Zinc transporter ZnT5 is associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition via SMAD1 in breast cancer.

Zinc levels in breast cancer tissues have been reported to be higher than those in normal tissues. In addition, the expression levels of zinc transporters, including ZnT5 and ZnT6, are reportedly higher in breast cancer than in normal breast tissues. ZnT5 and ZnT6 also contribute to heterodimer formation and are involved in several biological functions. However, the functions of ZnT5 and ZnT6 heterodimers in breast cancer remain unknown. Therefore, we first investigated the immunolocalization of ZnT5 and ZnT6 in pathological breast cancer specimens and in MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells. Next, we used small interfering RNA to assess cell viability and migration in ZnT5 knockdown MCF-7 and T-47D cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number of ZnT5-positive breast cancer cells was inversely correlated with the pathologic N factor status. ZnT5 knockdown had no effect on cell viability in the presence of 100 µM ZnCl2 in MCF-7 and T-47D cells. In a wound healing assay, 100 µM ZnCl2 treatment inhibited cell migration of MCF-7 and T-47D cells, whereas ZnT5 knockdown promoted cell migration, decreased E-cadherin expression and increased vimentin, slug and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Antibody arrays showed that ZnT5 knockdown increased the expression of SMAD1, and that dorsomorphin treatment inhibited the promotion of migratory ability induced by ZnT5 knockdown. The results of this study revealed that both ZnT5 may be involved in less aggressive breast cancer subtypes, possibly through inhibition of cell migration.

Morphological and etiological analyses of C3 and non-C3 glomerulonephritis in primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis using periodic acid-methenamine silver stain electron microscopy: a retrospective multicentered study.

This study elucidated the etiology of C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) and non-C3GN with primary membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and periodic acid-methenamine silver stain (PAM-EM). Thirty-one primary MPGN cases were analyzed by TEM and PAM-EM to distinguish among MPGN I, MPGN II, MPGN III Burkholder subtype (MPGN IIIB), and Anders and Strife subtype (MPGN IIIA/S). Each case was also classified into C3GN or non-C3GN according to the standard C3GN definition using immunostaining. Four cases of MPGN II met C3 glomerulopathy; whereas, four cases of MPGN IIIB did not meet C3 glomerulopathy. Seven of 11 cases (64%) of MPGN I without GBM disruption and 7 of 12 cases (58%) of MPGN IIIA/S with GBM disruption met the non-C3GN criteria with significant immunoglobulins' deposition. Regardless of the C3GN or non-C3GN diagnosis, the deposits in primary MPGN I and MPGN IIIA/S exhibited ill-defined, amorphous, and foggy characteristics similar to those found in postinfectious GN but were different from immune complex (IC) deposits seen in MPGN IIIB. Not only C3GN but also non-C3GN was due to mechanisms other than IC deposition as found in postinfectious GN. Consequently, GBM disruption of MPGN IIIA/S was not due to IC deposition.

SGLT1 as an adverse prognostic factor in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

PURPOSE: Sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1 and 2 expression in carcinoma cells was recently examined, but their association with the clinicopathological factors of the patients and their biological effects on breast carcinoma cells have remained remain virtually unknown. Therefore, in this study, we explored the expression status of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in breast cancer patients and examined the effects of SGLT1 inhibitors on breast carcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS: SGLT1 and SGLT2 were immunolocalized and we first correlated the findings with clinicopathological factors of the patients. We then administered mizagliflozin and KGA-2727, SGLT1 specific inhibitors to MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 breast carcinoma cell lines, and their growth-inhibitory effects were examined. Protein arrays were then used to further explore their effects on the growth factors. RESULTS: The SGLT1 high group had significantly worse clinical outcome including both overall survival and disease-free survival than low group. SGLT2 status was not significantly correlated with clinical outcome of the patients. Both mizagliflozin and KGA-2727 inhibited the growth of breast cancer cell lines. Of particular interest, mizagliflozin inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, even under very low glucose conditions. Mizagliflozin downregulated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: High SGLT1 expression turned out as an adverse clinical prognostic factor in breast cancer patient. This is the first study demonstrating that SGLT1 inhibitors suppressed breast carcinoma cell proliferation. These results indicated that SGLT1 inhibitors could be used as therapeutic agents for breast cancer patients with aggressive biological behaviors.

