CHEK2 germline variants identified in familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer lead to impaired protein structure and function.

Approximately 5 to 15% of nonmedullary thyroid cancers (NMTC) present in a familial form (familial nonmedullary thyroid cancers [FNMTC]). The genetic basis of FNMTC remains largely unknown, representing a limitation for diagnostic and clinical management. Recently, germline mutations in DNA repair-related genes have been described in cases with thyroid cancer (TC), suggesting a role in FNMTC etiology. Here, two FNMTC families were studied, each with two members affected with TC. Ninety-four hereditary cancer predisposition genes were analyzed through next-generation sequencing, revealing two germline CHEK2 missense variants (c.962A > C, p.E321A and c.470T > C, p.I157T), which segregated with TC in each FNMTC family. p.E321A, located in the CHK2 protein kinase domain, is a rare variant, previously unreported in the literature. Conversely, p.I157T, located in CHK2 forkhead-associated domain, has been extensively described, having conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity. CHK2 proteins (WT and variants) were characterized using biophysical methods, molecular dynamics simulations, and immunohistochemistry. Overall, biophysical characterization of these CHK2 variants showed that they have compromised structural and conformational stability and impaired kinase activity, compared to the WT protein. CHK2 appears to aggregate into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, which opens future perspectives toward positioning CHK2 in cancer pathophysiology. CHK2 variants exhibited higher propensity for this conformational change, also displaying higher expression in thyroid tumors. The present findings support the utility of complementary biophysical and in silico approaches toward understanding the impact of genetic variants in protein structure and function, improving the current knowledge on CHEK2 variants' role in FNMTC genetic basis, with prospective clinical translation.

Adrenalectomy attenuates hyperalgesia but does not regulate muscle wasting in a female rat model of fibromyalgia.

Although it is well established that fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is characterized by chronic diffuse musculoskeletal hyperalgesia, very little is known about the effect of this pathology on muscle tissue plasticity. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize the putative alterations in skeletal muscle mass in female rats subjected to a FM model by inducing chronic diffuse hyperalgesia (CDH) through double injections of acidic saline (pH 4.0) into the left gastrocnemius muscle at 5-day intervals. To determine protein turnover, the total proteolysis, proteolytic system activities and protein synthesis were evaluated in oxidative soleus muscles of pH 7.2 (control) and pH 4.0 groups at 7 days after CDH induction. All animals underwent behavioural analyses of mechanical hyperalgesia, strength and motor performance. Our results demonstrated that, in addition to hyperalgesia, rats injected with acidic saline exhibited skeletal muscle loss, as evidenced by a decrease in the soleus fibre cross-sectional area. This muscle loss was associated with increased proteasomal proteolysis and expression of the atrophy-related gene (muscle RING-finger protein-1), as well as reduced protein synthesis and decreased protein kinase B/S6 pathway activity. Although the plasma corticosterone concentration did not differ between the control and pH 4.0 groups, the removal of the adrenal glands attenuated hyperalgesia, but it did not prevent the increase in muscle protein loss in acidic saline-injected animals. The data suggests that the stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is involved in the development of hyperalgesia, but is not responsible for muscle atrophy observed in the FM model induced by intramuscular administration of acidic saline. Although the mechanisms involved in the attenuation of hyperalgesia in rats injected with acidic saline and subjected to adrenalectomy still need to be elucidated, the results found in this study suggest that glucocorticoids may not represent an effective therapeutic approach to alleviate FM symptoms.

Occupational risks in a representative sample of Portuguese tattoo artists: comparison between self-perception and risk assessment methods.

Introduction: In recent decades there has been a growth in the demand for tattoos and in the number of tattoo artists. Objectives: A study was designed to compare the results obtained in the application of risk assessment instruments by the Occupational Safety and Health team with those of the risk perception of the same variable in a sample of tattoo artists. Methods: A risk chart was prepared and the William Fine method, the integrated risk assessment approach, and the methodology for risk assessment and accidents at work were applied for general risk assessment, whereas the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System and Rapid Entire Body Assessment were applied for ergonomic risk assessment. Tattoo artists' perception was registered in an online questionnaire. Results: The most valued risk factors by tattoo artists were forced/maintained postures and repetitive movements; conversely, interaction with old machines and/or in poor condition and monotonous work. Divergences were found when comparing the results of risk assessment with those of risk perception, since the first highlights chemical and biological agents. This may be justified by the fact that tattoo artists give more relevance to issues capable of causing faster and/or more intense semiology. Conclusions: If the Occupational Safety and Health team is attentive and prepared to deal with these differences, it will achieve better performance.

Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, houve um crescimento na procura por tatuagens e no número de tatuadores. Objetivos: Projetou-se um estudo para comparar os resultados obtidos na aplicação de instrumentos para avaliação de risco pela equipe de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais com a percepção da mesma variável em uma amostra de tatuadores. Métodos: Elaborou-se uma carta de riscos, e foram aplicados os métodos de William Fine, a metodologia integrada de avaliação de risco, bem como e de avaliação do risco e acidentes de trabalho para risco geral e o Ovako Working Posture Analysis System e Rapid Entire Body Assessment para o risco ergonômico. A percepção dos tatuadores foi registrada em um questionário on-line. Resultados: Os fatores de risco mais valorizados pelos tatuadores foram as posturas forçadas/mantidas e os movimentos repetitivos; por sua vez, entre os fatores de risco menos valorizados, estavam a interação com máquinas antigas e/ou em mau estado e o trabalho monótono. Comparando os resultados da avaliação de risco com a percepção de risco, constata-se que existem divergências, uma vez que a primeira realça os agentes químicos e biológicos. Isso pode se justificar por eventualmente os tatuadores darem mais relevância às questões com capacidade para originar semiologia mais rápida e/ou intensa. Conclusões: Se a equipe de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais estiver atenta e preparada para lidar com essas diferenças, terá maior capacidade de obter melhor desempenho.

Exploring the environmental impacts of plastic packaging: A comprehensive life cycle analysis for seafood distribution crates.

