Immunostimulant potential of Moringa Oleifera leaves alcoholic extract versus Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the immunoenhancement effect of Moringa oleifera leaves alcoholic extract (MOLE) versus Oregano essential oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks. A total of a three hundred one-day-old chicks were assigned randomly into three main dietary groups, control, MOLE, and OEO for 14 days. After 14 days the three main experimental groups were subdivided into six groups, control, cyclophosphamide, MOLE, MOLE and Cyclophosphamide, OEO, and OEO and cyclophosphamide. Each group of these six groups was subdivided into three subgroups. Supplementation of broiler chicks with MOLE and OEO for 14 days significantly increased body weight compared to the control group. However, injection of broiler chicks with cyclophosphamide significantly induced body weight loss, impaired immunological response represented by decreasing total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs depletion, and increased the mortality rate. In contrast, supplementation of cyclophosphamide treated chicks with MOLE and OEO significantly reduced cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses, as it showed significant increase in body weight, total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs proliferation, and reduced the mortality rate. This study indicated that MOLE and OEO supplementation ameliorated cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses.

Type 3 autoimmune pancreatitis (immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pancreatitis).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Type 3 auto-immune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare immune-related adverse event (irAE) because of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy employed in the management of advanced malignancies. The evaluation and management of this disease entity is not well documented in the literature. We summarize the available information on the clinical profile, diagnosis, and treatment of this disorder. RECENT FINDINGS: ICI-pancreatic injury (ICI-PI) is a form of AIP, recently termed type 3 AIP, which may present as an asymptomatic lipase elevation or clinical pancreatitis, that is, abdominal pain and elevated lipase. CT findings of pancreatitis may be absent in some cases. Diagnosis is based on a temporal relationship to ICI exposure and the absence of other cause of pancreatitis. Combination ICIs increase the risk of type 3 AIP compared with ICI monotherapy. Though corticosteroids are used for ICIP, their role and benefit remain unclear to date. Holding immunotherapy carries the risk of progression of underlying cancer. SUMMARY: ICI-PI is a unique form of AIP (type 3) with a distinct disease profile. The majority of patients with ICIPI are asymptomatic and steroid therapy has unclear benefits.

Effects of FABP knockdown on flight performance of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria.

During migratory flight, desert locusts rely on fatty acids as their predominant source of energy. Lipids mobilized in the fat body are transported to the flight muscles and enter the muscle cells as free fatty acids. It has been postulated that muscle fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is needed for the efficient translocation of fatty acids through the aqueous cytosol towards mitochondrial ß-oxidation. To assess whether FABP is required for this process, dsRNA was injected into freshly emerged adult males to knock down the expression of FABP. Three weeks after injection, FABP and its mRNA were undetectable in flight muscle, indicating efficient silencing of FABP expression. At rest, control and treated animals exhibited no morphological or behavioral differences. In tethered flight experiments, both control and treated insects were able to fly continually in the initial, carbohydrate-fueled phase of flight, and in both groups, lipids were mobilized and released into the hemolymph. Flight periods exceeding 30 min, however, when fatty acids become the main energy source, were rarely possible for FABP-depleted animals, while control insects continued to fly for more than 2 h. These results demonstrate that FABP is an essential element of skeletal muscle energy metabolism in vivo.

Amyloid beta deposition and phosphorylated tau accumulation are key features in aged choroidal vessels in the complement factor H knock out model of retinal degeneration.

Extra-cellular deposition including amyloid beta (Aß) is a feature of retinal ageing. It has been documented for Bruch's membrane (BM) where Aß is elevated in complement factor H knockout mice (Cfh(-/-)) proposed as a model for age related macular degeneration. However, arterial deposition in choroidal vessels prior to perfusion across BM has not been examined. Aß is associated with tau phosphorylation and these are linked in blood vessels in Alzheimers Disease where they can drive perivascular pathology. Here we ask if Aß, tau and phosphorylated tau are features of ageing in choroidal vessels in 12 month C57 BL/6 and Cfh(-/-) mice, using immune staining and Western blot analysis. Greater levels of Aß and phosphorylated tau are found in choroidal vessels in Cfh(-/-) mice. Western blot revealed a 40% increase in Aß in Cfh(-/-) over C57 BL/6 mice. Aß deposits coat around 55% of the luminal wall in Cfh(-/-) compared to only about 40% in C57 BL/6. Total tau was similar in both groups, but phosphorylated tau increased by >100% in Cfh(-/-) compared to C57 BL/6 and covered >75% of the luminal wall compared to 50% in C57 BL/6. Hence, phosphorylated tau is a marked choroidal feature in this mouse model. Aß deposition was clumped in Cfh(-/-) mice and likely to influence blood flow dynamics. Disturbed flow is associated with atherogenesis and may be related to the accumulation of membrane attack complex recently identified between choroidal vessels in those at high risk of macular degeneration due to complement factor H polymorphisms.

