Novel and Simple Ultrasonographic Methods for Estimating the Abdominal Visceral Fat Area.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the abdominal visceral fat area (VFA), we developed novel ultrasonographic (US) methods for estimating. METHODS: 100 male volunteers were recruited, and their VFA was calculated by two novel US methods, the triangle method and the ellipse method. The VFA calculated by these methods was compared with the VFA calculated by CT. RESULTS: Both the VFA calculated by the triangle method (r = 0.766, p < 0.001) and the ellipse method (r = 0.781, p < 0.001) showed a high correlation coefficient with the VFA calculated by CT. Also, the VFA calculated by our novel methods were significantly increased in subjects with one or more metabolic risk factors than in those without any risk factors. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients obtained using the two methods were enhanced by the addition of multiple regression analysis (with the triangle method, r = 0.8586, p < 0.001; with the ellipse method, r = 0.8642, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The VFA calculated by the triangle or ellipse method showed a high correlation coefficient with the VFA calculated by CT. These US methods are easy to use, they involve no radiation exposure, and the measurements can be conducted frequently. We hope that our simple methods would be widely adopted for the evaluation of VFA.

The influence of time, sex and geographic factors on levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in human serum over the last 25 years.

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are important perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in various applications. Recently, it has been shown that these chemicals are widespread in the environment, wildlife and humans. But the kinds of factors that affect their levels in serum are unclear, and it is also not clear whether exposure to them is increasing or not. To investigate the impacts of time, geographical location and sex on the levels of these chemicals, we measured PFOS and PFOA concentrations in human sera samples collected both historically and recently in Miyagi, Akita and Kyoto Prefectures in Japan. The PFOS and PFOA levels in sera [Geometric Mean (Geometric Standard Deviation)] (microg/L) in 2003 ranged from 3.5 (2.9) in Miyagi to 28.1 (1.5) in Kyoto for PFOS and from 2.8 (1.5) to 12.4 (1.4) for PFOA. Historical samples collected from females demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA concentrations have increased by factors of 3 and 14, respectively, over the past 25 yr. There are large sex differences in PFOS and PFOA concentrations in serum at all locations. Furthermore, there are predominant regional differences for both PFOS and PFOA concentrations. In Kyoto the concentrations of PFOA in dwellers who had lived in the Kinki area for more than 2 yr were significantly higher than in people who had recently moved into the area, in both sexes. This finding suggests that there are sources of PFOA in the Kinki area that have raised the PFOA serum levels of its inhabitants. Further studies are needed to elucidate these sources in the Kinki area of Japan.

[Rehabilitation and return-to-work after laryngectomy: the role of industrial otolaryngologists].

Rehabilitation and return-to-work are important problems for laryngectomized patients. Here, we report 2 cases of laryngectomized middle-aged men, and discuss the role of otolaryngologists from the viewpoint of an industrial physician. The first case is a 55-year-old post-office male clerk, who underwent radical and reconstructive surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. He started light work following 3-month-rest at home after discharge, and fully returned to his previous work 3 years later. The second case is a 50-year-old mailman who also underwent radical and reconstructive surgery for hypopharyngeal carcinoma. He could not return to work because of the recurrence of tumor during rehabilitation. In such cases, comprehensive management including medical, mental and social supports is essential according to the occupational environment. Industrial otolaryngologists should play an important role in rehabilitation and return-to-work of laryngectomized patients.

Automatic distance measurement of abdominal aorta for ultrasonography-based visceral fat estimation.

Ultrasonography-based visceral fat estimation is a promising method to assess central obesity, which is associated with metabolic syndrome. The key to this method is to measure three types of distance in the ultrasound image. The most important one is the distance from the skin surface to the posterior wall of the abdominal aorta. We present a novel automatic measurement method to calculate this distance using 1D ultrasound signal processing. It is different from the conventional 2D image processing based methods which have high failure rate when the target is blurred or partially imaged. The proposed method identifies the waveforms of the aorta along a group of ultrasound scan lines and a rating mechanism is introduced to choose the best waveform for distance calculation. The robustness and accuracy of the method were evaluated by experiments based on clinical data.