Annually, 8.3 million tonnes of mismanaged plastic waste enter oceans, prompting the food packaging industry, a major contributor, to minimize its environmental footprint. Within the seafood sector, a nascent number of studies are exploring the impacts of various packaging solutions for distribution, yet clear insights remain elusive. This study tries to fill the gap by comparing the impacts of two seafood packaging options: disposable expandable polystyrene (EPS) boxes and, for the first time, reusable plastic crates (RPC) crafted from high-density polyethylene. Using the life cycle assessment methodology with a 'cradle to grave' approach, the research evaluates the distribution of 1260,000 t of fish from port of Vigo (Spain) to various markets. Similar climate change values emerge in local (5.00·107 kg CO2 eq.) and regional trade (1.20·108 kg CO2 eq.) for both options, but RPCs exhibit around a 12 % increase (6.15·108 kg CO2 eq.) during national distribution, emphasizing package weight and load significance. The findings across all impact categories exhibited general consistent trends. The sensitivity analysis suggests relocating washing facilities to port could enhance RPCs´ environmental benefits for transport within a 160 km range. These findings underscore reusable packaging's potential as an eco-friendlier alternative in specific contexts, aligning with heightened environmental concerns and regulatory pressures surrounding plastic usage.

Carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae in mothers and newborns in southeast Gabon, 2022.

Introduction: Infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) pose a significant threat, leading to severe morbidity and mortality among newborns. Methods: This study, conducted at Franceville hospital's maternity and neonatology wards from February 22nd to June 20th, 2022, investigated the prevalence of CPE in 197 parturients and 203 newborns. Rectal swabs were taken from parturients before delivery and from newborns 30 minutes after birth. Blood culture samples were collected if signs of infection were observed in newborns during a 28-day follow-up. A total of 152 environmental samples were obtained, comprising 18 from sinks, 14 from incubators, 27 from cradles, 39 from maternal beds, 14 from tables and desks, four from the two baby scales and 36 from bedside furniture. Results: None of the 203 newborns were found to be CPE carriers 30 minutes after delivery. CPE carriage was found in 4.6% of mothers. When comparing colonized and uncolonized parturients, well-established risk factors for CPE carriage, such as recent hospitalization and antibiotic therapy, were more frequently observed among CPE carriers (33.3 vs 10.6% for hospitalization in the past 15 days; 55.5 vs 30.3% for hospitalization during pregnancy, and 55.5 vs 35.1% for antibiotic therapy during pregnancy). Notably, the prevalence of treatment with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was 44.4% in CPE carriers compared to 17.0% in non-carriers. The incidence density of CPE-associated bloodstream infection was 0.49 per 100 newborns, accounting for a fatal case of CPE-associated bacteremia identified in one of the 203 newborns. Seven environmental samples returned positive for CPE (5 sinks and two pieces of furniture). Whole genome sequencing, performed on the 25 CPE isolates, revealed isolates carrying blaNDM-7 (n=10), blaNDM-5 (n=3), blaOXA181 (n=10), blaOXA48 (n=2) or blaOXA244 (n=1), along with genetic traits associated with the ability to cause severe and difficult-to-treat infections in newborns. Core genome comparison revealed nine CPE belonging to three international high-risk clones: E. coli ST410 (four mothers and a sink), two E. coli ST167 (a mother and a piece of furniture), and K. pneumoniae ST307 (a sink and a piece of furniture), with highly similar genetic backgrounds shared by maternal and environmental isolates, suggesting maternal contamination originating from the environment. Discussion: Our study reveals key findings may guide the implementation of infection control measures to prevent nosocomial infections in newborns: the prevalence of CPE carriage in one out of 20 parturients, an infection occurring in one out of 400 newborns, substantial contamination of the care environment, clinical and environmental CPE isolates possessing genetic traits associated with the ability to cause severe and challenging infections, and clonal relationships between clinical and environmental isolates suggesting CPE spread within the wards, likely contributing to the acquisition and colonization of CPE by parturients during pregnancy.

Carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Enterobacterales in intensive care unit patients in Mediterranean countries, 2019.

Introduction: The colonization of patients by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) has been associated with heightened mortality, especially in vulnerable individuals within intensive care units (ICUs). Our study aimed to comprehensively assess CPE prevalence among ICU patients across the Mediterranean region pre-COVID-19, conducting a multicenter prevalence study in the first quarter of 2019. Methods: We collected clinical data and rectal or fecal samples from 256 ICU patients for CPE testing. Additionally, we performed whole-genome sequencing on 40 representative CPE strains to document their molecular characteristics. Results: Among the 256 patients, CPE was detected in 73 samples (28.5%), with prevalence varying from 3.3 to 69.0% across participating centers. We observed 13 colistin-resistant CPE strains, affecting three ICUs. Genetic analysis revealed highly diverse E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains, predominantly from international high-risk clones. Notably, blaOXA-48 and blaNDM-1 were the most prevalent carbapenemase genes. Molecular typing uncovered potential patient clusters in six centers. Significantly, longer hospital stays were associated with increased CPE carriage (p < 0.001). Nine centers across Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, and Lebanon voluntarily participated. Discussion: Our study provides CPE prevalence in Mediterranean ICUs and reaffirms established CPE presence in this setting but also provides updates on the molecular diversity of CPE strains. These findings highlight the imperative of reinforcing infection control measures in the participating ICUs to curtail escalated mortality rates, and of strictly applying isolation measures around patients originating from the Mediterranean region when transferred to other healthcare institutions.

Comparative Effectiveness of Valoctocogene Roxaparvovec and Prophylactic Factor VIII Replacement in Severe Hemophilia A.