Incidence and Outcomes of New-Onset Right Bundle Branch Block Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and prognosis of right bundle branch block (RBBB) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are unknown. Hence, we sought to characterize the incidence of post-TAVR RBBB and determine associated risks of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation and mortality. METHODS: All patients 18 years and above without preexisting RBBB or PPM who underwent TAVR at US Mayo Clinic sites and Mayo Clinic Health Systems from June 2010 to May 2021 were evaluated. Post-TAVR RBBB was defined as new-onset RBBB in the postimplantation period. The risks of PPM implantation (within 90 days) and mortality following TAVR were compared for patients with and without post-TAVR RBBB using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. The risks of PPM implantation (within 90 days) and mortality following TAVR were compared for patients with and without post-TAVR RBBB using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. RESULTS: Of 1992 patients, 15 (0.75%) experienced new RBBB post-TAVR. There was a higher degree of valve oversizing among patients with new RBBB post-TAVR versus those without (17.9% versus 10.0%; P=0.034). Ten patients (66.7%) with post-TAVR RBBB experienced high-grade atrioventricular block and underwent PPM implantation (median 1 day; Q1, 0.2 and Q3, 4), compared with 268/1977 (13.6%) without RBBB. Following propensity score adjustment for covariates (age, sex, balloon-expandable valve, annulus diameter, and valve oversizing), post-TAVR RBBB was significantly associated with PPM implantation (hazard ratio, 8.36 [95% CI, 4.19-16.7]; P<0.001). No statistically significant increase in mortality was seen with post-TAVR RBBB (hazard ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.33-2.11]; P=0.69), adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Although infrequent, post-TAVR RBBB was associated with elevated PPM implantation risk. The mechanisms for its development and its clinical prognosis require further study.

Health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in edible tissue of seafood.

Fish is one of the most valuable foods with high-quality animal protein. However, aquaculture, or ingesting contaminated food, allows organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to enter the fish's body, and therefore, it negatively impacted public health. One-hundred and twenty random samples of Clupea harengus (C. harengus), Mugil cephalus (M. cephalus), Sardinella aurita (S. aurita), Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus), Neptunus pelagicus (N. pelagicus) and Sepia savigngi (S. savigngi) (n = 20 each) were collected from local markets in Mansoura city, Egypt. Samples were checked to see whether any residues of OCPs with the application of risk assessment due to their consumption by Mansoura citizens. The findings indicated that summation hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH) in examined seafood samples ranged from 0.27 ± 0.13 in N. pelagicus to 61.61 ± 52.03 µg.kg-1 in S. aurita. Also, the γ-HCH isomer was considered the more prominent among isomers. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was found in five different species, with mean values of 2.03 ± 1.85, 1.5.7 ± 1.17, 0.94 ± 0.87, 0.35 ± 0.06, and 0.18 ± 0.06 µg.kg-1 in C. harengus, S. aurita, M. cephlaus, O. niloticus, and S. savigngi. Moreover, summation of Heptachlors (∑HPTs) was 10.19 ± 7.63, 1.27 ± 0.26, 2.58 ± 0.11, 0.95 ± 0.12, 0.21 ± 0.11 and 0.32 ± 0.03 µg.kg-1 of wet weight in examined C. harengus, M. cephlaus, S. aurita, O. niloticus, N. pelagicus, and S. savigngi. Aldrin and dieldrin residues were 3.75 ± 1.31 and 4.86 ± 1.33 µg.kg-1 in C. harengu, meanwhile they were 1.61 ± 0.77 and 0.78 ± 0.04 µg.kg-1in M. cephalus. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp-DDE) was dominant in all examined species within different concentrations 5.08 ± 4.12, 0.98 ± 0.10, 3.07 ± 0.91, 0.93 ± 0.27, 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.35 ± 0.02 µg.kg-1 in C. harengus, M. cephlaus, S. aurita, O. niloticus, N. pelagicus and S. savigngi, respectively. We concluded that all examined seafood samples were lower than the recommended maximum residue limit. Also, the estimated daily intake was less than the permitted daily intake. Non-carcinogenic indices of target hazard quotient and hazard index for OCPs in all examined species were less than 1.

