Precision symptom phenotyping identifies early clinical and proteomic predictors of distinct COVID-19 sequelae.

BACKGROUND: Post-COVID conditions (PCC) are difficult to characterize, diagnose, predict, and treat due to overlapping symptoms and poorly understood pathology. Identifying inflammatory profiles may improve clinical prognostication and trial endpoints. METHODS: 1,988 SARS-CoV-2 positive U.S. Military Health System beneficiaries with quantitative post-COVID symptom scores were included in this analysis. Among participants who reported moderate-to-severe symptoms on surveys collected 6-months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, principal component analysis (PCA) followed by K-means clustering identified distinct clusters of symptoms. RESULTS: Three symptom-based clusters were identified: a sensory cluster (loss of smell and/or taste), a fatigue/difficulty thinking cluster, and a difficulty breathing/exercise intolerance cluster. Individuals within the sensory cluster were all outpatients during their initial COVID-19 presentation. The difficulty breathing cluster had a higher likelihood of obesity and COVID-19 hospitalization compared to those with no/mild symptoms at 6-months post-infection. Multinomial regression linked early post-infection D-dimer and IL-1RA elevation to fatigue/difficulty thinking, and elevated ICAM-1 concentrations to sensory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: We identified three distinct symptom-based PCC phenotypes with specific clinical risk factors and early post-infection inflammatory predictors. With further validation and characterization, this framework may allow more precise classification of PCC cases and potentially improve the diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of PCC.

Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of pharmacological preventive treatment for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Persistent headache attributed to traumatic injury to the head is divided into two subtypes, one attributed to moderate or severe traumatic injury and another attributed to mild traumatic injury (i.e., concussion). The latter is much more prevalent, in part because more than 90% of cases with traumatic brain injury are classified as mild. The pathophysiology of persistent post-traumatic headache is poorly understood and the underlying mechanisms are likely multifactorial. There is currently no approved treatment specifically for persistent post-traumatic headache, and management strategies rely on medications used for migraine or tension-type headache. Therefore, high-quality trials are urgently needed to support clinical decision-making and optimize management strategies. International guidelines can facilitate appropriate trial design and ensure the acquisition of high-quality data evaluating the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of available and novel pharmacological therapies for the preventive treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache. METHODS: The development of this guideline was based on a literature review of available studies in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, along with a review of previously published guidelines for controlled trials of preventive treatment for episodic and chronic migraine. The identified literature was critically appraised, and due to the scarcity of scientific evidence, recommendations were primarily based on the consensus of experts in the field. OBJECTIVE: To provide guidelines for designing state-of-the-art controlled clinical trials aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of preventive treatments for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury.

Understanding "Hybrid Immunity": Comparison and Predictors of Humoral Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2) and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines.

BACKGROUND: Comparison of humoral responses in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinees, those with SARS-CoV-2 infection, or combinations of vaccine/ infection ("hybrid immunity") may clarify predictors of vaccine immunogenicity. METHODS: We studied 2660 US Military Health System beneficiaries with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection-alone (n = 705), vaccination-alone (n = 932), vaccine-after-infection (n = 869), and vaccine-breakthrough-infection (n = 154). Peak anti-spike-immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses through 183 days were compared, with adjustment for vaccine product, demography, and comorbidities. We excluded those with evidence of clinical or subclinical SARS-CoV-2 reinfection from all groups. RESULTS: Multivariable regression results indicated that vaccine-after-infection anti-spike-IgG responses were higher than infection-alone (P < .01), regardless of prior infection severity. An increased time between infection and vaccination was associated with greater post-vaccination IgG response (P < .01). Vaccination-alone elicited a greater IgG response but more rapid waning of IgG (P < .01) compared with infection-alone (P < .01). BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-receipt was associated with greater IgG responses compared with JNJ-78436735 vaccine-receipt (P < .01), regardless of infection history. Those with vaccine-after-infection or vaccine-breakthrough-infection had a more durable anti-spike-IgG response compared to infection-alone (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine-receipt elicited higher anti-spike-IgG responses than infection-alone, although IgG levels waned faster in those vaccinated (compared to infection-alone). Vaccine-after-infection elicits a greater humoral response compared with vaccine or infection alone; and the timing, but not disease severity, of prior infection predicted these post-vaccination IgG responses. While differences between groups were small in magnitude, these results offer insights into vaccine immunogenicity variations that may help inform vaccination timing strategies.

Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide and nerve growth factor as headache and pain biomarkers in recently deployed soldiers with and without a recent concussion.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize the utility of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nerve growth factor (NGF) as potential biomarkers for headache and pain disorders in the post-military deployment setting. BACKGROUND: The need to improve recognition, assessment, and prognoses of individuals with posttraumatic headache or other pain has increased interest in the potential of CGRP and NGF as biomarkers. METHODS: The Warrior Strong Study (NCT01847040) is an observational longitudinal study of United States-based soldiers who had recently returned from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq from 2009 to 2014. The present nested cross-sectional analysis uses baseline data collected from soldiers returning to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. RESULTS: In total, 264 soldiers (mean (standard deviation [SD] age 28.1 [6.4] years, 230/264 [87.1%] men, 171/263 [65.0%] White) were analyzed. Mean (SD) plasma levels of CGRP were 1.3 (1.1) pg/mL and mean levels of NGF were 1.4 (0.4) pg/mL. Age was negatively correlated with NGF (-0.01 pg/mL per year, p = 0.007) but was not associated with CGRP. Men had higher mean (SD) CGRP plasma levels than women (1.4 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.2] vs. 0.9 95% CI [0.5] pg/mL, p < 0.002, Kruskal-Wallis test). CGRP levels were lower in participants who had a headache at the time of the blood draw (1.0 [0.6] pg/mL vs. 1.4 [1.2] pg/mL, p = 0.024). NGF was lower in participants with continuous pain (all types; 1.2 [0.4] vs. 1.4 [0.4] pg/mL, p = 0.027) and was lower in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) + posttraumatic headache (PTH) versus TBI without PTH (1.3 [0.3] vs. 1.4 [0.4] pg/mL, p = 0.021). Otherwise, CGRP and NGF were not associated with migraine-like headache, TBI status, or headache burden as measured by the number of medical encounters in crude or adjusted models. CONCLUSION: In this exploratory study, plasma levels of NGF and CGRP showed promise as biomarkers for headache and other types of pain. These findings need to be replicated in other cohorts.

Assessing mean corpuscular volume as a screening tool for gestational vitamin B12 deficiency based on NHANES.

Vitamin B12 can lead to neurological deficits. We assessed whether the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) could be a sufficiently sensitive measurement for abnormal serum methylmalonic Acid (MMA) and total plasma homocysteine (tHCY) (biomarkers of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency) and if so, at what cutoff value. A total of 26,397 participants (12,730 males and 13,667 females) were included in the analysis. Weighted analysis was performed using NHANES data to calculate crude/adjusted associations between MCV-MMA/tHCY, using linear regression. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) 95% CIs were estimated from logistic regression models. Receiver Operating Curve and the Youden Index were used to identify the MCV level that most accurately distinguished those with abnormal MMA and tHCY (dependent variables) from those without. A positive and significant correlation between MCV-MMA/tHCY was found in the general population between ages 18-85, 0.95 (95% C.I. 0.75-1.17) and 2.61 (95% C.I. 2.15-3.08). In pregnant women, for every unit increase in MCV there was a 19% increase in odds of abnormal MMA, OR 1.19 (95% C.I. 1.08-1.31), p=0.001 and the Area Under the Curve for MCV as a test for abnormal MMA was 78%. An MCV cutoff of 93.1 correctly identified abnormal MMA in pregnant women with 81% sensitivity and 77% specificity. In the general population the MCV test performed poorly in identifying abnormal MMA/tHCY. MCV is an inexpensive measurement that may be useful to screen asymptomatic pregnant women for vitamin B12 abnormalities. This may have a significant impact on reducing adverse neurological outcomes in their children.

The relationship between prior psychiatric diagnosis and brain cancer diagnosis in the U.S. military health system.

PURPOSE: Prior research suggested the increased likelihood of brain cancer diagnosis following certain psychiatric diagnoses. This association may result from detection bias or suggest an early sign for brain cancer. This study investigated whether psychiatric illness may be an early manifestation of brain cancer while considering potential effects of detection bias. METHODS: This case-control study used the data from the Department of Defense's Central Cancer Registry and the Military Health System Data Repository. Four cancer-free controls and one negative-outcome control (cancers not associated with psychiatric illness) were matched to each brain cancer case diagnosed from 1998 to 2013 by age, sex, race, and military status. The groups were compared in the likelihood of having a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: We found a significant association of psychiatric illnesses with brain cancer (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.18-3.16) and other cancers (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.49-2.19), compared to non-cancer controls. The association was stronger for psychiatric diagnoses within three months before cancer (brain cancer: OR = 26.77, 95% CI = 15.40-46.53; other cancers: OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.96-8.65). The association with psychiatric disorders within 3 months were higher for small brain tumors (OR = 128.32, 95% CI = 17.28-952.92 compared to non-cancer controls) while the OR was 2.79 for other cancers (95% CI = 0.86-8.99 compared to non-cancer controls). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an association between diagnosed psychiatric illnesses and subsequent brain cancer diagnosis, which may not be solely explained by detection bias. Psychiatric illness might be a sign for early detection of brain cancer beyond the potential effects of detection bias.

