhealthy lifestyles. Health promotion efforts are necessary to improve nursing students' health behaviors.

Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum.

BACKGROUND: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with the occurrence of cracked nipples in the first month postpartum. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of mothers living in Feira de Santana, state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Data from 1,243 mother-child dyads assessed both at the maternity ward and 30 days after delivery were analyzed. The association between cracked nipples as reported by mothers and their possible determinants was analyzed using Poisson regression in a model where the variables were hierarchically organized into four levels: distal (individual characteristics), distal intermediate (prenatal characteristics), proximal intermediate (delivery characteristics), and proximal (postnatal characteristics). RESULTS: The prevalence of cracked nipples was 32 % (95 % confidence interval [95 % CI] 29.4-34.7) in the first 30 days postpartum. The following factors showed significant association with the outcome: poor breastfeeding technique (prevalence ratio [PR] = 3.18, 95 % CI 2.72-3.72); breast engorgement (PR = 1.70, 95 % CI 1.46-1.99); birth in a maternity ward not accredited by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (PR = 1.51, 95 % CI 1.15-1.99); cesarean section (PR = 1.33, 95 % CI 1.13-1.57); use of a feeding bottle (PR = 1.29, 95 % CI 1.06-1.55); and higher maternal education level (PR = 1.23, 95 % CI 1.04-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cracked nipples was high in our sample. Most of the factors associated with cracked nipples were related to postnatal characteristics, especially poor breastfeeding technique, which could be improved to help prevent the condition.

Prescription of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in emergency care units and return for follow-up appointments in specialized services in Salvador, Brazil, 2018: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) prescription and return for follow-up appointments. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using data on people who sought PEP in emergency care units (UPAs) and specialized medical services in Salvador, BA, Brazil, between January-December/2018. RESULTS: Of the 1,525 people who sought PEP at UPAs, 1,273 (83.5%) met PEP eligibility criteria, while 252 (16.5%) did not; of the eligible group, 1,166 (91.6%) had antiretrovirals prescribed, while 107 (8.4%) eligible people did not; of the total number of people with PEP prescriptions, only 226 (19.4%) returned for the first follow-up appointment, 115 (9.9%) for the second, and 33 (2.8%) for the third in order to complete the protocol. CONCLUSION: We found a significant proportion of eligible users who did not have PEP prescribed at UPAs and a significant loss of return for specialized service follow-up appointments.

[Factors associated with the decision to seek health care in myocardial infarction: gender differences]. / Fatores associados à decisão para procura de serviço de saúde no infarto do miocárdio: diferenças entre gêneros.

Analyze cognitive and emotional variables between genders in terms of the decision time (DT) to seek care when experiencing symptoms of myocardial infarction. One hundred adults were interviewed at two hospitals in Salvador-BA. The analysis used percentage means, the chi-square test, and a robust linear regression model. Most participants were male, with a mean age of 58.78 years and a low socioeconomic status. The geometrical mean of the sample was 1.1h (0.9h for men, and 1.4h for women). A shorter decision time was found for those who considered their symptoms to be severe, and a longer decision time for those who expected symptoms to improve and took something to feel better, with statistically significant associations. An interaction was observed between gender and the following variables: waiting for symptoms to improve (p=0.014), concealing symptoms (p=0.016) and asking for help (p=0.050), thus an association was observed between the variables of interest and DT. The decision times were long and were affected by cognitive, emotional and gender variables. Nursing care may promote early assistance.

Association between Sedentary Behavior and Cognitive Performance in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults: Cross-Sectional Results from ELSA-Brasil.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to verify the association between Sedentary Behavior (SB) and performance on cognitive function tests in middle-aged and elderly adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6505 participants (55.2% women) of ELSA-Brasil, with a median age of 61 years. The different types of SB considered were sitting time and screen time. The scores obtained in the memory, language, and executive function tests were used to assess cognitive performance (CP). The association between SB and CP was assessed using linear regression. RESULTS: For men, sitting time was associated with better performance in memory, language, and executive function tests. Screen time on the weekend, showed a favorable association with performance in the executive function test. Occupational screen time on weekdays was positively associated with language test performance. For women, sitting time and occupational screen time were positively associated with performance on memory tests. SB was favorably associated with performance in language tests and executive function tests. CONCLUSIONS: SB seems to favor CP in this population without evident dementia and with a high level of education. The type of SB (mentally active or passive) and the schooling seem to be of particular interest for cognitive performance.