The Prognostic Value of Baseline Clinical and Radiologic Imaging Features in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab.

Purpose: To identify prognostic clinical and radiologic features in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. Patients and Methods: Clinical and imaging records of patients with unresectable HCC were retrospectively reviewed, and baseline features were recorded. Patients' records and imaging studies were used to determine the patients' overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine prognostic features. Subanalyses of treatment-naïve patients (who never received local or systemic therapy) and previously treated patients were also performed. Results: Fifty-five patients were included in the final analysis, 23 (41.8%) of whom were treatment naïve. The median PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 3.0 months and 7.9 months. The 3-, 6- and 12-month OS rates were 85.5%, 79.8% and 45.7%, respectively. The 3-, 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 50.1%, 41.2% and 20.1%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, independent prognostic features for poor PFS of the entire cohort were pleural effusions (p = 0.047, HR: 6.3; CI: 1.03-38.90) and hepatic vein tumor thrombus (p = 0.005; HR: 23.37; CI: 2.63-207.67); independent prognostic features for poor OS were ascites (p = 0.008; HR: 37.37; CI: 2.53-467.64), pleural effusion (p = 0.003; HR: 110.17; CI: 5.00-2426.54), and low (<40HU) pre-contrast attenuation on CT images (p = 0.007; HR: 0.09; CI: 0.02-0.53). On subanalysis of treatment-naïve patients, the median OS and PFS were 7.4 months and 2.8 months, respectively. The 3-, 6- and 12-month PFS rates were 43.5%, 38.6% and 24.8%, respectively. Pleural effusion was the only independent poor prognostic feature (p = 0.036; HR: 206.34; CI: 1.41-30,167.58). Conclusion: Independent prognostic features for survival outcomes include the presence of ascites, pleural effusions, hepatic vein tumor thrombus, and HCC with low attenuation (<40 HU) on unenhanced CT images. Although several biochemical variables were significant on univariate analysis, none were independent predictors of OS or PFS.

Morphological and glycohistochemical studies on the epididymal region of the Sudani duck (Cairina moschata).

In this study, the epididymal region of the Sudani duck was investigated using histological and lectin histochemical methods. Morphologically, the epididymal region of the Sudani duck is composed of extratesticular rete testis, proximal and distal efferent ductules, a short connecting duct, and epididymal ducts. Morphometric analysis of the epididymal region of Sudani duck revealed that the efferent ductules predominate in relation to the epididymal ducts. The distribution of sugar moieties within the epididymal region of the Sudani duck was investigated using ten different fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins. In the rete testis epithelium, only PHA-L showed a positive reaction. Efferent ductules in contrary exhibited a wide range of lectin affinity whereas six positive lectins (Con A, LCA, PNA, WGA, PHA-L, PHA-E) were observed. In the connecting and epididymal ducts, four lectins (Con A, WGA, PHA-L, PHA-E) were also detected. GSA-I, UEA-I, and LTA were at all not evident in the epididymal region of the Sudani duck. In conclusion, the correlation between the large areas of the epididymal region occupied by the efferent ductules and the wide range of sugar affinity of this portion may confirm the speculation that efferent ductules might be the primary site of fluid reabsorption in the epididymal region of Sudani duck.

Effects of energy restriction on thyroid hormone metabolism in chickens.