INTRODUCTION: A prospective, non-interventional study (270-902) followed 294 adults with severe hemophilia A (SHA) receiving prophylactic factor VIII (FVIII). From these participants, 112 rolled over into a single-arm, multicenter, phase 3 trial (GENEr8-1; NCT03370913) that evaluated efficacy and safety of valoctocogene roxaparvovec, a gene therapy that provides endogenous FVIII in individuals with SHA. Participants from 270-902 who did not roll over provide an opportunity for a contemporaneous external control. Therefore, the comparative effectiveness of valoctocogene roxaparvovec vs FVIII prophylaxis was evaluated using propensity scoring (PS). METHODS: This post hoc analysis compared 112 participants from GENEr8-1 (treated cohort) to 73 participants in 270-902 who did not enroll in GENEr8-1 (control cohort). The primary analysis used standardized mortality ratio weighting to re-weight baseline characteristics of the control cohort to better match the treated cohort. Mean annualized bleeding rates (ABR) for treated and all bleeds were compared between cohorts along with the proportion of participants with zero bleeds (treated and all bleeds). Sensitivity and scenario analyses were also conducted. RESULTS: PS adjustments reduced differences in baseline characteristics between cohorts. Mean treated (4.40 vs 0.85; P < 0.001) and all (5.01 vs 1.54; P < 0.001) ABR were significantly lower, and the proportions of participants with zero treated bleeds (82.1% vs 32.9%; P < 0.001) and all bleeds (58.0% vs 28.5%; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in GENEr8-1. CONCLUSIONS: PS-adjusted analyses were consistent with prior intra-individual comparisons. Compared with participants receiving prophylactic FVIII, the participants receiving valoctocogene roxaparvovec experienced lower ABR, and a higher proportion had zero bleeds. TRAIL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03370913.

Hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder where blood is unable to clot properly because of a missing protein called factor VIII (FVIII). Individuals with hemophilia A have an increased risk of prolonged bleeding episodes that can be deadly. To prevent bleeding, people with severe hemophilia A need to routinely inject treatment into the skin or vein (prophylaxis). While effective, some people find the time and effort needed to maintain frequent injections difficult, since some forms of the prophylaxis must be administered in a hospital setting. Valoctocogene roxaparvovec is a gene therapy where a single injection provides instructions to the liver of individuals with hemophilia A to make the missing protein (FVIII). Then, their own liver cells can produce FVIII protein and prevent bleeding episodes. The valoctocogene roxaparvovec clinical trial compared the number of treated bleeding episodes participants had prior to gene therapy, while using prophylaxis, with the number of treated bleeding episodes after gene therapy. On average, after gene therapy, participants had 4.1 fewer treated bleeding episodes per year. In this study, mathematical models were used to explore how differences in participant's physical characteristics, such as body weight or medical history, might influence the effectiveness of gene therapy. Even when considering differences in the participants' physical characteristics, the gene therapy reduced treated bleeding episodes by 3.6 events per year. This study confirms results originally presented from the valoctocogene roxaparvovec clinical trial and reinforces confidence in the ability of valoctocogene roxaparvovec to reduce bleeding outcomes for participants with hemophilia A.

Integrating the water-energy-food nexus and LCA + DEA methodology for sustainable fisheries management: A case study of Cantabrian fishing fleets.

The fishing sector constitutes an important source of economic revenue in northern Spain. In this context, various research studies have focused on the application of the five-step Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology to quantify environmental impacts of fishing systems. However, some of them have used environmental indicators that focus on individual environmental issues, hindering the goal of achieving integrated resource management. Therefore, in this study, the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus is employed as an integrative perspective that considers the synergies and trade-offs between carbon footprint, energy requirements, and water demand. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the operational efficiency and environmental impacts of Cantabrian fishing fleets. To this end, the combined use of LCA and DEA, along with the WEF Nexus, was applied to the Cantabrian purse seine fleet. DEA matrices were generated using the LCA-derived WEF nexus values as inputs to calculate efficiency scores for each vessel. Subsequently, based on the efficiency projections provided by the DEA model, a new impact assessment was performed to understand the eco-efficiency and potential environmental benefits of operating at higher levels of efficiency within this fleet. The average efficiency of the fleet was above 60 %. Inefficient units demonstrated a greater potential to reduce their environmental impacts (up to 65 %) by operating according to efficiency projections. Furthermore, the results revealed a strong dependence of environmental impacts on one of the operational inputs, i.e., fuel consumption. These findings highlight the significance of embracing holistic approaches that combine technical, economic, and social factors to achieve a sustainable balance in fisheries systems. In this regard, the five-step LCA + DEA method applied in conjunction with the WEF Nexus emerged as a suitable tool for measuring operational and environmental objectives.

Biomarkers Profile in Provoked Versus Unprovoked Deep Venous Thrombosis.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a substantial healthcare challenge. Provoked and unprovoked DVT cases carry distinct risks and treatment considerations. Recognizing the limitations of this classification, molecular markers may enhance diagnostic precision and guide anticoagulation therapy duration relying on patient history and risk factors. This preliminary, open-label, prospective cohort study was conducted including 15 patients (10 provoked DVT and 5 unprovoked DVT) and a control group of healthy plasmatic subjects. Plasma levels of 9 biomarkers were measured at diagnosis (baseline, day 0, and D0) and after 30 days (day 30-D30). Patient demographics, clinical data, and biomarker concentrations were analyzed. Serum concentrations of D-dimer, von Willebrand factor, C-reactive protein, and Anti-Xa were elevated in DVT groups at D0 compared to controls. No significant differences were observed between the provoked and unprovoked groups on the day of diagnosis and 30 days later. Over 30 days, the provoked group exhibited significant biomarker changes related to temporal assessment. No significant differences were noted in the biomarker profile between provoked and unprovoked DVT groups. This study is indicative of the concept of individualized thrombosis assessment and subsequent treatment for VTE. Larger cohorts are warranted to validate these findings and further define the most appropriate use of the molecular markers.

Benzohydroxamate and nitrobenzohydroxamate affect membrane order: Correlations between spectroscopic and molecular dynamics to approach tuberculosis.

This work correlates the effects of benzohydroxamate (BH) and nitrobenzohydroxamate (NBH) anions in two membrane models which may be used for anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) spectroscopic studies and/or computational studies. Firstly, the BH and NBH influence in the physico-chemical properties of soy asolectin (ASO)-based large multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) were evaluated by spectroscopic and calorimetric studies. In parallel, the BH and NBH interaction with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inner membrane model, composed of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-dimannoside (PIM2), was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Spectroscopic data showed a localization of BH close to the lipid phosphate group, while NBH was found close to the choline region. The BH ordered the ASO choline, phosphate and carbonyl regions and disrupted the acyl methylenes, reducing the membrane packing of the lipid hydrophobic region. On the other hand, NBH showed an ordering effect in all the lipid groups (polar, interface and hydrophobic ones). By MD studies, it was found that NBH enhanced the stability of the PIM2 membrane more than BH, while also being positioned closer to its mannosyl oxygens. As in ASO MLVs, BH was localized close to the PIM2 phosphate group and disrupted its acyl chains. However, higher values of lateral diffusion were observed for NBH than BH. Despite this, BH and NBH increased the membrane thickness by 35 %, which suggests a global ordering effect of both drugs. Findings of this work reinforce the accordance and complementarity between MLVs based on ASO and the PIM2 MD model results to study the drug effects in Mtb membrane properties.

