Hyperuricemia is associated with increased hospitalization risk and healthcare costs: Evidence from an administrative database in Italy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Chronic hyperuricemia is responsible for a relevant burden of articular diseases and cardio-nephrometabolic disorders. We evaluated the effect of high serum uric acid (SUA) levels on hospitalization risk and mortality and on healthcare costs in a real-life setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a retrospective analysis using a large administrative database and a clinical registry among 112,170 subjects from three Italian local health units. Individuals were divided into four groups according to their SUA levels: <6 mg/dL (66.5%), >6 mg/dL and ≤7 mg/dL (19.3%), >7 mg/dL and ≤8 mg/dL (8.7%), and >8 mg/dL (5.5%). Compared to those with SUA level of <6 mg/dL, the risk of hospitalization related to gout and/or nephrolithiasis was higher in the three groups of patients with higher SUA levels (1.51, P = 0.100; 2.21, P = 0.005; and 1.17, P = 0.703, respectively). A similar trend was also observed for hospitalization due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) (1.31, P < 0.001; 1.40, P < 0.001; and 2.18, P < 0.001, respectively) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1.08, P < 0.001; 1.23, P < 0.001; and 1.67, P < 0.001, respectively) and for all-cause mortality (0.97, P = 0.309; 1.21, P < 0.001; and 2.15, P < 0.001). The mean annual healthcare costs were higher in patients with higher SUA level (€2752, €2957, €3386, and €4607, respectively) mainly because of a progressive increase in hospitalization costs per patient (from € 1515 for SUA <6 mg/dL to € 3096 for SUA >8 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS: Increased SUA levels are associated with an increased risk of hospitalizations related to hyperuricemia, CKD, and CVDs and total mortality, and consequently with higher total healthcare costs and hospitalization costs per patient.

Costs associated with emergency care and hospitalization for severe hypoglycemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed to determine the direct economic cost of the management of severe hypoglycemia among people with diabetes in Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data of cases with an acceptance diagnosis of hypoglycemia between January 2011 and June 2012 were collected in 46 Emergency Departments (EDs). Emergency care costs were computed by estimating the average cost per ambulance service, ED visit and short-term (<24 h) observation period. Hospitalization expenditure was estimated using the average cost reimbursed by the Italian healthcare system for hospital admission per patient with diabetes in a specific hospital ward. We retrieved 3516 hypoglycemic episodes occurring in subjects with diabetes. Half the cases (51.8%) required referral to EDs by means of the emergency ambulance services. A total of 1751 cases (49.8%) received an ED visit followed by discharge; 604 cases (17.2%) received a short-term observation period; 1161 (33.1%) were hospitalized. Unit costs for emergency care management were estimated at €205 for an ambulance call, €23 for an ED visit, and €220 for a short-term observation. The mean hospitalization cost was estimated at €5317; the average cost per each severe hypoglycemic event totaled €1911. From a base case assumption, the total direct cost of severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes in Italy was estimated to be approximately €23 million per year. CONCLUSION: Severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes constitutes a remarkable economic burden for national healthcare systems. Measures for preventing hypoglycemia are mandatory in diabetes management programs considering the impact on patients and on health spending.

Clinical Characteristics And Health Care Resources In Patients Treated With Oral Anticoagulants: Evidences From Italian Administrative Databases.

OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate anticoagulation treatment patterns and health care resource use in adult patients with a discharge diagnosis of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in an Italian real-world setting and 2) to describe the characteristics of NVAF patients in relation to treatment. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study in a "real-world" setting. SETTING: Data were analysed by integrating administrative databases that included approximately 2,000,000 individuals assisted by the National Health System from two Italian Local Health Units. PARTICIPANTS: All adult patients with at least one hospital discharge or ≥2 outpatient visits with a diagnosis code for NVAF from 1/01/2011 to 31/12/2015 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anticoagulation treatment patterns, health care resource use and major bleeding events that occurred during the follow-up period were evaluated. RESULTS: 32,863 NVAF patients were included, of whom 7,831 had at least one prescription of oral anticoagulants. Among them, 6,876 patients were vitamin K antagonists (VKA) users and 955 were non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) users at index date (ID). During the follow-up period, the use of antiplatelet drugs was higher among VKA-naïve users than the NOAC-naïve users. Among NOAC users, 76.1% showed an adherence level ≥80% during follow-up. The rate of bleeding events resulted higher for VKA patients compared to NOAC patients. The unadjusted incidence rate was 10.46 per 1000 person-year for VKA patients and 4.55 per 1,000 person-years for NOAC patients. The overall annual cost (in term of drugs, hospitalisations and outpatient specialist services) was € 5,156.13 for VKA and € 4,630.57 for NOAC. CONCLUSION: This unselected cohort study, on NVAF patients being prescribed oral anticoagulants, highlights that VKA was largely prescribed and the great majority of patients on NOACs were adherent to treatment. Most of the OAC patients still received antiplatelet agents in combination, and in NOAC patients, we registered a lower number of bleeding events compared with VKA.

Use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs: the management of cardiovascular risk in clinical practice.

The objective of the study was to analyse the treatment of high blood pressure (BP) and hypercholesterolaemia, as well as the effect of individual or combined antihypertensive-hypocholesterolaemic therapy on BP control and on circulating cholesterol. A retrospective study was performed using clinical data recorded in the general practitioner's database. The sample included all patients, aged > or =18 years, with BP reading or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol measurement recorded between January 2003 and December 2004. BP and LDL cholesterol targets were defined using cutoffs based on the guidelines of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) and the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATPIII). The study included 4764 patients (mean age 67.6+/-11.8 years, 43.5% males). Target BP was achieved in a higher number of patients under combined antihypertensive-hypocholesterolaemic therapy than in those treated only with antihypertensives: 57.0 vs 50.0% in patients with history of cardio/cerebrovascular (CV) hospitalization, 27.0 vs 16.9% in patients with diabetes or chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) and 59.7 vs 49.1% in patients with no CV hospitalization nor diabetes and nor CRI. The LDL cholesterol target was achieved in 61.3% of the subjects: it was independent on the therapy (individual or combined), but related to the degree of cardiovascular risk. Analysing the data contained in the general medicine database made it possible to evaluate the treatment of high BP and hypercholesterolaemia in relation to cardiovascular risk in clinical practice and to establish the need to pay greater attention to achieving the objective set by guidelines.