Energy restriction induces changes in thyroid hormone economy in the form of a complex adaptation mechanism, in order to conserve energy storage and protein reserves. In the present work, thyroid hormone serum concentrations, hepatic deiodinase enzyme activities and hepatic deiodinase mRNA expression were examined after feed restriction and fasting. We demonstrate that during energy restriction, T 3 concentration is lowered due to a decreased T 4 activation and increased T 3 inactivation. We show that hepatic type-I deiodinase (D1) is not affected by energy restriction, however, hepatic D2 is decreased on both transcriptional and enzyme activity levels. Furthermore, hepatic D3 is increased after feed restriction in the liver. We also show that the hypothalamic feedback is not involved in the changes in serum T 3 and T 4 concentrations. Our data indicate that D2 enzyme contributes to the special hormone-exporting role of the chicken liver and this enzyme can be modulated by feed restriction.

Growth hormone regulates opsin expression in the retina of a salmonid fish.

Colour vision relies on retinal photoreceptors that express a different predominant visual pigment protein (opsin). In several vertebrates, the primary opsin expressed by a photoreceptor can change throughout ontogeny, although the molecular factors that influence such regulation are poorly understood. One of these factors is thyroid hormone which, together with its receptors, modulates opsin expression in the retinas of multiple vertebrates including rodents and salmonid fishes. In the latter, thyroid hormone induces a switch in opsin expression from SWS1 (ultraviolet light sensitive) to SWS2 (short wavelength or blue light sensitive) in the single cone photoreceptors of the retina. The actions of other hormones on opsin expression have not been investigated. In the present study, we used a transgenic strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) with enhanced levels of circulating growth hormone compared to that of wild siblings to assess the effects of this hormone on the SWS1 to SWS2 opsin switch. Transgenic fish showed a developmentally accelerated opsin switch compared to size-matched controls as assessed by immunohistological and in situ hybridisation labelling of photoreceptors and by quantification of transcripts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This accelerated switch led to a different spectral sensitivity maximum, under a middle to long wavelength adapting background, from ultraviolet (λmax  ~ 380 nm) in controls to short wavelengths (λmax  ~ 430 nm) in transgenics, demonstrating altered colour vision. The effects of growth hormone over-expression were independent of circulating levels of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine), the hormone typically associated with opsin switches in vertebrates.

Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats.

Oxidative stresses intensify the progression of diabetes-related behavioural changes and testicular injuries. Graviola (Annona muricata), a small tree of the Annonaceae family, has been investigated for its protective effects against diabetic complications, oxidative stress, and neuropathies. This study was planned to investigate the effects of graviola on behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative status of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats were equally allocated into four groups: control (received normal saline 8 ml/kg orally once daily), diabetic (received normal saline orally once daily), graviola (GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; orally once daily), and diabetic with graviola (Diabetic+GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; once daily). Behavioural functions were assessed using standard behavioural paradigms. Also, oxidative statuses of testis were evaluated. Results of behavioural observations showed that diabetes induced depression-like behaviours, reduction of exploratory and locomotor activities, decreased memory performance, and increased stress-linked behaviours. These variations in diabetic rats were happened due to oxidative stress. Interestingly, treatment of diabetic rats with graviola for four weeks alleviated all behavioural changes due to diabetes. Also, rats in graviola-treated groups had greater testicular testosterone and estradiol levels compared with diabetic rats due to significant rise in testicular acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 expression. In the same context, graviola enhanced the antioxidant status of testicular tissues by significantly restoring the testicular glutathione and total superoxide dismutase that fell during diabetes. In addition, Graviola significantly decreased the expression of apoptotic (Bax) and inflammatory (interleukin-1ß) testicular genes. In conclusion, these data propose that both the hypoglycemic and antioxidative potential of graviola are possible mechanisms that improve behavioural alterations and protect testis in diabetic animals. Concomitantly, further clinical studies in human are required to validate the current study.

Histochemical mapping of glycoconjugates in the testis of the one humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) during rutting and non-rutting seasons.