Prenatal care of Brazilian women: racial inequalities and their implications for care. / Pré-natal da mulher brasileira: desigualdades raciais e suas implicações para o cuidado.

The study aimed to characterize women that attended prenatal care in Brazil according to ethnicity/skin color and sociodemographic variables and to verify the association between the indicators of the prenatal care process and the women's ethnicity/skin color. This was a population based, cross-sectional study carried out with data from the National Health Survey of 2013. A bivariate analysis was performed using the multilevel logistic regression model, estimating the odds ratio and the respective 95% confidence intervals to test the association between the indicators of the adequate prenatal care process and the women's ethnicity/skin color. The findings showed that black women have a lower chance of starting prenatal care before 12 weeks of gestation, having 6 or more consultations, performing the HIV test, performing the VDRL exam or receiving advice related to care during gestation and childbirth. Inequalities were identified in the healthcare of Brazilian women during prenatal care, related to ethnicity/skin color and other sociodemographic characteristics. It was concluded that being of black ethnicity and living in a socially disadvantaged area entails disadvantages for women regarding access to a prenatal care considered to be adequate according to the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Esta investigação teve como objetivo caracterizar as mulheres que realizaram o pré-natal no Brasil segundo raça/cor e variáveis sociodemográficas e verificar associação entre os indicadores de processo do cuidado no pré-natal e a raça/cor das mulheres. Estudo transversal de base populacional empreendido com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. Realizou-se análise bivariada mediante modelo de regressão logística multinível, estimando-se as odds ratio para medir a associação entre os indicadores de processo do cuidado pré-natal adequado e raça/cor das mulheres e verificando os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Os achados evidenciaram que mulheres negras possuem menor chance de iniciar o pré-natal antes das 12 semanas de gestação, ter seis ou mais consultas, realizar teste de HIV, exame VDRL e receber orientações referentes aos cuidados na gestação e parto. Identificamos desigualdades na atenção à saúde das mulheres brasileiras atendidas no pré-natal relacionadas à raça/cor e a outras características sociodemográficas. Conclui-se que ser negra e ocupar lugares sociais desfavoráveis acarretam desvantagens para as mulheres quanto ao acesso a um pré-natal considerado adequado segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.

Performance of Chimeric Trypanosoma cruzi Antigens in Serological Screening for Chagas Disease in Blood Banks.

Chagas disease (CD) is among the top 10 causes of inability to blood donation. Blood donation centers screen for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies using highly sensitive immunoenzymatic (ELISA) or chemiluminescent methods, which can lead to false positive results. Since positive samples cannot be used, to avoid the loss of valuable blood donations, it is necessary to improve specificity without reducing the sensitivity of the tests used for blood screening. For this purpose, our group has developed four chimeric proteins (IBMP-8.1, IBMP-8.2, IBMP-8.3, and IBMP-8.4) that have been evaluated in phase I and II studies with high performance and low cross-reactivity rates. The study included a panel of 5,014 serum samples collected from volunteer blood donors at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Foundation of the State of Bahia (Brazil). They were subjected to the detection of anti-T. cruzi antibodies, using all four IBMP antigens individually and latent class analysis (LCA) as a reference test, since there is no gold standard test for this purpose. Considering the sample size analyzed, LCA classified 4,993 (99.6%) samples as T. cruzi-negative and 21 (0.42%) as T. cruzi-positive. Sensitivity values ranged from 85.71% for IBMP-8.1 and 90.48% for IBMP-8.2-95.24% for IBMP-8.3 and 100% for IBMP-8.4, while specificity ranged from 99.98% for IBMP-8.3 and IBMP-8.4-100% for IBMP-8.1 and IBMP-8.2. Accuracy values ranged from 99.4 to 99.98%. The pretest probability for the molecules was 0.42, whereas the positive posttest probability ranged from 95.24 to 99.95% and the negative posttest probability ranged from 0.00001 to 0.0006% for all antigens. The higher odds ratio diagnosis was found for IBMP-8.4, which has been shown to be a safe single antigen for serological screening of CD in blood samples. The use of chimeric IBMP antigens is an alternative to reduce the number of bags discarded due to false-positive results. These molecules have high diagnostic performance and were shown to be suitable for use in screening CD in blood banks, isolated (IBMP-8.4) or in combination; and their use in blood banks could significantly reduce unnecessary disposal of blood bags or the risk of T. cruzi transmission.