Phase III study of long-term prognosis of estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with/without adjuvant chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) is a treatment option for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) postmenopausal early breast cancer (EBC). This phase III trial evaluated the prognosis of EBC patients treated with/without chemotherapy (CT) following NET. METHODS: ER+/HER2-, T1c-2, and clinically node-negative EBC patients were enrolled in 2008-2013 and treated with endocrine therapy (ET) in weeks 24-28. All patients, excluding those with progressive disease (PD) during NET or ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes after surgery, were randomized to ET for 4.5-5 years with/without CT. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary endpoints included distant DFS (DDFS), overall survival (OS), and DFS/DDFS/OS according to clinical response to NET. RESULTS: Of 904 patients, 669 were randomized to CT+ET (n = 333) or ET alone (n = 336). The median follow-up was 7.8 years. DFS (CT+ET, 47 events; ET alone, 70 events) and DDFS did not reach the planned numbers of events. Eight-year DFS/DDFS rates were 86%/93% and 83%/92%, respectively. DFS was significantly better in CT+ET than ET alone in subgroups aged < 60 years (P = 0.016), T2 (P = 0.013), or Ki67 > 20% (P = 0.026). Progesterone receptor and histological grade were predictive markers for clinical responses to NET. CONCLUSION: NET may be used as standard treatment for patients with ER+EBC. Although it is difficult to decide whether to administer adjuvant CT based solely on the effect of NET, the response to NET may help to inform this decision. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry under UMIN000001090 (registered 20 March 2008).

Induction of SGK1 via glucocorticoid-influenced clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer patients.

PURPOSE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive breast malignancy. Glucocorticoid (GC)-glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway plays a pivotal role in the cellular responses to various stresses including chemotherapy. Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 (SGK1) is known as an important downstream effector molecule in the GR signaling pathway, we attempted to explore its clinicopathological and functional significance in TNBC in which GR is expressed. METHODS: We first immunolocalized GR and SGK1 and correlated the results with clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome in 131 TNBC patients. We also evaluated the effects of SGK1 on the cell proliferation and migration in TNBC cell lines with administration of dexamethasone (DEX) to further clarify the significance of SGK1. RESULTS: The status of SGK1 in carcinoma cells was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome in TNBC patients examined and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, pathological stage, and lymphatic invasion of the patients. In particular, SGK1 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence in GR-positive TNBC patients. Subsequent in vitro studies also demonstrated that DEX promoted TNBC cell migration and the silencing of gene expression did inhibit the cell proliferation and migration of TNBC cells under DEX treatment. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore an association between SGK1 and clinicopathological variables and clinical outcome of TNBC patients. SGK1 status was significantly positively correlated with adverse clinical outcome of TNBC patients and promoted carcinoma cell proliferation and migration of carcinoma cells.

Node-by-node diagnosis for multiple ipsilateral nodules by segmental adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism.

OBJECTIVES: In patients with primary aldosteronism (PA), multiple adrenocortical nodules may be present on the surgical side. The aim of this study was to clarify the pathological diagnosis and the node-by-node diagnostic capability of segmental adrenal venous sampling (sAVS). DESIGN: Retrospective study. PATIENTS: A total of 162 patients who underwent adrenalectomy following sAVS were studied. MEASUREMENTS: Multiple nodules on the surgical side were extracted while referring to contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. We also performed a detailed histopathological analysis of the resected specimens from patients undergoing sAVS, which included immunohistochemistry for CYP11B2. RESULTS: In 11 (6.8%) patients, two to three nodules were detected on the surgical side. All patients were diagnosed by sAVS with at least one aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) for localized aldosterone elevation in tributaries. Seven patients showed a lateralization index value of ≥4 after ACTH stimulation. Histopathologically and clinically, two patients had two or three CYP11B2-positive APAs, and the other nine patients both APAs and non-APAs. The positive predictive value of the most suspected APA, that is, the drainer that showed the highest aldosterone level by sAVS, was 11/11 (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.5%-100%), while that for the second and third suspected APA was 3/7 (42.9%, 95% CI: 9.9%-81.6%), and they were significantly different (p = .01). Further, the positive predictive value of non-APA was 4/4 (100%, 95% CI: 39.8%-100%). CONCLUSIONS: The sAVS could correctly diagnose the aldosterone production in multiple ipsilateral adrenal nodules.