In the present study, the distribution of various sugar residues in the testicular cells of sexually mature camels during rutting and non-rutting seasons was examined employing 10 fluorescein isothiocyanate- (FITC) conjugated lectins. Lectin labeling was restricted to the germ cell lines and interstitial Leydig cells, while the Sertoli cells remained completely unlabeled. Our results revealed the presence of mannose (labeled by lectins PSA, LCA), galactose (labeled by PNA), GalNAc (labeled by HPA), and GlcNAc (labeled by WGA) residues in the camel spermatogonia. However, spermatocytes were only labeled with mannose (PSA, LCA) and GlcNAc (WGA) binding lectins. Binding sites for PSA, LCA and WGA in spermatogonia and spermatocytes were only evident during the rutting season. Although spermatids were exclusively labeled with PNA in the non-rutting seasons, other lectins (PSA, GSA-I, WGA) additionally bound to camel spermatids during the rutting period. Leydig cells and basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules of camel testis were consistently labeled with the mannose- (PSA, LCA) and GlcNAc- (WGA) binding lectins in both seasons, while DBA-labeling was seen in the Leydig cells during rutting period only. In conclusion, the findings of the present study clearly indicate that the camel testis contains a wide range of glycoconjugates (bearing mannosyl, galactosyl and glucosyl residues), and they lack fucosyl residues, both in the active sexual period and in the non-breeding season. The topographical distribution of the sugar moieties in the camel testis may indicate that specific carbohydrate structures are required for spermatogenesis during periods of sexual activity.

Spatial distribution of osteoblast activating peptide in the rat stomach.

Osteoblast activating peptide (OBAP) was previously reported to be expressed in the rat stomach and to have a vital role in osteogenesis, but its distribution in rat stomach has not been determined. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the cell types expressing OBAP in the rat stomach. The stomachs of twelve 10-to-11-week-old male Jc1:SD rats were used. Samples were collected for immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy and dot blot assay. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that OBAP was distributed mainly in parietal cells without any expression in chief cells, X/A-like cells or enterochromaffin-like cells. Moreover, OBAP-immunopositive cells were observed mainly in the upper and lower parts of the gastric gland. Significantly high optical density of immunopositive cells was observed in the upper and lower gastric gland regions. The dot blot assay confirmed that OBAP is secreted by parietal cells and that it is present in the gastric gland lumen. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that OBAP was confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane within parietal cells and that the number of mitochondria in the upper and lower parts of the gastric epithelium was significantly larger than the number in the middle part of the gastric epithelium. Based on the results, it was concluded that OBAP is mainly produced by mitochondria of parietal cells in the upper and lower parts of the gastric epithelium. Moreover, the presence of OBAP in the gastric gland lumen suggests an exocrine mechanism of release.

Expression and localization of pChAT as a novel method to study cholinergic innervation of rat adrenal gland.

Cholinergic innervation of the rat adrenal gland has been analyzed previously using cholinergic markers including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). In the present study, we demonstrate putative cholinergic neurons in the rat adrenal gland using an antibody to pChAT, which is the product of a splice variant of ChAT mRNA that is preferentially localized in peripheral cholinergic nerves. Most of the ganglionic neurons as well as small single sporadic neurons in the adrenal gland were stained intensely for pChAT. The density of pChAT-immunoreactive (IR) fibers was distinct in the adrenal cortex and medulla. AChE-, cChAT- and VAChT-immunoreactivities were also observed in some cells and fibers of the adrenal medulla, while the cortex had few positive nerve fibers. These results indicate that ganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla and nerve fibers heterogeneously express cholinergic markers, especially pChAT. Furthermore, the innervation of the adrenal gland, cortex and medulla, by some cholinergic fibers provides additional morphological evidence for a significant role of cholinergic mechanisms in adrenal gland functions.

Regulation of chick early B-cell factor-1 gene expression in feather development.

The chick Ebf1 (early B-cell factor-1) gene is a member of a novel family of helix loop helix transcription factors. The expression profile, regulation and significance of this gene have been extensively studied in lymphatic, nervous, adipose and muscular tissues. However, cEbf1 expression, regulation and function in the feather of chick embryo have not yet been investigated. cEbf1 expression was first detected throughout the mesenchymal core of some few feather placodes (D7-D7.5). After feathers became mature and grew distally (D9 and D10), the mesenchymal expression of cEbf1 became confined to the caudal margin of the proximal half of all formed feather buds. Because this dynamic pattern of expression resembles that of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp4) plus the crucial role of these two major signals in feather development, we hypothesized that cEbf1 expression in the feather may be regulated by Shh and Bmp4. In a feather explant culture system, Shh signals are necessary to initiate and maintain cEbf1 expression in the posterior half of the feather bud, while Bmp4 is crucial for the initial cEbf1 expression in the anterior half of the feather bud. Inhibition of Shh, not only down-regulates cEbf1, but also changes the morphology of feather buds, which become irregular and fused. This is the first study to demonstrate that cEbf1 expression in the feather bud is under the control of Shh and Bmp4 signals and that expression may play a role in the normal development of feathers.

