A combination of H2A.Z and H4 acetylation recruits Brd2 to chromatin during transcriptional activation.

H2A.Z is an essential histone variant that has been implicated to have multiple chromosomal functions. To understand how H2A.Z participates in such diverse activities, we sought to identify downstream effector proteins that are recruited to chromatin via H2A.Z. For this purpose, we developed a nucleosome purification method to isolate H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes from human cells and used mass spectrometry to identify the co-purified nuclear proteins. Through stringent filtering, we identified the top 21 candidates, many of which have conserved structural motifs that bind post-translationally modified histones. We further validated the biological significance of one such candidate, Brd2, which is a double-bromodomain-containing protein known to function in transcriptional activation. We found that Brd2's preference for H2A.Z nucleosomes is mediated through a combination of hyperacetylated H4 on these nucleosomes, as well as additional features on H2A.Z itself. In addition, comparison of nucleosomes containing either H2A.Z-1 or H2A.Z-2 isoforms showed that significantly more Brd2 co-purifies with the former, suggesting these two isoforms engage different downstream effector proteins. Consistent with these biochemical analyses, we found that Brd2 is recruited to AR-regulated genes in an H2A.Z-dependent manner and that chemical inhibition of Brd2 recruitment greatly inhibits AR-regulated gene expression. Taken together, we propose that Brd2 is a key downstream mediator that links H2A.Z and transcriptional activation of AR-regulated genes. Moreover, this study validates the approach of using proteomics to identify nucleosome-interacting proteins in order to elucidate downstream mechanistic functions associated with the histone variant H2A.Z.

USP10 deubiquitylates the histone variant H2A.Z and both are required for androgen receptor-mediated gene activation.

H2A.Z, a variant of H2A, is found at the promoters of inducible genes in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, its role in transcriptional regulation is complex since it has been reported to function both as a repressor and activator. We have previously found that mono-ubiquitylation of H2A.Z is linked to transcriptional silencing. Here, we provide new evidence linking H2A.Z deubiquitylation to transcription activation. We found that H2A.Z and ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) are each required for transcriptional activation of the androgen receptor (AR)-regulated PSA and KLK3 genes. USP10 directly deubiquitylates H2A.Z in vitro and in vivo, and reducing USP10 expression in prostate cancer cells results in elevated steady-state levels of mono-ubiquitylated H2A.Z (H2A.Zub1). Moreover, knockdown of USP10 ablates hormone-induced deubiquitylation of chromatin proteins at the AR-regulated genes. Finally, by sequential ChIP assays, we found that H2A.Zub1 is enriched at the PSA and KLK3 regulatory regions, and loss of H2A.Zub1 is associated with transcriptional activation of these genes. Together, these data provide novel insights into how H2A.Z ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation and USP10 function in AR-regulated gene expression.

Monoubiquitylation of H2A.Z distinguishes its association with euchromatin or facultative heterochromatin.

H2A.Z is a histone H2A variant that is essential for viability in organisms such as Tetrahymena thermophila, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, loss of H2A.Z is tolerated, but proper regulation of gene expression is affected. Genetics and genome-wide localization studies show that yeast H2A.Z physically localizes to the promoters of genes and functions in part to protect active genes in euchromatin from being silenced by heterochromatin spreading. To date, the function of H2A.Z in mammalian cells is less clear, and evidence so far suggests that it has a role in chromatin compaction and heterochromatin silencing. In this study, we found that the bulk of H2A.Z is excluded from constitutive heterochromatin in differentiated human and mouse cells. Consistent with this observation, analyses of H2A.Z- or H2A-containing mononucleosomes show that the H3 associated with H2A.Z has lower levels of K9 methylation but higher levels of K4 methylation than those associated with H2A. We also found that a fraction of mammalian H2A.Z is monoubiquitylated and that, on the inactive X chromosomes of female cells, the majority of this histone variant is modified by ubiquitin. Finally, ubiquitylation of H2A.Z is mediated by the RING1b E3 ligase of the human polycomb complex, further supporting a silencing role of ubiquitylated H2A.Z. These new findings suggest that mammalian H2A.Z is associated with both euchromatin and facultative heterochromatin and that monoubiquitylation is a specific mark that distinguishes the H2A.Z associated with these different chromatin states.

Detection of RNA in purified cytomegalovirus virions.

Five viral RNA transcripts have recently been detected in purified virions of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169, a well-characterized member of the family Herpesviridae [Science 288 (2000) 2373]. While the function of these transcripts and/or the proteins they encode remains to be elucidated, it is not known whether these transcripts are unique to strain AD169 or are present in other HCMV strains. The objective of this study was to determine if these RNAs are present in other HCMV laboratory strains (Towne and Davis), and a low passage clinical isolate (CL203). These strains of CMV were purified by sequential ultracentrifugation through 20% D-sorbitol and glycerol-potassium tartarate gradients and the morphology and infectivity of the virions confirmed by electron microscopy and inoculation into cell culture. When RNA extracted from the purified virions was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) the UL 21.5 and TRL/IRL 2-5 transcripts were detected in virions of HCMV strains AD169, Davis, Towne and CL203. The presence of the UL 21.5 and TRL/IRL 2-5 RNA transcripts in all strains tested demonstrates that the packaged transcripts occurs in all strains of HCMV suggesting that they may have a relevant role in the biology of this virus.