Clinical characterization, disability, and mortality in people with strokes during 90 days.

OBJECTIVES: to describe clinical characteristics and mortality of people with ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (strokes); to compare disability before the event and 90 days after. METHODS: longitudinal study with 308 people hospitalized in Salvador-BA. Data collection took place from 03/2019 to 01/2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. RESULTS: mean age was 64.8 years, and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 10.7. The median length of stay in the hospital was 11 days. Afro-descendants predominated (84%), elementary educational level (68.4%), income up to three minimum wages (89.1%), arrival within 4.5 hours of symptoms (57.9%) and admission to a specialized unit (71.8%). Prevalence of thrombolysis: 26%. The asymptomatic before the event category predominated (85.3%) as did the moderate/severe disability (41.5%) after 90 days. 19.7% of the sample evolved to death. Conclusions: the high mortality and disability generated by the event have implications for health management and care.

Combined association of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases with severe COVID-19 outcomes: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 21 773 Brazilian adult and elderly inpatients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the combined association of obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with severe COVID-19 outcomes in adult and elderly inpatients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on registry data from Brazil's influenza surveillance system. SETTING: Public and private hospitals across Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible population included 21 942 inpatients aged ≥20 years with positive reverse transcription-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 until 9 June 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severe COVID-19 outcomes were non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation use, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. Multivariate analyses were conducted separately for adults (20-59 years) and elders (≥60 years) to test the combined association of obesity (without and with DM and/or CVD) and degrees of obesity with each outcome. RESULTS: A sample of 8848 adults and 12 925 elders were included. Among adults, obesity with DM and/or CVD showed higher prevalence of invasive (prevalence ratio 3.76, 95% CI 2.82 to 5.01) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation use (2.06, 1.58 to 2.69), ICU admission (1.60, 1.40 to 1.83) and death (1.79, 1.45 to 2.21) compared with the group without obesity, DM and CVD. In elders, obesity alone (without DM and CVD) had the highest prevalence of ICU admission (1.40, 1.07 to 1.82) and death (1.67, 1.00 to 2.80). In both age groups, obesity alone and combined with DM and/or CVD showed higher prevalence in all outcomes than DM and/or CVD. A dose-response association was observed between obesity and death in adults: class I 1.32 (1.05 to 1.66), class II 1.41 (1.06 to 1.87) and class III 1.77 (1.35 to 2.33). CONCLUSIONS: The combined association of obesity, diabetes and/or CVD with severe COVID-19 outcomes may be stronger in adults than in elders. Obesity alone and combined with DM and/or CVD had more impact on the risk of COVID-19 severity than DM and/or CVD in both age groups. The study also supports an independent relationship of obesity with severe outcomes, including a dose-response association between degrees of obesity and death in adults.

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus and living conditions in Feira de Santana, Bahia-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which emerged in the Americas in 2013 and spread rapidly to almost every country on this continent. In Brazil, where the first cases were detected in 2014, it currently has reached all regions of this country and more than 900,000 cases were reported. The clinical spectrum of chikungunya ranges from an acute self-limiting form to disabling chronic forms. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of chikungunya infection in a large Brazilian city and investigate the association between viral circulation and living condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based ecological study in selected Sentinel Areas (SA) through household interviews and a serologic survey in 2016/2017. The sample was of 1,981 individuals randomly selected. The CHIKV seroprevalence was 22.1% (17.1 IgG, 2.3 IgM, and 1.4 IgG and IgM) and varied between SA from 2.0% to 70.5%. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in SA with high living conditions compared to SA with low living condition. There was a positive association between CHIKV seroprevalence and population density (r = 0.2389; p = 0.02033). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The seroprevalence in this city was 2.6 times lower than the 57% observed in a study conducted in the epicentre of the CHIKV epidemic of this same urban centre. So, the herd immunity in this general population, after four years of circulation of this agent is relatively low. It indicates that CHIKV transmission may persist in that city, either in endemic form or in the form of a new epidemic, because the vector infestation is persistent. Besides, the significantly lower seroprevalences in SA of higher Living Condition suggest that beyond the surveillance of the disease, vector control and specific actions of basic sanitation, the reduction of the incidence of this infection also depends on the improvement of the general living conditions of the population.