In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization of leptin hormone and leptin receptor in the seminal vesicle and prostate gland of adult rat.

The role of leptin in the regulation of male reproductive function is still a matter of debate. Knowledge about a possible source of leptin in the seminal plasma may therefore be helpful in identifying and elucidating the physiological role of leptin hormone in male reproduction. In our investigation, the expression of leptin and its long receptor isoform (Ob-Rb) was studied in adult male Wistar rats using RT-PCR, Southern blot, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR analysis revealed the expression of both leptin and its Ob-Rb in the seminal vesicle and prostate gland. In situ hybridization also localized the mRNA transcripts of leptin and Ob-Rb in the glandular secretory epithelial cells of prostate gland and seminal vesicle. Immunohistochemistry detected the leptin hormone in the lining epithelium of both male genital glands. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the seminal vesicle and prostate gland could be the possible sources of leptin in the seminal plasma. This leptin might have a direct (paracrine, autocrine or both) effect on epithelial cells of the accessory male genital glands, on the spermatozoa via spermatozoan leptin receptors.

Immunohistochemical studies of the epididymal duct in Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), this study aimed to evaluate the regional distribution pattern of some biologically active proteins in the epididymis of Egyptian water buffalo and to determine the structural-functional relationships of the different epididymal structures. Wax-embedded sections from different regions of the epididymal duct from adult, clinically healthy, buffalo bulls were used. Primary antibodies against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), S-100, galactosyltransferase (GalTase), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connexin 43 (Cx43) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were used for immunohistochemical studies. The results showed that, in addition to the well-known principal and basal cells, the epididymal epithelium, similar to that of other species, possessed apical cells and intraepithelial leukocytes. IHC showed that, with the exception of VEGF which reacted negatively, all antibodies used displayed variable reactivity in the different epididymal structures. Apical cells expressed a strong reaction with ACE along the entire length of the duct. The principal cells in the caput epididymis exhibited a distinct reactivity with S-100 and GalTase. The peritubular muscular coat displayed a marked immunostaining for α-SMA and for Cx43. In conclusion these findings showed a regional-specific distribution pattern, distinct from that in bovine bulls. Some potential functional capacities, especially absorptive and secretory ones, are discussed in relation to the different epididymal regions.

Expression and immunohistochemical localization of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the mammary glands of the Egyptian water buffalo.

Although a marginal placental transfer of maternal immunoglobulin (Ig) has been demonstrated in buffalo, the colostrum still provides the main source of immune components and nutrients to neonate buffalo calves. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) transports maternal Ig across the gut wall and is involved in the transport of IgG in the mammary gland. In this study we used RT-PCR to examine the gene expression of FcRn in the mammary gland during several physiological states of the Egyptian water buffalo. The buffalo FcRn showed a high sequence homology to that of other mammalian species and especially the cow. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive immunolabelling of FcRn in the epithelial cells of the acini and ducts of the examined mammary gland tissue. Remarkable differences in both the cellular localization and in the intensity of FcRn immunopositivity were observed depending on the functional state of the mammary gland tissues. In late pregnancy, the FcRn immunolabelling was homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. In recently parturient animals, positive FcRn immunolabelling was mainly located at the luminal surface and apical cytoplasm of the mammary gland epithelium, while in dry and lactating animals, the FcRn immunolabelling was in the apical cytoplasm of the cells. The strongest FcRn immunolabelling was observed in late pregnancy and in recently parturient animals. In conclusion, the present data support the notion that FcRn might be involved in the transfer of maternal immunoglobulins and in the local defense mechanism of the mammary gland.