Prevalência e Fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco em acadêmicos da saúde em Goiânia, Goiás / Prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health students in Goiânia, Goiás

Introdução: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar e identificar a prevalência e fatores de risco associados ao tabagismo e outras formas de consumo de tabaco entre acadêmicos da saúde. Métodos: A pesquisa contou com 407 acadêmicos dos cursos de Biomedicina, Educação Física, Enfermagem, Farmácia, Fisioterapia e Nutrição de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. A coleta de dados foi realizada no mês de maio de 2020, por um formulário eletrônico, disponibilizado em e-mail institucional, grupos de estudos e redes sociais. O procedimento ocorreu após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, cujo parecer 3.966.951. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes (79,6%) eram do sexo feminino, solteiros (75,2%) com idade média de 25,32 anos. O consumo de tabaco foi confirmado por 10,8% participantes. Quanto ao consumo de produtos derivados de tabaco 24,1% dos entrevistados já consumiram produto de tabaco, 8,6% assumiram tabagismo ocasional, e 4,2% tabagismo ativo. Conclusões: A associação entre tabagismo e as variáveis sociodemográficas demonstrou que alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 5,25 [IC:1,34-20,22] p=0,017), homens (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91]), estudantes turno matutino (OR: 1,96 [IC:1,02-3,78] p=0,04) e que residem com tabagistas (OR:4,44 [IC: 2,24-8,80]) apresentaram maiores chances de serem tabagista. A associação em relação ao consumo de derivados do tabaco, os homens apresentaram maiores prevalências de consumo de derivados de tabaco (OR: 1,71 [IC: 1,01 ­ 2,91] p=0,045) bem como, alunos do curso de Farmácia (OR: 6,40 [IC:2,31-17,7] P<0,01), que estudam no turno Noturno (OR:1,85 [IC:1,16-8,82] p=0,009) e entre os que residem com tabagistas (OR: 4,49 [IC:2,24-8,80] p<0,001).

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate and identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with smoking and other forms of tobacco consumption among health academics. Methods: The survey involved 407 students from Biomedicine, Physical Education, Nursing, Pharmacy, Physiotherapy and Nutrition courses at a Higher Education Institution. Data collection was carried out in May 2020, through an electronic form, available in institutional email, study groups and social networks. The entire procedure took place after approval by the Ethics Committee. Results: Most participants (79.6%) were female, single (75.2%) with a mean age of 25.32 years. Tobacco consumption was confirmed by 10.8% of the participants. As for the consumption of tobacco products, 24.1% of the interviewees had already consumed some tobacco product, 8.6% assumed occasional smoking, and 4.2% active smoking. Conclusions: The association between smoking and sociodemographic variables showed that Pharmacy students (OR: 5.25 [CI:1.34-20.22] p=0.017), men (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91]), morning shift students (OR: 1.96 [CI:1.02-3.78] p=0.04) and those who live with smokers (OR:4.44 [CI : 2.24-8.80]) were more likely to be smokers. The association in relation to the consumption of tobacco derivatives, men had a higher prevalence of consumption of tobacco derivatives (OR: 1.71 [CI: 1.01 ­ 2.91] p=0.045) as well as Pharmacy students (OR: 6.40 [CI:2.31-17.7] P<0.01), those who study the night shift (OR:1.85 [CI:1.16-8.82] p=0.009 ) and among those who live with smokers (OR: 4.49 [CI:2.24-8.80] p<0.001).

The Relationship of Oral Reading Fluency Endurance to Comprehension in an Intermediate Depth Orthography / [La relación entre la resistencia en la fluidez lectora y la comprensión en una ortografía de profundidad intermedia]

One-minute oral reading fluency (ORF) tests are widely used, but concerns have been raised regarding whether readers are able to maintain their performance if asked to read for a larger period. The main goals of this study were to investigate whether students are able to maintain their ORF performance in a three-minute task and whether scores measured at one and at three minutes are equally good predictors of the performance in a standardized reading comprehension measure. The sample was composed of 159 Portuguese primary school students (grades 2-4). The results suggested that the number of words read correctly (WRC) declined across reading time and that three-minute mean score underestimated fluency in all grade levels compared to a one-minute reading score. The WRC measured either at one minute or using a three-minute average score was an equal predictor of reading comprehension in all grades. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.(AU)

Las pruebas de fluidez lectora de un minuto son muy utilizadas, pero se ha planteado la preocupación de si los lectores son capaces de mantener su rendimiento si se les pide que lean durante un período más largo. Los objetivos principales de este estudio han sido investigar si los estudiantes son capaces de mantener su rendimiento de fluidez lectora en una tarea de tres minutos y si las puntuaciones medidas a uno y a tres minutos son igualmente predictoras del rendimiento en una medida estandarizada de comprensión lectora. La muestra estaba compuesta por 159 alumnos portugueses de primaria (2º a 4º curso). Los resultados sugieren que el número de palabras leídas correctamente (PLC) disminuyó a lo largo del tiempo de lectura y que la puntuación media a los tres minutos subestimó la fluidez en todos los cursos en comparación con la puntuación de un minuto de lectura. El PLC medido ya sea en un minuto o utilizando una puntuación media de tres minutos fue un predictor igual de la comprensión lectora en todos los cursos. Se discuten las implicaciones para la teoría y la práctica.(AU)

Repercussões das Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional nas propostas legislativas para o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar / Repercussions of the National Food and Nutrition Security Conferences on legislative proposals for the National School Feeding Program