Challenges in the diagnosis of the enigmatic primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma: two case reports and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive mesenchymal tumor derived from the smooth muscle wall of a central adrenal vein or its tributaries; therefore, tumors tend to invade the inferior vena cava and cause thrombosis. The great majority of tumors grow rapidly, which makes the disease difficult to diagnose in its early clinical stages and needs differentiation from adrenocortical carcinomas for the selection of chemotherapy including mitotane which causes adrenal insufficiency. CASE PRESENTATION: We presented two patients with adrenal leiomyosarcoma who were referred to our hospital with abdominal pain and harboring large adrenal tumors and inferior vena cava thrombosis. The endocrine findings, including serum catecholamine levels, were unremarkable. These two patients were considered clinically inoperable, and CT-guided core needle biopsy was performed to obtain the definitive histopathological diagnosis and determine the modes of therapy. The masses were subsequently diagnosed as primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma based on the histological features and positive immunoreactivity for SMA (smooth muscle actin), desmin, and vimentin. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal leiomyosarcoma derived from the smooth muscle wall of a central adrenal vein or its tributaries is rare but should be considered a differential diagnosis in the case of nonfunctioning adrenal tumors extending directly to the inferior vena cava. CT-guided biopsy is considered useful for histopathological diagnosis and clinical management of patients with inoperable advanced adrenal tumors without any hormone excess.

An adrenal incidentaloma that had appeared to produce dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in excess before immunohistochemical study of the tumor.

Adrenal incidentaloma is a clinically unapparent adrenal mass more than one cm in diameter detected during imaging performed not for adrenal disease. A 34-year-old man was evaluated for AI with a diameter of 3.5 cm in the left adrenal. He was obese with body mass index of 33,9. Blood pressure was 110-120/90 mmHg. The general laboratory tests were unremarkable. An adrenal hormone screening set revealed that ACTH was 6.9 pg/mL, cortisol 14.9 µg/dL, renin activity 0.9 ng/mL/h, aldosterone 79.4 pg/mL, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) measured on two occasions 5,217 ng/mL and 6,477 ng/mL (gender- and age-adjusted reference values, 1,060-4,640 ng/mL). The levels of metanephrine and normetanephrine were normal. The tumor was thought to produce solely DHEA-S. The excised left adrenal tissue contained a tumor with a diameter of 26 mm and neighboring adrenal tissue. The tumor consisted mostly of acidophil cells without necrosis, capsular or vascular invasion, and mitosis. Immunohistochemical study revealed followings: the cells of the tumors were stained positive for 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 17α-hydroxylase, and 11ß-hydroxylase, weakly positive for DHEA sulphotransferase, and negative for aldosterone synthetase. The atrophy of neighboring tissue was presumably caused by excess cortisol production. Four months after surgery, the cortisol level was 11.2 µg/dL and DHEA-S level 1,462 ng/mL. The tumor is considered to be a cortisol-producing adenoma with modestly excessive DHEA-S production rather than isolated DHEA-S-producing adenoma. Immunohistochemical study of steroidogenic enzymes is a valuable addition to blood hormone measurement to clarify steroid production profile.

Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma to Paraganglioma in a Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare phenomenon in which primary tumor cells metastasize to other tumors. Herein, we report an extremely rare case of tumor-to-tumor metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma to a paraganglioma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Based on genetic examination, a 36-year-old woman was diagnosed with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B when she was 24 years old. She had a history of total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma and bilateral adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas, which were performed when she was 15 years and 29 years old, respectively. Follow-up computed tomography demonstrated a retroperitoneal tumor of 30 mm in diameter beside the left kidney and a liver tumor of 16 mm in diameter located in segment 6. The retroperitoneal and liver tumors were surgically resected and examined by a pathologist. Histological examination revealed the classic Zellballen pattern in the retroperitoneal tumor, rendering the diagnosis of a paraganglioma recurrence. Inside the tumor, a white nodule positive for carcinoembryonic antigen, weakly positive for calcitonin, and negative for tyrosine hydroxylase, was identified and diagnosed as a metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma with high malignant potential. The liver lesion was diagnosed as a metastasis of the medullary thyroid carcinoma. This is the first report of tumor-to-tumor metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma to paraganglioma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B twenty years after total thyroidectomy.

Establishment of a monoclonal antibody against glycosylated CD271 specific for cancer cells in immunohistochemistry.

