MAL adaptor (TIRAP) S180L polymorphism and severity of disease among tuberculosis patients.

OBJECTIVE: Though several genetic variants have been recognized to be associated with susceptibility to Tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease, a recent observation on the association of TIRAP C975T (S180L) variants with TB disease severity in mice model prompted us to assess their relevance in humans. In addition, TIRAP variants have also been reported to be associated with varied circulating Interferon-gamma induced protein (IP-10) levels. We investigated the association of TIRAP variants with severity of TB disease and IP-10 production in humans, which may be useful in predicting poor clinical outcome. METHODS: Culture positive symptomatic adult pulmonary TB (PTB) patients enrolled between August 2014 and October 2017 were included in this investigation. Allelic discrimination PCR and conventional IP-10 quantification methods were employed for genotyping and IP-10 measurement followed by statistical investigations to analyse patients' variables. RESULTS: Among 211 participants, C/C allele was identified in 70% (n = 147); 26% (n = 55) and 4% (n = 9) had C/T and T/T alleles respectively. There was no significant association between TIRAP variants and smear grade, chest-X-ray score, symptom severity score and circulating IP-10 levels. However, significant association was observed between i) circulating IP-10 levels and time to Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture conversion (p =0.032); ii) smear grade among active TB patients and circulating IP-10 levels (p =0 .032). CONCLUSIONS: Although mice experiments showed promising results with more severe disease in C/C and T/T individuals, we did not observe any such association in humans.

Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance in a Treatment-Naive Cohort of Recently Infected Individuals from Chennai, India.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine the prevalence and pattern of HIV drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among recently HIV-1-infected and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive individuals from Chennai, South India. The HIV-1 pol gene encompassing the protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions were analyzed from 53 ART-naive HIV-1-infected individuals using an in-house method for identifying DRMs by genotyping. The overall prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was found to be 11.3% (6/53), which is categorized as moderate level (5.0%-15.0%) of TDR according to the World Health Organization (WHO) survey guidelines. Surveillance drug resistance mutations to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were observed in 8.3% (n = 4) of the 48 RT sequences analyzed. No major DRMs related to the protease and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs) class of drugs were identified.

Cross Type Neutralizing Antibodies Detected in a Unique HIV-2 Infected Individual From India.

Background: Infection with HIV-2, a retrovirus that is closely related to HIV-1, is characterized by slower disease progression and transmission, longer latency period and low or undetectable viremia. Host immunity, including production of potent neutralizing antibodies, may be one of the possible contributors to the distinction between the two infections. In an attempt to understand whether HIV-2 infection results in production of neutralizing antibodies and to characterize the nature of the neutralization response we screened plasma of 37 HIV-2 infected individuals for the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Materials and Methods: Thirty seven asymptomatic, ART-naïve, HIV-2 infected individuals were recruited for the study. Plasma obtained from these individuals were screened for the presence of broadly cross reactive neutralizing antibodies (BCNabs) using the standard neutralization screening protocol with a panel of HIV-1 and HIV-2 pseudoviruses. Plasma exhibiting broad neutralization activity were assessed for their potency employing a titration assay. Further, an attempt was made to characterize the neutralization specificity of the plasma exhibiting broad and potent neutralization activity. Result: While majority of the samples tested were capable of neutralizing HIV-2 pseudoviruses with high to moderate potency, one unique sample demonstrated broad cross clade and cross type neutralization with ability to strongly neutralize the vast majority of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses tested (19/20). Preliminary analyses indicate the possible presence of antibodies with multiple glycan epitope binding specificities. Conclusion: The study identified a unique HIV-2 sample with exceptional ability to neutralize HIV-2 viruses and cross-neutralize HIV-1 viruses with great breadth and potency. This sample holds promise for isolation of novel monoclonal antibodies that may exploited as potential therapeutic tools for HIV infection.

Evolution of Neutralization Response in HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individuals Exhibiting Broad Cross-Clade Neutralization of HIV-1 Strains.

Strain-specific neutralizing antibodies develop in all human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals. However, only 10-30% of infected individuals produce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Identification and characterization of these bNAbs and understanding their evolution dynamics are critical for obtaining useful clues for the development of an effective HIV vaccine. Very recently, we published a study in which we identified 12 HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals from India whose plasma showed potent and broad cross-clade neutralization (BCN) ability (1). In the present study, we report our findings on the evolution of host bNAb response over a period of 4 years in a subset of these individuals. Three of the five individuals (NAB033, NAB059, and NAB065) demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in potency. Interestingly, two of the three samples also showed a significant increase in CD4 binding site-specific antibody response, maintained stable CD4+ T cell counts (>350 cells/mm3) and continued to remain ART-naïve for more than 10 years after initial diagnosis, implying a strong clinical correlation with the development and evolution of broadly neutralizing antibody response against HIV-1.

Safety and immunogenicity of DNA and MVA HIV-1 subtype C vaccine prime-boost regimens: a phase I randomised Trial in HIV-uninfected Indian volunteers.

STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled phase I trial. METHODS: The trial was conducted in 32 HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers to assess the safety and immunogenicity of prime-boost vaccination regimens with either 2 doses of ADVAX, a DNA vaccine containing Chinese HIV-1 subtype C env gp160, gag, pol and nef/tat genes, as a prime and 2 doses of TBC-M4, a recombinant MVA encoding Indian HIV-1 subtype C env gp160, gag, RT, rev, tat, and nef genes, as a boost in Group A or 3 doses of TBC-M4 alone in Group B participants. Out of 16 participants in each group, 12 received vaccine candidates and 4 received placebos. RESULTS: Both vaccine regimens were found to be generally safe and well tolerated. The breadth of anti-HIV binding antibodies and the titres of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group B volunteers at 14 days post last vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies were detected mainly against Tier-1 subtype B and C viruses. HIV-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were directed mostly to Env and Gag proteins. Although the IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were infrequent after ADVAX vaccinations, the response rate was significantly higher in group A after 1(st) and 2(nd) MVA doses as compared to the responses in group B volunteers. However, the priming effect was short lasting leading to no difference in the frequency, breadth and magnitude of IFN-γELISPOT responses between the groups at 3, 6 and 9 months post-last vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Although DNA priming resulted in enhancement of immune responses after 1(st) MVA boosting, the overall DNA prime MVA boost was not found to be immunologically superior to homologous MVA boosting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trial Registry CTRI/2009/091/000051.