Introdução: As Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (CNSAN) foram realizadas no Brasil no período de 1994 a 2015. Por seu caráter intersetorial e multidimensional, as CNSAN debateram um amplo conjunto de temas e recomendações de políticas e programas, dentre eles, o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). Objetivo: Analisar as repercussões das recomendações das CNSAN direcionadas ao PNAE no processo legislativo. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo documental, realizado em duas fases: a primeira consistiu na identificação de recomendações para políticas públicas de SAN contempladas nos relatórios das cinco CNSAN direcionadas ao PNAE; a segunda, na busca de projetos legislativos que tivessem pertinência temática com as demandas das CNSAN no período de 24 meses após cada evento. Resultados: Identificou-se, nas CNSAN, um total de 24 recomendações para atualização do PNAE e 24 projetos legislativos que tratam integral ou parcialmente dos temas e se distribuem de forma desigual entre as CNSAN. Foram encontrados projetos legislativos para 41,7% das recomendações das CNSAN para o PNAE, indicando que há convergência entre a agenda das CNSAN e do Legislativo brasileiro; as recomendações de universalização do programa e de reajuste dos valores repassados pela União para estados e municípios sobressaíram quanto ao número de projetos no Legislativo, indicando foco na garantia do direito à alimentação escolar; duas leis foram aprovadas para o período estudado. Conclusão: Tais resultados podem estar relacionados à abertura do congresso para as recomendações das CNSAN, devido ao modelo de governança adotado no período analisado.

Introduction: The National Food and Nutrition Security Conferences (from Portuguese: Conferências Nacionais de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (CNSAN), were held in Brazil from 1994 to 2015. Due to its intersectoral and multidimensional nature, the CNSAN debated a wide range of themes, policy and program recommendations, among it, the National School Feeding Program (from Portuguese: Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE)). Objective: To analyze the repercussions of CNSAN recommendations directed to PNAE in the legislative process. Methods: This is a documentary study, carried out in two phases: the first consisted of identifying recommendations for public policies included in the reports of the five CNSAN directed to the PNAE; the second, in the search for legislative projects that had thematic relevance with the demands of CNSAN in the 24-month period after each event. Results: A total of 24 recommendations for updating the PNAE and 24 legislative projects were identified in the CNSAN, which fully or partially address the topics and are unevenly distributed among it. Legislative projects were found for 41.7% of the CNSAN recommendations for the PNAE, indicating that there is convergence between the CNSAN agenda and the Brazilian Legislature; the recommendations for universalizing the program and readjusting the amounts transferred by the Union to states and municipalities stood out in terms of the number of projects in the Legislature, indicating a focus on guaranteeing the right to school meals; two laws were approved for the period studied. Conclusion: The results may be related to the opening of the congress to the CNSAN recommendations, due to the governance model adopted in the period analyzed.

Influências sociais nas práticas alimentares da dupla mãe-filho nos primeiros seis meses de vida / Social influences on the feeding practices of the mother-child couple in the first six months of life

Resumo A dupla mãe-filho está inserida em um sistema social que gera diversas influências nas práticas alimentares, inclusive nos primeiros seis meses de vida, período em que é preconizado o aleitamento materno exclusivo pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Objetivo: Compreender o conjunto de influências sociais que incidem nas práticas alimentares adotadas pela nutriz e para o seu filho nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Método: Estudo qualitativo, com abordagem metodológica de análise descrito por Minayo e alicerçado na fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz. Participaram oito duplas mãe-filho recrutados de dois hospitais públicos de Salvador-BA com a Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada no domicílio das mães aos seis meses de vida da criança no período de junho a agosto de 2019. Resultados: Emergiram três tipificações: o fazer "correto" nos primeiros seis meses de vida da criança; as ações de cuidados com as práticas alimentares da mulher-mãe que amamenta; e o mundo social da dupla mãe-filho. Conclusão: para a tomada de decisão sobre as práticas alimentares da nutriz, a mãe exerceu mais influência; já para a criança, a nutriz considerou as orientações recebidas pelos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract The mother-child pair is inserted in a social system that generates different influences on eating practices, including in the first six months of life, a period in which exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by the World Health Organization. Objective: To understand the set of social influences that affect the eating habits adopted by the nursing mother and her child in the first six months of life. Method: Qualitative study, with a methodological analysis approach described by Minayo and based on the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. Eight mother-child pairs recruited from two public hospitals in Salvador-BA with the Amigo da Criança Hospital Initiative participated. A semi-structured interview was carried out at the mothers' homes when the child was six months old, from June to August 2019. Results: Three typifications emerged: doing "correctly" in the first six months of the child's life; care actions with the feeding practices of the woman-mother who breastfeeds; and the social world of the mother-son duo. Conclusion: For decision-making about the nursing mother's eating practices, the mother exerted more influence; for the child, the nursing mother considered the guidelines received by health professionals.

Trajetória acadêmica da Profa. Ana Marlúcia Oliveira: contribuições para o campo da alimentação e nutrição no Brasil / Academic trajectory of Prof. Ana Marlúcia Oliveira: contributions to the field of food and nutrition in Brazil

RESUMO São apresentadas neste artigo as principais contribuições acadêmicas da Profa. Marlúcia Oliveira (AMO) (in memoriam), nutricionista, docente da Escola de Nutrição da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Doutora em Epidemiologia e Pesquisadora A do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ), no período de 1980 a 2021. A Profa. Ana acumulou, ao longo de sua carreira acadêmica, artigos científicos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais; livro e capítulos de livro de sua autoria; trabalhos apresentados em eventos científicos, além de ter orientado projetos de iniciação científica, dissertações e teses. Coordenou vários projetos de pesquisa no campo da alimentação e nutrição em saúde coletiva, com foco na epidemiologia nutricional. O escopo dos assuntos abordados na sua produção científica expressou a inquietude que a mobilizava em torno da produção de conhecimentos para o enfrentamento dos complexos problemas de saúde e nutrição do Brasil. Sua forma de ser no mundo, acolhendo e cuidando das pessoas que se aproximavam em busca de oportunidades de qualificação, seu exemplo, suas palavras e ensinamentos influenciaram, e ainda influenciam, a trajetória e a formação de nutricionistas e de professores e pesquisadores na Escola de Nutrição da Universidade Federal da Bahia (ENUFBA) e em outras instituições nacionais e internacionais. Trata-se de uma pesquisadora e intelectual brasileira comprometida com a saúde das populações mais vulneráveis e com o combate contra a desnutrição e a fome no nosso país. Sua vasta e fecunda obra nos deixou um legado a ser lembrado e continuado. Alguns dos seus amigos, colegas e colaboradores prestam este tributo à sua memória e ao legado que ela deixou para todos nós e para as próximas gerações.