Various proteins are highly expressed in cancer (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor); however, the majority are also expressed in normal cells, although they may differ in expression intensity. Recently, we reported that CD271 (nerve growth factor receptor), a glycosylated protein, increases malignant behavior of cancer, particularly stemlike phenotypes in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). CD271 is expressed in SCC and in normal epithelial basal cells. Glycosylation alterations generally occur in cancer cells; therefore, we attempted to establish a cancer-specific anti-glycosylated CD271 antibody. We purified recombinant glycosylated CD271 protein, immunized mice with the protein, and screened hybridomas using an ELISA assay with cancer cell lines. We established a clone G4B1 against CD271 which is glycosylated with O-glycan and sialic acid. The G4B1 antibody reacted with the CD271 protein expressed in esophageal cancer, but not in normal esophageal basal cells. This specificity was confirmed in hypopharyngeal and cervical cancers. G4B1 antibody recognized the fetal esophageal epithelium and Barrett's esophagus, which possess stem cell-like characteristics. In conclusion, G4B1 antibody could be useful for precise identification of dysplasia and cancer cells in SCC.

DLL3 as an Emerging Target for the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are heterogeneous malignancies that can arise at almost any anatomical site and are classified as biologically distinct well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). Current systemic therapies for advanced disease, including targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, are associated with limited duration of response. New therapeutic targets are needed. One promising target is delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), an inhibitory ligand of the Notch receptor whose overexpression on the surface of NEN is associated with tumorigenesis. METHODS: This article is a narrative review that highlights the role of DLL3 in NEN progression and prognosis, the potential for therapeutic targeting of DLL3, and ongoing studies of DLL3-targeting therapies. Classification, incidence, pathogenesis, and current management of NEN are reviewed to provide biological context and illustrate the unmet clinical needs. DISCUSSION: DLL3 is overexpressed in many NENs, implicated in tumor progression, and is typically associated with poor clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with NEC. Targeted therapies using DLL3 as a homing beacon for cytotoxic activity mediated via several different mechanisms (eg, antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engager molecules, CAR-Ts) have shown promising clinical activity in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). DLL3 may be a clinically actionable target across NEN. CONCLUSIONS: Current treatment options for NEN do not provide sustained responses. DLL3 is expressed on the cell surface of many NEN types and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Initial clinical studies targeting DLL3 therapeutically in SCLC have been promising, and additional studies are expanding this approach to the broader group of NEN.

YM750, an ACAT Inhibitor, Acts on Adrenocortical Cells to Inhibit Aldosterone Secretion Due to Depolarization.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is considered the most common form of secondary hypertension, which is associated with excessive aldosterone secretion in the adrenal cortex. The cause of excessive aldosterone secretion is the induction of aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) expression by depolarization of adrenocortical cells. In this study, we found that YM750, an Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, acts on adrenocortical cells to suppress CYP11B2 gene expression and aldosterone secretion. YM750 inhibited the induction of CYP11B2 gene expression by KCl stimulation, but not by angiotensin II and forskolin stimulation. Interestingly, YM750 did not inhibit KCl-stimulated depolarization via an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration. Moreover, ACAT1 expression was relatively abundant in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) including these CYP11B2-positive cells. Thus, YM750 suppresses CYP11B2 gene expression by suppressing intracellular signaling activated by depolarization. In addition, ACAT1 was suggested to play an important role in steroidogenesis in the ZG. YM750 suppresses CYP11B2 gene expression and aldosterone secretion in the adrenal cortex, suggesting that it may be a potential therapeutic agent for PA.

The Association of Cholesterol Uptake and Synthesis with Histology and Genotype in Cortisol-Producing Adenoma (CPA).

Cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) is composed of clear and compact cells. Clear cells are lipid abundant, and compact ones lipid poor but associated with higher production of steroid hormones. PRKACA mutation (PRKACA mt) in CPA patients was reported to be associated with more pronounced clinical manifestation of Cushing's syndrome. In this study, we examined the association of histological features and genotypes with cholesterol uptake receptors and synthetic enzymes in 40 CPA cases, and with the quantitative results obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in 33 cases to explore their biological and clinical significance. Both cholesterol uptake receptors and synthetic enzymes were more abundant in compact cells. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that the percentage of compact cells was inversely correlated with the concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol esters, and positively with the activity of cholesterol biosynthesis from cholesterol esters. In addition, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which catalyzes cholesterol biosynthesis from cholesterol esters, tended to be more abundant in compact cells of PRKACA mt CPAs. These results demonstrated that both cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis were more pronounced in compact cells in CPA. In addition, more pronounced HSL expression in compact cells of PRKACA mt CPA could contribute to their more pronounced clinical manifestation.