Stress level among undergraduate nursing students related to the training phase and sociodemographic factors.

OBJECTIVE: identify the stress level among nursing undergraduates and the associated sociodemographic and academic factors; to compare stress level among college students according to the training phase in the course. METHOD: cross-sectional study with 286 university students. The instrument of sociodemographic and academic characterization and the stress scale were applied. The overall stress level was assessed by standardized score. In the bivariate analysis, Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact test was used, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using the Poisson model. Statistical significance of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: higher proportion of college students presented medium/high level of global stress. Students from 6th to 10th semesters presented higher levels of stress compared to those from 1st to 5th, in the Realization of practical activities, Professional Communication (p = 0.014), Environment (p = 0.053) and Vocational Training (p = 0.000) domains). In the multivariate analysis, they contributed to the highest level of stress the variables attending the 6th to 10th semesters, female gender, monthly income ≤ one minimum wage and income considered insufficient. CONCLUSION: women in a more advanced stage of education and with low economic condition present a higher level of stress in their academic education.

Impact of continuing education on maternal and child health indicators.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether the presence of care workers who completed a specialization course on family health was associated with improved care and maternal and child health indicators in municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: Negative binomial regression models with fixed effects were used for the 79 municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, with repeated observations for the period 2009-2015. For our reference, the parameter "number of professionals who completed the course" calculated the proportion of professionals who completed the course, and was divided by the total number of primary health care professionals in the municipality to create a ratio. The cutoff points used represented tertile distribution: T3: high (0.35-1.00), T2: intermediate (0.02-0.33) and T1: low (0.00-0.01); to avoid biased results, the analysis was also performed for the years prior to the beginning of the course in question (2009 and 2010). RESULTS: During the study period, enrollment of pregnant women, exclusive breastfeeding for children under 4 months, and up-to-date vaccinations in children younger than 1 year to 23 months increased (high to intermediate categories) in municipalities where professionals who completed the specialization course worked. Growth in the intermediate ratio was also observed in indicators related to cervical cancer screening and new diagnoses of congenital syphilis in infants under one year of age. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of care workers who completed a specialization course on family health was seen to be associated with improved care and indicators for maternal and child health in municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. These findings reaffirm the importance and effectiveness of policies on training and continuing education for the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Prescription of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in emergency care units and return for follow-up appointments in specialized services in Salvador, Brazil, 2018: a cross-sectional study / Prescripción de Profilaxis Post Exposición al VIH en unidades de emergencia y consulta de control en unidades de seguimiento y de acompañamiento, Salvador, 2018: un estudio transversal / Prescrição da profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV em unidades de urgência e retorno às consultas de acompanhamento em serviços especializados, Salvador, 2018: um estudo transversal