Morphological studies on the vagina and vestibule of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) / Estudios morfológicos de la vagina y vestíbulo del camello (Camelus dromedarius)

The camel (Camelus dromedarius) is an important multipurpose livestock species and its meat represents about 10% of the red meat consumption in Egypt. The reproductive efficiency of camel under natural condition is generally considered to be low. Sound knowledge about the tubular genital organs of this species might facilitate the application of new reproductive methodology. Our study was therefore conducted to investigate the morphology of mucosal surface of vagina and vestibule on camels using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mucosal surface of vagina consisted of stratified columnar epithelium with mucous secreting cells (goblet-like cells). SEM of vagina revealed the presence of longitudinal primary and secondary folds and small transverse folds. The columnar epithelium showed marked cell boundary and its apical surface was studded by a lot of microvilli. TEM confirmed the presence of microvilli at apical surfaces and showed some secretory granules in the supranuclear region of the columnar epithelium. The vestibule of dromedary camel was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Basal lamina and stratum granulosum of this epithelium showed strong PAS positive reaction. SEM of vestibule revealed the presence of small longitudinal and fine transverse folds with a lot of mucous debris. However TEM of vestibule showed the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with basal layer of cuboidal cells and superficial layers of squamous cells.

El camello (Camelus dromedarius) es una importante especie de ganado de usos múltiples y el consumo de su carne corresponde al 10% aproximadamente del consumo de carne roja en Egipto. La eficiencia reproductiva del camello, bajo condiciones naturales, se considera generalmente baja. El conocimiento adecuado sobre los órganos genitales tubulares de esta especie podría facilitar la aplicación de una nueva metodología de reproducción. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo este estudio para investigar la morfología de la superficie de la mucosa de la vagina y el vestíbulo en camellos, utilizando luz, escaneado y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. La superficie de la mucosa de la vagina está formado por epitelio columnar estratificado con células secretoras mucosas (células en copa). La microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) de la vagina reveló la presencia de pliegues primarios y secundarios longitudinales y pequeños pliegues transversales. El epitelio columnar mostró un límite celular marcado y su superficie apical se evidenció salpicado por una gran cantidad de microvellosidades. La microscopía electrónica por transmisión (TEM) confirmó la presencia de microvellosidades en las superficies apicales y mostró algunos gránulos secretores en la región supranuclear del epitelio columnar. El vestíbulo del dromedario está revestido por epitelio estratificado queratinizado, de tipo escamoso. La lámina basal y el estrato granuloso de este epitelio mostraron una fuerte reacción PAS positiva. La microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) del vestíbulo reveló la presencia de pequeños pliegues transversales longitudinales y finos, con gran cantidad de restos de mucosidad. Sin embargo, la microscopía electrónica por transmisión (TEM) del vestíbuloreveló un epitelio queratinizado escamoso estratificado, con una capa basal de células cúbicas y capas superficiales de células escamosas.

Gasless laparoscopic anatomy and renal biopsy of the kidney in the standing mare / Anatomía laparoscópica sin gas y biopsia renal de los riñones de la yegua de pie

The current study aimed to provide the topography and renal biopsy of the standing mare kidneys by laparoscopy w ithout CO2 insufflation and to compare between the use of biopsy needle and forceps. Five clinically healthy adult nonpregnant mares weighing 250­300 Kg and aging 7­9 years were used in the current work. The gasless laparoscopic renal biopsy appeared simple, safe, reliable, minimal invasive, timesaving and economical technique. The parallel biopsy portals provided easy and accessible biopsy procedure than dorsal or ventral portals. The biopsies taken from the lateral surface were less hemorrhagic than those taken from the caudal pole. This study recommended the laparoscopic forceps because the biopsy forceps provided satisfactory and representative specimens with minimal hemorrhage than Tru-cut needle.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar la topografía y la biopsia renal de los riñones en la yegua de pie, por laparoscopía sin insuflación de CO2, y comparar entre el uso de la biopsia con aguja y pinzas. Fueron utilizadas en este studio cinco yeguas adultas no gestantes clínicamente sanas con un peso de 250­300 Kg y edad de 7­9 años. La biopsia renal laparoscópica sin gas es un método seguro, confiable y mínimamente invasivo, económico y permite además ahorrar tiempo. Los portales de biopsia paralelas permiten un procedimiento de biopsia de fácil acceso. Las biopsias tomadas de la superficie lateral fueron menos hemorrágicas que aquellas obtenidas desde el polo caudal. Este estudio recomienda las pinzas laparoscópicas debido a que, a diferencia de la aguja Tru-cut, demostraron ser satisfactorias con una hemorragia mínima.