Advanced extramedullary hematopoiesis with a marked increase in reticulin fibers and hemorrhage on various organs: the first autopsy case report.

Myelofibrosis is characterized by stem cell-derived clonal proliferation potentially resulting in bone marrow fibrosis. As the disease progresses, extramedullary hematopoiesis is frequently detected in the spleen and the liver but rarely in other organs. We report a case of a 68-year-old woman with myelofibrosis with a JAK2 mutation, showing extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) in various organs with a marked increase in reticulin fibers, and myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)-related necrotizing crescent glomerulonephritis. She was admitted to our hospital owing to respiratory discomfort. Computed tomography revealed a mass in the anterior mediastinum. Ten days later, the patient died owing to respiratory distress. At autopsy, EMH were detected in the anterior mediastinum, heart, lung, spleen, and the kidney with a marked increase in reticulin fibers. We considered that respiratory distress was partially caused by EMH. In the kidney, necrotizing crescent glomerulonephritis was observed. Immunohistochemically, the glomerular basement and mesangial area were IgA- and C3d-positive. Ultrastructural examination revealed the presence of dense deposits in the subendothelial space and the mesangial and paramesangial areas. Thus, we suspected that MPN-related necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis harbored a pathogenesis similar to that of IgA-dominant post-infectious glomerulonephritis or IgA nephropathy. This case report could widen the spectrum of MPN- or EMH-related lesions.

The role of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids under the impact of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human breast lesions.

We attempted to explore the possible involvement of the in situ availability of mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the pathogenesis of mammary ductal carcinoma. We also explored their individual profiles among different subtypes of invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NST) by evaluating the status of MR, Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1/2 at each stage of the putative cascade of the mammary ductal proliferative disorders. In this study, IDC-NST, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and non-pathological breast tissues were all evaluated by immunohistochemistry. MR was significantly lower in ADH than in DCIS or IDC-NST. 11ßHSD2 was significantly lower in ADH than normal breast tissue and 11ßHSD1 was significantly higher in DCIS than normal, ADH, or IDC-NST. MR in progesterone receptor (PR)-positive IDC-NST cases tended to be associated with the Ki-67 labeling index. Results of the present study demonstrated that the status of MR and GR in conjunction with the 11ßHSDs was correlated with the development of low-grade proliferative disorders in mammary glands. In addition, the potential crosstalk between MR and PR could also influence cell proliferation of breast carcinoma cells but further investigations are required for clarification.

Association between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damages and cellular senescence in the patients with biliary atresia undergoing Kasai portoenterostomy and liver transplantation.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a cholestatic disease with extrahepatic bile duct obstruction that requires early surgical intervention and occasionally liver transplantation (LT). Accumulation of toxic bile acids induces oxidative stress that results in cell damage, such as cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction and others. However, details of their reciprocal association and clinical significance are unexplored. Therefore, we used immuno-localization of markers for cell senescence (p16 and p21), nuclear double-strand DNA damage (γH2AX), autophagy (p62), and mtDNA damage (mtDNA copy number) in patients with BA who underwent Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) and LT. We studied liver biopsy specimens from 54 patients with BA, 14 who underwent LT and 11 from the livers of neonates and infants obtained at autopsy. In hepatocytes, p21 expression was significantly increased in KP. In cholangiocytes, p16 expression was significantly increased in LT, and p21 expression was significantly increased in KP. p62 expression was significantly increased in the KP hepatocytes and LT cholangiocytes. Furthermore, mtDNA copy number significantly decreased in KP and LT compared with the control. Cell senescence and mitochondrial DNA damage progression were dependent on the BA clinical stages and could possibly serve as the markers of indication of LT.

Expression and clinicopathological significance of glucocorticoid receptor, SGK1, and NDRG1 in hormone-naïve prostate carcinoma.