RESUMO It will be presented the main academic contributions of Professor Ana Marlúcia Oliveira (AMO) (in memoriam), nutritionist, professor at the School of Nutrition at the Federal University of Bahia, Ph.D. in epidemiology and CNPQ Researcher level A, from 1980 to 2021. Professor Ana accumulated, throughout her academic career, scientific articles published in national and international journals; book and book chapters authored by her; papers presented at scientific events, in addition to guiding scientific projects, dissertations and theses. She has coordinated several research projects in the field of food and nutrition in public health, with a focus on nutritional epidemiology. The scope of the subjects addressed in her scientific production expressed the concern that mobilized her around the production of knowledge to face the complex health and nutrition problems in Brazil. Her way of being in the world, welcoming and caring for people who approached her seeking qualification opportunities, her example, words and teachings influenced, and still influence, the trajectory and training of nutritionists, professors and researchers at ENUFBA and other national and international institutions. She was a Brazilian researcher and intellectual committed to the health of the most vulnerable populations and the fight against malnutrition and hunger in our country. Her wide and fruitful work left us a legacy to be remembered and continued. Some of her friends, colleagues and collaborators pay this tribute to her memory, to her example and to the legacy she left for all of us and future generations.

A cor e o sexo da fome: análise da insegurança alimentar sob o olhar da interseccionalidade / The color and gender of hunger: analysis of food insecurity from an intersectional gaze / El color y el sexo del hambre: análisis de la inseguridad alimentaria desde la perspectiva de la interseccionalidad

Este trabalho objetiva analisar a (in)segurança alimentar domiciliar sob o olhar da interseccionalidade. Para isso, foram analisados 14.713 domicílios, utilizando-se um questionário estruturado e a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, além dos dados do estudo transversal Qualidade do Ambiente Urbano de Salvador - QUALISalvador, realizado entre 2018 e 2020 em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. A variável desfecho foi a situação de segurança alimentar (insegurança alimentar leve, moderada ou grave) e a variável exposição de interesse foi o cruzamento de raça/cor e sexo autodeclarado (homem branco, mulher branca, homem negro, mulher negra). Modelos de regressão logística multinominal foram usados para estimar a associação entre a exposição de interesse e o desfecho, ajustada a partir de questões socioeconômicas estratificadas segundo escolaridade e renda familiar per capita. Diante disso, concluiu-se que domicílios chefiados por mulheres negras apresentaram maior chance de insegurança alimentar leve (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,15-1,68; p = 0,001) e moderada ou grave (OR = 1,94; IC95%: 1,49-2,52; p < 0,001) em relação aos domicílios chefiados por homens brancos, além de maior chance de insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave em todos os níveis de escolaridade e nas faixas de até 1/2 salário mínimo e > 1 salário mínimo. Quando os responsáveis foram homens negros, a maior chance se apresentou na faixa > 1 salário mínimo. A insegurança alimentar nos domicílios chefiados por mulheres negras, mesmo em condições socioeconomicamente favoráveis, revela-se como uma das consequências da interação estrutural do racismo e do sexismo.

The aim of this study is to analyze home food (in)security via intersectionality. The data are from the cross-sectional study Quality of the Urban Environment of Salvador - QUALISalvador, conducted from 2018 to 2020 in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. A structured questionnaire and the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale were used. A total of 14,713 households were analyzed. The outcome variable was the situation of food security: mild, moderate, or severe food insecurity. The exposure of interest variable was the intersection of the variables self-declared race/color and gender: white man, white woman, black man, black woman. Multinominal logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between exposure of interest and outcome, adjusted for socioeconomic variables and stratified according to education level and per capita family income. Households lead by black women had a higher chance of experiencing mild (OR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.15-1.68; p = 0.001) and moderate or severe (OR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.49-2.52; p < 0.001) food insecurity in relation to households lead by white men. They also had a higher chance of experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity in all levels of education and in the ranges of up to 1/2 minimum wage and > 1 minimum wage. When the person responsible for the household was a black man, the greatest chance for this condition was in the > 1 minimum wage. Food insecurity in households lead by black women, even in socioeconomically favorable conditions, is revealed as one of the consequences of the structural interaction of racism and sexism.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la (in)seguridad alimentaria de los hogares desde la perspectiva de la interseccionalidad. Los datos son del estudio transversal Calidad del Medio Ambiente Urbano de Salvador - QUALISalvador, realizado entre el 2018 y el 2020 en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado y la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria. Se analizaron 14.713 hogares. La variable desenlace fue la situación de seguridad alimentaria, inseguridad alimentaria leve, moderada o severa. La variable de exposición de interés fue el cruce de las variables autoinformadas raza/color y sexo: hombre blanco, mujer blanca, hombre negro, mujer negra. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística multinomial para estimar la asociación entre la exposición de interés y el desenlace, ajustados por variables socioeconómicas y estratificadas, según la escolaridad y la renta familiar per cápita. Los hogares encabezados por mujeres negras presentaron una mayor probabilidad de inseguridad alimentaria leve (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,15-1,68; p = 0,001) y moderada o severa (OR = 1,94; IC95%: 1,49-2,52; p < 0,001) con relación a los hogares encabezados por hombres blancos. También presentaron una mayor probabilidad de inseguridad alimentaria moderada o severa en todos los niveles de escolaridad y en los rangos de hasta 1/2 salario mínimo y > 1 salario mínimo. Cuando el responsable era un hombre negro, la mayor probabilidad para esta condición se presentó en el rango > 1 salario mínimo. La inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares encabezados por mujeres negras, incluso en condiciones socioeconómicamente favorables, se revela como una de las consecuencias de la interacción estructural del racismo y del sexismo.