Abstract Objective: To analyze HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) prescription and return for follow-up appointments. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using data on people who sought PEP in emergency care units (UPAs) and specialized medical services in Salvador, BA, Brazil, between January-December/2018. Results: Of the 1,525 people who sought PEP at UPAs, 1,273 (83.5%) met PEP eligibility criteria, while 252 (16.5%) did not; of the eligible group, 1,166 (91.6%) had antiretrovirals prescribed, while 107 (8.4%) eligible people did not; of the total number of people with PEP prescriptions, only 226 (19.4%) returned for the first follow-up appointment, 115 (9.9%) for the second, and 33 (2.8%) for the third in order to complete the protocol. Conclusion: We found a significant proportion of eligible users who did not have PEP prescribed at UPAs and a significant loss of return for specialized service follow-up appointments.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prescripción de Profilaxis Post Exposición (PPE) al Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y la concurrencia a las consultas de control y seguimiento. Método: Estudio de datos descriptivo transversal de personas que solicitaron la PPE en Unidades de Atención de Emergencia (UPA) y servicios médicos especializados en Salvador, BA, Brasil, durante los meses de enero a diciembre de 2018. Resultados: De las 1.525 personas que consultaron por PEP en las unidades hospitalarias de emergencia, 1.273 (83,5%) cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad para profilaxis y 252 (16,5%) no los cumplieron; entre los elegibles, a 1.166 (91,6%) personas se les recetaron antirretrovirales (ARVs), pero 107 (8,4%) no los recibieron. Del total de personas que recibieron prescripción de PPE, solamente 226 (19,4%) regresaron a la primera consulta; 115 (9,9%) a la segunda consulta y 33 (2,8%) a la tercera consulta para completar el protocolo. Conclusión: Hubo una proporción significativa de usuarios elegibles que no recibieron prescripción de PEP en las Unidades de Atención de Emergencia y una pérdida significativa en las consultas de control al servicio especializado.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prescrição da profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e o retorno às consultas de acompanhamento. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, sobre dados de pessoas que buscaram a PEP em unidades de pronto atendimento (UPAs) e serviço médico de atenção especializada em Salvador, BA, Brasil, entre janeiro e dezembro/2018. Resultados: Das 1.525 pessoas que buscaram a PEP nas UPAs, 1.273 (83,5%) apresentaram critérios de elegibilidade à profilaxia e 252 (16,5%) não os apresentaram; entre os elegíveis, 1.166 (91,6%) pessoas tiveram prescrição dos antirretrovirais (ARVs), mas 107 (8,4%) não os receberam; do total de pessoas com prescrição de PEP, apenas 226 (19,4%) retornaram à primeira consulta, 115 (9,9%) à segunda consulta e 33 (2,8%) à terceira consulta para conclusão do protocolo. Conclusão: Observou-se proporção importante de usuários elegíveis que não receberam prescrição de PEP nas UPAs e perda significativa nas consultas de retorno ao serviço especializado.

Effect of nursing telemonitoring on the knowledge of obese women: clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of remote monitoring in the knowledge of overweight women. METHOD: Randomized clinical trial with 101 women, randomly assigned to the control group (CG=50) and to the intervention group (IG=51). The IG received educational intervention over the telephone, during three months and routine follow-up in the service, while the CG only received conventional follow-up. The knowledge was assessed by a specific questionnaire. Data were analyzed by the Robust Linear Regression Model, adopting a statistical significance of 5%. RESULTS: In the intragroup assessment, an increase in the correct answers with a statistically significant difference was observed only for the IG in the domains: "Concept and causes of overweight," "Complications of overweight" and "Eating habits." In the intergroup comparison, an increase in the average knowledge was verified in the same domains for the IG (p≤0.005). CONCLUSION: nursing telemonitoring contributed positively to the improvement of women's knowledge.

[Factors associated with the acceptance of the influenza vaccine among health workers: knowledge, attitude and practice]. / Fatores associados à aceitação da vacina influenza entre trabalhadores de saúde: conhecimento, atitude e prática.

Influenza vaccine is recommended for all health workers, but vaccination coverage remains unsatisfactory. A cross-sectional study that aimed to identify factors associated with influenza vaccination was carried out with health workers from a large Hospital Complex in Salvador, Bahia. A self-administered questionnaire was used based on the models "Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices" and "Health Belief Model". The dependent variable was the vaccination status against influenza in 2014, and the independent variables were sociodemographic factors, vaccine history, knowledge and attitudes about influenza/influenza vaccine. Logistic regression was used, odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for sex, age and occupation. The best multivariate model was chosen through backwards elimination and the Akaike Information Criterion. 755 workers participated. Influenza vaccine coverage was 61.5%, being higher among nurses (69.0%) and lower among physicians (49.1%). The factors associated with being vaccinated against influenza were: knowing that even when healthy, one must vaccinate against influenza (OR = 3.15; 95%CI:1.74-5.71); knowing that the vaccine does not protect for many years (OR = 2.08; 95%CI:1.30-3.33); and not to be afraid of post-vaccine adverse effects (OR = 1.93; 95%CI: 1.26-2.95).