Headache complexity (number of symptom features) differentiates post-traumatic from non-traumatic headaches.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic headaches are a common sequela of mild traumatic brain injury (concussion). It is unclear whether or how these headaches differ phenotypically from primary headaches. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether there is an overarching unobserved latent trait that drives the expression of observed features of post-traumatic headache and other headaches. METHODS: Data from this post-hoc analysis come from the Warrior Strong Cohort Study conducted from 2010 through 2015. Approximately 25,000 soldiers were screened for concussion history at routine post-deployment health assessments. A random sample was invited to participate, enrolling 1567. Twelve observed headache phenotypic features were used to measure "headache complexity", the latent trait of clinical interest, using single factor confirmatory factor analysis. We compared headache complexity between groups and determined whether headache complexity predicted accessing medical care for headache. RESULTS: Of 1094 soldiers with headaches, 198 were classified as having post-traumatic headache. These headaches were compared to those in the other soldiers (647 without concussion history and 249 with concussion history). Soldiers with post-traumatic headache had greater endorsement of all 12 headache features compared to the soldiers with non-concussive headaches. The confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit (χ2 (51) = 95.59, p = 0.0002, RMSEA = 0.03, comparative fit index = 0.99, and Tucker-Lewis index = 0.99), providing empirical support for the headache complexity construct. Soldier groups differed in their mean headache complexity level (p < 0.001) such that post-traumatic headache soldiers had greater headache complexity compared to non-concussed soldiers (standardized mean difference = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.72-1.09, p < 0.001 and to concussed soldiers with coincidental headaches standardized mean difference = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.96, p < 0.001). Increasing headache complexity predicted medical encounters for headache (odds ratio = 1.87, 95% confidence interval: 1.49-2.35, p < 0.001) and migraine (odds ratio = 3.74, 95% confidence interval: 2.33-5.98, p < 0.001) during the year following deployment.Conclusions and relevance: The current study provided support for a single latent trait, characterized by observed headache symptoms, that differentiates between concussive and non-concussive headaches and predicts use of medical care for headache. The single trait confirmatory factor analysis suggests that post-traumatic headaches differ from non-concussive headaches by severity more than kind, based on the symptoms assessed.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01847040.

The prevalence of hypnic headache in Iceland.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of hypnic headache. BACKGROUND: The exact prevalence of hypnic headache is unknown since there are no published population-based prevalence studies. METHODS: This study was a pilot for the SAGA cohort study, a population-based study on life stressors and various indices of health. Of 1398 invited adults, 921 (66%) participated; 402 men (average age 45.6 years, SD 13.2) and 519 women (52.6 years, SD 11.1). Subjects answered a headache questionnaire including a screening question for hypnic headache. "Do you have a headache that occurs only during sleep and causes wakening?". Diagnosis of hypnic headache was made by clinical interview using ICHD-3 criteria. RESULTS: Among 921 participants, six screened positive for hypnic headache, of those two 0.22% (95% CI 0.06-0.79%) had probable hypnic headache and none had definite hypnic headache. CONCLUSION: Confirming that hypnic headache is rare, these data suggest a 0.22% prevalence of probable hypnic headache.

Trajectory of Postconcussive Symptoms 12 Months After Deployment in Soldiers With and Without Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Warrior Strong Study.

We analyzed data from a cohort of recently deployed soldiers from 2 US Army bases, Fort Carson and Fort Bragg (2009 to 2015). Soldiers with and without a recent history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on deployment were evaluated within days of return and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Those with mTBI were more likely than those without to endorse ≥1 postconcussive symptom as "severe" and/or "very severe" (47% vs. 21%, baseline; adjusted relative risk (RR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.51, 1.93, all time points), which remained significant after adjusting for posttraumatic stress disorder (adjusted RR = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.20, 1.50). Prevalence and relative risks for 3 of the most common baseline symptoms remained constant over time: sleep problems (RR = 2.19), forgetfulness (RR = 2.56), and irritability (RR = 2.73). The pattern was slightly different for headache (baseline, RR = 3.44; 12 months, RR = 3.26), due to increased prevalence of headache in those without mTBI. The prevalence of clinically relevant postconcussive symptoms remained relatively constant over 1 year of follow-up, whether or not symptoms were associated with concussion. Service members with recent mTBI reported more symptoms than those without at all time points.