Fatores demográficos e socioambientais associados à insegurança alimentar domiciliar nos diferentes territórios da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Demographic and socio-environmental factors associated with household food insecurity in different territories of the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil / Factores demográficos y socioambientales asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria domiciliar en los diferentes territorios de la ciudad de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar a prevalência da insegurança alimentar domiciliar em diferentes territórios da cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, e analisar fatores demográficos e socioambientais a ela associados. Os dados utilizados são de uma pesquisa maior denominada Qualidade do Ambiente Urbano de Salvador - QUALISalvador, realizada entre 2018 e 2020 em Salvador. A insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Foram analisados 15.171 domicílios. Modelos de regressão logística multinominal foram utilizados para analisar a associação de variáveis demográficas e socioambientais com insegurança alimentar leve (IAL) e moderada ou grave (IAMG), para Salvador e macrozonas. Salvador apresentou 40,96% de insegurança alimentar. Nas macrozonas, as prevalências se diferenciaram: Orla Atlântica (25,8%), Área Urbana Consolidada (33%), Subúrbio (45,7%) e Miolo (47,9%). Todos os fatores analisados apresentaram associação com IAL e/ou IAMG no modelo para Salvador, entre eles estão o responsável pelo domicílio ter escolaridade ≤ 4 anos (IAL: OR = 2,00; IC95%: 1.61-2,47/IAMG: OR = 4,94; IC95%: 3,83-6,35), renda familiar per capita de até 1/2 salário mínimo (IAL: OR = 2,62; IC95%: 2,37-2,93/IAMG: OR = 4,03; IC95%: 3,53-4,60), percepção sobre a qualidade do ambiente urbano como ruim (IAL: OR = 1,57; IC95%: 1,36-1,81/IAMG: OR = 2,03; IC95%: 1,73-2,38), com maior prevalência de insegurança alimentar em cenários de pior situação sociodemográfica. Na macrozona Miolo todos os fatores também se mantiveram associados à insegurança alimentar. Assim, os fatores de vulnerabilidade social estão associados à insegurança alimentar na capital e macrozonas, mas apresentam-se de formas especificas segundo características de cada território.

This study aimed to present the prevalence of household food insecurity in different territories of the city of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil, and to analyze demographic and socio-environmental factors associated with it. The data used are from a larger survey named Quality of the Urban Environment of Salvador - QUALISalvador, carried out from 2018 to 2020 in in the city. Food insecurity was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. A total of 15,171 households were analyzed. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of demographic and socio-environmental variables with mild food insecurity (MFI) and moderate or severe food insecurity (MSFI) for Salvador and by macrozones. Salvador presented 40.96% of food insecurity. In the macrozones, the prevalence differed: Atlantic Coast (25.8%), Consolidated Urban Area (33%), Suburb (45.7%), and Core (47.9%). All factors analyzed were associated with MFI and/or MSFI in the model for Salvador, namely: household head having schooling ≤ 4 years (MFI: OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.61-2.47/MSFI: OR = 4.94; 95%CI: 3.83-6.35), having per capita family income of up to 1/2 minimum wage (MFI: OR = 2.62; 95%CI: 2.37-2.93/MSFI: OR = 4.03; 95%CI: 3.53-4.60), perception of the quality of the urban environment as poor (MFI: OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.36-1.81/MSFI: OR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.73-2.38), with a higher prevalence of food insecurity in scenarios of worse sociodemographic situation. In the Core Macrozone, all factors were also associated with food insecurity. Thus, the factors of social vulnerability are associated with food insecurity in the capital and macrozones, but they are presented in a specific way according to the characteristics of each territory.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la inseguridad alimentaria familiar en diferentes territorios de la ciudad de Salvador (Bahía, Brasil) y analizar sus factores demográficos y socioambientales asociados. Los datos provienen de la encuesta Calidad del Ambiente Urbano de Salvador - QUALISalvador, realizada entre 2018 y 2020 en Salvador. La inseguridad alimentaria se evaluó mediante la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria. Se analizaron 15.171 domicilios. Se utilizaron los modelos de regresión logística multinomial para analizar la asociación de variables demográficas y socioambientales con la inseguridad alimentaria leve (IAL) y moderada o severa (IAMG) para Salvador, por macrozonas. Salvador presentó el 40,96% de inseguridad alimentaria. En las macrozonas, las prevalencias fueron diferentes: Orla Atlântica (25,8%), Área Urbana Consolidada (33%), Subúrbio (45,7%) y Miolo (47,9%). Todos los factores analizados se asociaron con IAL e/o IAMG en el modelo para Salvador, entre ellos destacan el responsable del hogar con nivel de estudios ≤ 4 años (IAL: OR = 2,00; IC95%: 1,61-2,47/IAMG: OR = 4,94; IC95%: 3,83-6,35), con renta familiar per cápita de hasta 1/2 salario mínimo (IAL: OR = 2,62; IC95%: 2,37-2,93/IAMG: OR = 4,03; IC95%: 3,53-4,60), percepción de mala calidad del medio urbano (IAL: OR = 1,57; IC95%: 1,36-1,81/IAMG: OR = 2,03; IC95%: 1,73-2,38) y mayor prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en escenarios con peor situación sociodemográfica. En la macrozona Miolo, todos los factores también estuvieron asociados con la inseguridad alimentaria. Por tanto, los factores de vulnerabilidad social se asocian a la inseguridad alimentaria en la capital y en las macrozonas, pero son específicos según las características de cada territorio.

Avanços e desafios nos 20 anos da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição / Avances y desafíos en los 20 años de la Política Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición / Advances and setbacks in the 20 years of the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Policy

Objetivou-se analisar aspectos dos processos de formulação, atualização e implementação da Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição (PNAN), de 1999 a abril de 2020. Trata-se de artigo de debate, utilizando-se de fontes documentais institucionais, busca bibliográfica em base de dados nacionais e internacionais, teses e dissertações. Adotou-se a teoria do ciclo das políticas públicas para sistematizar e apresentar o conjunto das informações. A PNAN foi instituída em 1999 e atualizada 10 anos depois, em processo participativo, fundamentando-se em abordagem inovadora centrada nos paradigmas das práticas alimentares saudáveis, do direito humano à alimentação e da segurança alimentar e nutricional, alinhados ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Quanto à implementação, verificam-se avanços relativos à publicação dos Guias Alimentares com diretrizes nacionais; ao fomento à pesquisa em alimentação e nutrição; à ação coletiva para construção da agenda regulatória, ainda que com embates, e à descentralização de recursos financeiros para execução das ações da PNAN. O monitoramento e a avaliação focaram-se na situação alimentar e nutricional; constatou-se a insuficiência de mecanismos para retroalimentar a política. Após 20 anos, a PNAN mantém o desafio de cumprimento efetivo do seu compromisso histórico: a garantia universal do direito humano à alimentação adequada e saudável.