A vacina influenza é recomendada para todos trabalhadores de saúde, mas sua cobertura permanece insatisfatória. Estudo transversal que objetivou identificar fatores associados à vacinação contra influenza, realizado com trabalhadores de saúde de um grande Complexo Hospitalar de Salvador, Bahia. Utilizou-se questionário autoaplicável baseado nos modelos "Conhecimento, Atitudes e Práticas" e "Health Belief Model". A variável dependente foi a vacinação contra influenza em 2014, e as independentes representaram fatores sociodemográficos, histórico vacinal, conhecimentos e atitudes sobre influenza/vacina influenza. Usou-se regressão logística, calculou-se odds ratio a intervalos de confiança de 95%, ajustando para sexo, idade e profissão. Elegeu-se o melhor modelo multivariado através de eliminação retrógada e do Critério de Informação de Akaike. Participaram 755 trabalhadores. A cobertura da vacina influenza foi de 61,5%, sendo maior entre enfermeiros (69,0%) e menor entre médicos (49,1%). Os fatores associados a vacinar-se contra influenza foram: conhecer que mesmo estando saudável deve-se vacinar (OR = 3,15; IC95%:1,74-5,71); saber que a vacina não protege por muitos anos (OR = 2,08; IC95%:1,30-3,33); e não temer efeitos adversos pós-vacinais (OR = 1,93; IC95%:1,26-2,95).

Factors associated with the work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers. / Fatores associados à capacidade para o trabalho de mototaxistas.

This study evaluated the work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers and its association with sociodemographic and work and quality of life factors. This is a cross-sectional study realized with 392 motorcycle taxi drivers that used a form containing demographic and labor data, Work Capacity Index, the WHOQOL-bref. We employed a descriptive and inferential analysis. The moderate/good prevalence work capacity was 51%. Motorcycle taxi drivers aged 40 years and over recorded a 31% increase in low work capacity (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07; 1.61) compared to younger workers. Motorcycle taxi drivers aged 21-29 and 30-39 years evidenced a higher median for absenteeism (p = 0.023) and self-prognosis regarding future work capacity (p < 0.001). A greater proportion of diseases diagnosed among those with five or more years of service (p = 0.003) and of self-prognosis in those with five years or less of service (p < 0.001) was observed. Motorcycle taxi drivers with moderate/good capacity showed better perception of quality of life in the physical realm (p < 0.001). Work capacity of motorcycle taxi drivers was associated with higher exposure to noxious factors that affect their quality of life and work force. Priority public policies and educational actions are required to minimize this exposure.

Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade para o trabalho de mototaxistas e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos, laborais e qualidade de vida. Estudo transversal, realizado com 392 mototaxistas, utilizando-se formulário com dados sociodemográficos, laborais, Índice de Capacidade de Trabalho e o WHOQOL-bref. Empregou-se análise descritiva e inferencial. A prevalência de capacidade para o trabalho moderada/boa foi de 51%. Mototaxistas com 40 ou mais anos tiveram aumento de 31% na capacidade baixa para o trabalho (RP: 1,31; IC 95%: 1,07; 1,61) comparados aos mais jovens. Mototaxistas de 21 a 29 e de 30 a 39 anos apresentaram maiores medianas para absenteísmo (p = 0,023) e prognóstico próprio sobre a capacidade de trabalho no futuro (p < 0,001). Houve maior proporção para doenças diagnosticadas entre aqueles com cinco anos ou mais na profissão (p = 0,003) e para prognóstico próprio naqueles com cinco anos ou menos (p < 0,001). Mototaxistas com capacidade moderada/boa apresentaram melhor percepção de qualidade de vida no domínio físico (p < 0,001). A capacidade baixa para o trabalho de mototaxistas foi associada à maior exposição aos fatores nocivos que afetam sua qualidade de vida e força de trabalho. É necessário priorizar políticas públicas e ações educativas para minimizar essa exposição.

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of cases of tuberculosis associated with diabetes in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION:: This study compares the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with TB, with and without DM. METHODS: New cases of active pulmonary TB that occurred in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil between 2008 and 2010 were included. DM was diagnosed by based on diagnostic criteria established by the American Diabetes Association. RESULT: S: Of the 323 cases of TB, 44 (13.6%) were diabetic . Patients with TB and DM were older (44.7%), with a high level of education (34.%); had slow wound healing (23.4%) and fatigue (61.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical symptoms differed between patients with TB, with and without DM.