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been implicated in prostate carcinoma growth and progression. Glucocorticoid receptor beta (GRß) acts as an inhibitor of GR; however, its function is not well understood. Serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a GR-responsive gene that phosphorylates N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and is involved in cancer growth and invasion. However, the expression of GR, GRß, SGK1, and NDRG1 in prostate cancer and their relationship with clinicopathological and functional significance remain unknown. The association between the status of GR, GRß, SGK1, and NDRG1 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological variables was analyzed in patients with prostate carcinoma to explore their clinical significance. In prostate carcinoma cases, the relative abundance of GR and NDRG1 immunoreactivity was inversely and significantly associated with the primary tumor stage (pT), while GR immunoreactivity was inversely and significantly associated with the Ki-67 score. The relative expression status of NDRG1 was significantly associated with that of GR. However, no significant correlation was observed between any of the clinicopathological parameters and GRß and SGK1 expression. Our findings indicate that GR and NDRG1 expression status is correlated with clinicopathological features in patients with prostate cancer.

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: a rare autopsy case showing IgA vasculitis and cylinder-like deposits.

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), a hematological malignancy, originates from follicular helper T cells. The primary site of AITL is the lymph nodes, but extranodal presentation is frequent in patients with advanced stages. Here, we report a rare case of a patient with AITL presenting with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN). The patient underwent computed tomography, which showed systemic lymph node swelling. RPGN was noted at the time of admission. Livedo was observed in the lower limbs with purpura on the foot. The patient was diagnosed with AITL based on lymph node biopsy. Skin biopsy revealed vasculitis with immunoglobulin A (IgA) deposits. Renal biopsy revealed endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with massive subendothelial deposits and intraluminal thrombi. Immunofluorescence showed IgA, IgG, and complement component 3c-predominant granular staining pattern in the capillary and mesangial areas. Electron micrographs demonstrated dense cylindrical-like deposits in the subendothelial space. Chemotherapy drugs were administered, but the patient's respiratory distress increased until death. Upon autopsy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and extensive necrotizing cellular crescent formation were observed in the glomeruli. Taken together, this case is a rare combination of AITL and RPGN showing both cylinder-like deposits suggestive of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (CN) and IgA vasculitis.

Correlation between TXNRD1/HO-1 expression and response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are both involved in the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and play key roles in antioxidant responses. In patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the correlation between the expression of these two proteins and the therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NACRT), as well as the difference in their expression after chemoradiotherapy, remains unknown. METHODS: Proteins involved in the Nrf2 pathway were immunolocalized in carcinoma cells in ESCC patients on NACRT with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, followed by esophagectomy. The 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were used to quantify reactive oxygen species. The changes in immunoreactivity before and after NACRT (Δ) were assessed. RESULTS: Tumor reduction following NACRT was significantly attenuated in pre-therapeutic biopsy specimens associated with high HO-1 status. TXNRD1Δ, HO-1Δ, and 8-OHdGΔ were significantly different in the ineffective and effective groups. The overall survival was significantly lower in high Nrf2 and TXNRD1 groups. In addition, high TXNRD1 expression was an independent prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis of overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicate that HO-1 status in pre-therapeutic biopsy specimens could predict response to NACRT, and TXNRD1 status could predict overall survival of ESCC patients.

Breast Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Toward Exploring Their Possible Associations.

PURPOSE: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has been one of the well known risk factors of breast cancer (BC) development and also associated with adverse clinical outcomes of BC patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been used as antidiabetic therapeutic agents and recent epidemiological studies have reported their use to be correlated with increased BC risks. However, biological or pathological details have remained unknown. Therefore, in this study, we examined the status of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in BC with and without DM and correlated the findings with the clinicopathological factors of the patients to explore the possible involvement of GLP-1 in BC pathology. METHODS: We immunolocalized GLP-1R in cancer and adjacent non-pathological breast tissues in BC patients with DM (125 cases) and without DM (58 cases). We then compared the status of GLP-1R with that of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) and disease free survival (DFS) of the patients and also between cancerous and non-pathological breast tissues. RESULTS: GLP-1R immunoreactivity was significantly higher (p = 0.044) in the patients with DM than without in carcinoma tissues. However, this was detected only in invasive carcinoma (p < 0.01) and not in non-invasive carcinoma nor non-pathological mammary glands. FGF7 was significantly correlated with the status of GLP-1R in BC (p = 0.045). In addition, in ER positive BC cases, those with GLP-1R positive status tended to have higher Ki-67 LI of more than 14% (p = 0.070). CONCLUSION: These findings all demonstrated the possible association between GLP-1R status and biological features of BC, especially of invasive BC in DM patients.