El objetivo fue analizar aspectos de los procesos de formulación, actualización e implementación de la Política Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (PNAN), de 1999 a abril de 2020. Se trata de un artículo de debate, donde se utilizaron fuentes documentales institucionales, búsqueda bibliográfica, en base de datos nacionales e internacionales, tesis y disertaciones. Se adoptó la teoría del ciclo de las políticas públicas para sistematizar y presentar el conjunto de la información. La PNAN se instituyó en 1999, y se actualizó 10 años después, en un proceso participativo, fundamentándose en un abordaje innovador, centrado en los paradigmas de las prácticas alimentarias saludables, del derecho humano a la alimentación y de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, alineados en el Sistema Único de Salud. Respecto a la implementación, se verifican avances relacionados con la publicación de las Guías Alimentarias con directrices nacionales; al fomento a la investigación en alimentación y nutrición; a la acción colectiva para la construcción de la agenda regulatoria, aunque con complicaciones, y a la descentralización de recursos financieros para la ejecución de las acciones de la PNAN. El monitoreo y la evaluación se centraron en la situación alimentaria y nutricional; se constató la insuficiencia de mecanismos para retroalimentar la política. Tras 20 años, la PNAN mantiene el desafío de cumplimiento efectivo de su compromiso histórico: la garantía universal del derecho humano a una alimentación adecuada y saludable.

We sought to analyze the processes of formulation, updating and implementation of the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Policy (PNAN), from 1999 to April 2020. This is a discussion paper, using institutional documentary sources, bibliographic search in national and international databases, as well as theses and dissertations. The theory of the cycle of public policies was adopted to systematize and present the set of information. PNAN was established in 1999 and updated ten years later, in a participatory process, based on an innovative approach centered on the paradigms of healthy food practices, the human right to food and nutritional security, aligned with the Brazilian Unified National. Regarding implementation, there are advances related to the publication of Food Guides with national guidelines; to the promotion of research in food and nutrition; to collective action to build the regulatory agenda, even if with disputes, and to the decentralization of financial resources for the execution of PNAN actions. The monitoring and evaluation focused on the food and nutritional situation; we found that there were insufficient mechanisms to feed back the policy. After 20 years, PNAN maintains the challenge of effectively fulfilling its historic commitment: the universal guarantee of the human right to adequate and healthy food.

Biomarker responses of cardiac oxidative stress to high intensity interval training in rats

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to verify the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were equally divided into two groups (8 animals/group): sedentary control (SC) and trained group (HIIT). The exercise protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming (14% of body weight, 20 s of activity with 10 s of pause performed 14 times) which was performed for 12 consecutive days. Results: The cardiac tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde and carbonylated proteins showed no significant changes; on the other hand, hydroperoxide levels were higher in the HIIT group than in the SC group. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the levels of reduced glutathione and sulfhydryl remained unchanged. Conclusion: It is possible to conclude that short-term high-intensity interval training induces changes in the cardiac oxidative stress biomarker but with no effect on the antioxidant enzymes.

Treino de Força Reduz Stress Oxidativo Cardíaco e Renal em Ratos com Hipertensão Renovascular / Strength Training Reduces Cardiac and Renal Oxidative Stress in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension

Resumo Fundamento O treino de força tem efeitos benéficos em doenças renais, além de ajudar a melhorar a defesa antioxidante em animais saudáveis. Objetivo Verificar se o treino de força reduz o dano oxidativo ao coração e rim contralateral para cirurgia de indução de hipertensão renovascular, bem como avaliar as alterações na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes endógenas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). Métodos Dezoito ratos machos foram divididos em três grupos (n=6/grupo): placebo, hipertenso e hipertenso treinado. Os animais foram induzidos a hipertensão renovascular através da ligação da artéria renal esquerda. O treino de força foi iniciado quatro semanas após a indução da hipertensão renovascular, teve 12 semanas de duração e foi realizada a 70% de 1RM. Depois do período de treino, os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia e o rim esquerdo e o coração foram retirados para realizar a quantificação de peróxidos de hidrogênio, malondialdeído e grupos sulfidrílicos, que são marcadores de danos oxidativos. Além disso, foram medidas as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados Depois do treino de força, houve redução de danos oxidativos a lipídios e proteínas, como pode-se observar pela redução de peróxidos de hidrogênio e níveis sulfidrílicos totais, respectivamente. Além disso, houve um aumento nas atividades das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase. Conclusão O treino de força tem o potencial de reduzir danos oxidativos, aumentando a atividades de enzimas antioxidantes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):4-11)

Abstract Background Strength training has beneficial effects on kidney disease, in addition to helping improve antioxidant defenses in healthy animals. Objective To verify if strength training reduces oxidative damage to the heart and contralateral kidney caused by the renovascular hypertension induction surgery, as well as to evaluate alterations in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Methods Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups (n=6/group): sham, hypertensive, and trained hypertensive. The animals were induced to renovascular hypertension through left renal artery ligation. Strength training was initiated four weeks after the induction of renovascular hypertension, continued for a 12-weeks period, and was performed at 70% of 1RM. After the training period, the animals were euthanized and the right kidney and heart were removed for quantitation of hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde and sulfhydryl groups, which are markers of oxidative damage. In addition, the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx antioxidant enzymes was also measured. The adopted significance level was 5% (p < 0.05). Results After strength training, a reduction in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins was observed, as could be seen by reducing hydroperoxides and total sulfhydryl levels, respectively. Furthermore, an increased activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes was observed. Conclusion Strength training is able to potentially reduce oxidative damage by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(1):4-11)