Clinical characterization, disability, and mortality in people with strokes during 90 days / Caracterización clínica, discapacidad y mortalidad de personas con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en 90 días / Caracterização clínica, incapacidade e mortalidade de pessoas com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico em 90 dias

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe clinical characteristics and mortality of people with ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (strokes); to compare disability before the event and 90 days after. Methods: longitudinal study with 308 people hospitalized in Salvador-BA. Data collection took place from 03/2019 to 01/2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: mean age was 64.8 years, and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score was 10.7. The median length of stay in the hospital was 11 days. Afro-descendants predominated (84%), elementary educational level (68.4%), income up to three minimum wages (89.1%), arrival within 4.5 hours of symptoms (57.9%) and admission to a specialized unit (71.8%). Prevalence of thrombolysis: 26%. The asymptomatic before the event category predominated (85.3%) as did the moderate/severe disability (41.5%) after 90 days. 19.7% of the sample evolved to death. Conclusions: the high mortality and disability generated by the event have implications for health management and care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir características clínicas y la mortalidad de personas con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico; comparar la discapacidad antes del evento y 90 días después. Métodos: estudio longitudinal, con 308 personas hospitalizadas en Salvador-BA. Recolecta de datos ocurrió de 03/2019 a 01/2020. Empleado estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue de 64,8 años, y la puntuación de la National Institute of Health Stroke Scale fue 10,7. La mediana del tiempo de internación fue de 11 días. Predominaron negros (84%), hasta la educación primaria (68,4%), renta hasta tres salarios mínimos (89,1%), llegada hasta 4,5 horas del inicio de los síntomas (57,9%) e internación en unidad especializada (71,8%). Realizaron trombolisis: 26%. Predominó la categoría asintomática (85,3%) antes del evento y discapacidad moderada/severa (41,5%) tras 90 días. Óbito alcanzó 19,7% de la muestra. Conclusiones: la alta mortalidad y discapacidad generadas por el evento hay implicaciones a la gestión y cuidado en salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: descrever características clínicas e a mortalidade de pessoas com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico; comparar a incapacidade antes do evento e 90 dias depois. Métodos: estudolongitudinal, com 308 pessoas hospitalizadas em Salvador-BA. A coleta de dados ocorreu de 03/2019 a 01/2020. Empregou-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 64,8 anos ( dp=14,1) e a pontuação da National Institute of Health Stroke Scale foi 10,7 (dp=7,2). Amediana do tempo de internação foi de 11 dias. Predominaram negros (84,0%), escolaridade até o fundamental (68,4%), renda até três salários mínimos (89,1%), chegada até 4,5 horas do início dos sintomas (57,9%) e internação em unidade especializada (71,8%). Realizaram trombólise: 26,0%. Predominou a categoria assintomática (85,3%) antes do evento e incapacidade moderada/severa (41,5%) após 90 dias (p= 0.117). Óbito atingiu 19,7% da amostra. Conclusões: a alta mortalidade e incapacidade geradas pelo evento têm implicações para a gestão e cuidado em saúde.

Pré-natal da mulher brasileira: desigualdades raciais e suas implicações para o cuidado / Prenatal care of Brazilian women: racial inequalities and their implications for care

Resumo Esta investigação teve como objetivo caracterizar as mulheres que realizaram o pré-natal no Brasil segundo raça/cor e variáveis sociodemográficas e verificar associação entre os indicadores de processo do cuidado no pré-natal e a raça/cor das mulheres. Estudo transversal de base populacional empreendido com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. Realizou-se análise bivariada mediante modelo de regressão logística multinível, estimando-se as odds ratio para medir a associação entre os indicadores de processo do cuidado pré-natal adequado e raça/cor das mulheres e verificando os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Os achados evidenciaram que mulheres negras possuem menor chance de iniciar o pré-natal antes das 12 semanas de gestação, ter seis ou mais consultas, realizar teste de HIV, exame VDRL e receber orientações referentes aos cuidados na gestação e parto. Identificamos desigualdades na atenção à saúde das mulheres brasileiras atendidas no pré-natal relacionadas à raça/cor e a outras características sociodemográficas. Conclui-se que ser negra e ocupar lugares sociais desfavoráveis acarretam desvantagens para as mulheres quanto ao acesso a um pré-natal considerado adequado segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil.

Abstract The study aimed to characterize women that attended prenatal care in Brazil according to ethnicity/skin color and sociodemographic variables and to verify the association between the indicators of the prenatal care process and the women's ethnicity/skin color. This was a population based, cross-sectional study carried out with data from the National Health Survey of 2013. A bivariate analysis was performed using the multilevel logistic regression model, estimating the odds ratio and the respective 95% confidence intervals to test the association between the indicators of the adequate prenatal care process and the women's ethnicity/skin color. The findings showed that black women have a lower chance of starting prenatal care before 12 weeks of gestation, having 6 or more consultations, performing the HIV test, performing the VDRL exam or receiving advice related to care during gestation and childbirth. Inequalities were identified in the healthcare of Brazilian women during prenatal care, related to ethnicity/skin color and other sociodemographic characteristics. It was concluded that being of black ethnicity and living in a socially disadvantaged area entails disadvantages for women regarding access to a prenatal care considered to be adequate according to the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.

Association between diabetes and tuberculosis: case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To test the association between diabetes and tuberculosis. METHODS: It is a case-control study, matched by age and sex. We included 323 new cases of tuberculosis with positive results for bacilloscopy. The controls were 323 respiratory symptomatic patients with negative bacilloscopy, from the same health services, such as: ambulatory cases from three referral hospitals and six basic health units responsible for the notifications of new cases of tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia. Data collection occurred between 2008 and 2010. The instruments used were structured interview, including clinical data, capillary blood glucose (during fasting or postprandial), and the CAGE questionnaire for screening of abusive consumption of alcohol. Descriptive, exploratory, and multivariate analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: The average age of the cases was 38.5 (SD = 14.2) years and of the controls, 38.5 (SD = 14.3) years. Among cases and controls, most subjects (61%) were male. In univariate analysis we found association between the occurrence of diabetes and tuberculosis (OR = 2.37; 95%CI 1.04-5.42), which remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 3.12; 95%CI 1.12-7.94). CONCLUSIONS: The association between diabetes and tuberculosis can hinder the control of tuberculosis, contributing to the maintainance of the disease burden. The situation demands increasing early detection of diabetes among people with tuberculosis, in an attempt to improve disease control strategies. OBJETIVO: Testar a associação entre diabetes e tuberculose. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo caso-controle, pareado por idade e sexo. Foram incluídos 323 casos novos de tuberculose com resultados positivos à baciloscopia. Os controles foram 323 sintomáticos respiratórios com baciloscopia negativa, oriundos dos mesmos serviços de saúde dos casos: ambulatórios de três hospitais de referência e seis unidades básicas de saúde responsáveis pelas notificações dos casos novos de tuberculose em Salvador, Bahia. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre 2008 e 2010. Os instrumentos utilizados foram entrevista estruturada, incluindo dados clínicos, glicemia capilar (em jejum ou pós-prandial) e o questionário CAGE para triagem de consumo abusivo de álcool. Foi realizada análise descritiva, exploratória e multivariada utilizando-se de regressão logística condicional. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos casos foi 38,5 (DP = 14,2) anos e dos controles, 38,5 (DP = 14,3) anos. Tanto entre os casos quanto entre os controles, a maioria (61%) dos indivíduos era do sexo masculino. Na análise univariada, houve associação entre ocorrência de diabetes e de tuberculose (OR = 2,37; IC95% 1,04-5,42), que permaneceu estatisticamente significante após ajuste pelos potenciais confundidores (OR = 3,12; IC95% 1,12-7,94). CONCLUSÕES: A associação entre diabetes e tuberculose pode dificultar o controle da tuberculose, contribuindo para manutenção da elevada carga da doença. A situação demanda intensificação da detecção precoce de diabetes entre pessoas com tuberculose, na tentativa de maior efetividade das estratégias de controle da doença.