Epidemiology of migraine in men: Results from the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess migraine epidemiology in men by examining gender differences in disease presentation, comorbidities, and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study is a longitudinal survey of US adults with migraine identified by web questionnaire. Data were stratified by gender, collected between September 2012-November 2013, and included sociodemographics, headache features, Migraine Disability Assessment, Migraine Symptom Severity Score, Allodynia Symptom Checklist, and comorbidities. Discrete time hazard models addressed 1-year likelihood of transition from episodic to chronic migraine headache frequency. RESULTS: Of the 16,789 migraine respondents, 4294 were men (25.6%). Compared to women, men were slightly older at onset of their headaches (mean 24.1 vs. 22.3 years) and had fewer headache days/month (4.3 vs. 5.3 days), slightly less severe attacks (Migraine Symptom Severity Score, 21.6 vs. 22.6), reduced frequencies of grade IV Migraine Disability Assessment scores (15.7% vs. 24.1%), allodynia (32.6% vs. 49.7%), chronic migraine (6.5% vs. 9.6%, each p < 0.001), and common comorbidities. Men were less likely to report consulting a doctor for their headaches and receiving a migraine diagnosis if they consulted. Men and women with episodic migraine had similar crude 1-year risk of chronic migraine onset. Controlling for known risk factors (i.e. depression, headache frequency, allodynia), men had greater likelihood of chronic migraine onset at 6, 9, and 12 months (each p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings confirmed gender differences. Men with migraine generally have less severe attacks and disability and are less likely to receive a diagnosis than women with migraine. Prognostic factors may be better understood for women than men.

A Clinical Evidence-Based Approach to Examine the Effects of mTBI and PTSD Symptoms on ANAM Performance in Recently Deployed Active Duty Soldiers: Results From the Warrior Strong Study.

OBJECTIVE: Service members are frequently diagnosed with comorbid mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder after returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. Little is known about how mTBI in the postacute and chronic phases combined with current posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTS) affects performance on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, Version 4, Traumatic Brain Injury-Military (ANAM4) battery used by the US military. We examined postdeployment ANAM4 performance using conventional statistical methods, as well as rates of poor performance, below established cutoffs (<10th and ≤2nd percentile). METHODS: A total of 868 soldiers were assessed for history of mTBI during the most recent deployment, as well as, lifetime mTBI, current PTS, and current pain-related symptoms. The ANAM4 was also administered. RESULTS: Soldiers with PTS and/or mTBI performed worse on ANAM4 relative to controls with those with both conditions performing worst. However, a nontrivial minority (∼10%-30%) of individuals with mTBI, PTS, or both had scores that were at or below the second percentile. CONCLUSION: Our results illustrate that a combination of mTBI and PTS is associated with worse ANAM4 performance than either condition alone. Furthermore, only a minority of soldiers with any, or both, of the conditions had ANAM deficits. The long-lasting impacts and unique contribution of each condition have yet to be determined.

Fluctuations in episodic and chronic migraine status over the course of 1 year: implications for diagnosis, treatment and clinical trial design.

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the stability of a diagnosis of episodic migraine (EM) or chronic migraine (CM) over time. This study examines natural fluctuations in self-reported headache frequency as well as the stability and variation in migraine type among individuals meeting criteria for EM and CM at baseline. METHODS: The Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study was a longitudinal survey of US adults with EM and CM identified by a web-questionnaire. A validated questionnaire was used to classify respondents with EM (<15 headache days/month) or CM (≥15 headache days/month) every three months for a total of five assessments. We described longitudinal persistence of baseline EM and CM classifications. In addition, we modelled longitudinal variation in headache day frequency per month using negative binomial repeated measures regression models (NBRMR). RESULTS: Among the 5464 respondents with EM at baseline providing four or five waves of data, 5048 (92.4%) had EM in all waves and 416 (7.6%) had CM in at least one wave. Among 526 respondents with CM at baseline providing four or five waves of data, 140 (26.6%) had CM in every wave and 386 (73.4%) had EM for at least one wave. Individual plots revealed striking within-person variations in headache days per month. The NBRMR model revealed that the rate of headache days increased across waves of observation 19% more per wave for CM compared to EM (rate ratio [RR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.13-1.26). After adjustment for covariates, the relative difference changed to a 26% increase per wave (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.2-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: Follow-up at three-month intervals reveals a high level of short-term variability in headache days per month. As a consequence, many individuals cross the CM diagnostic boundary of ≥15 headache days per month.Nearly three quarters of persons with CM at baseline drop below this diagnostic boundary at least once over the course of a year. These findings are of interest in the consideration of headache classification and diagnosis, the design and interpretation of epidemiologic and clinical studies, and clinical management.

Adipokines and Migraine: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is comorbid with obesity. Recent research suggests an association between migraine and adipocytokines, proteins that are predominantly secreted from adipose tissue and which participate in energy homeostasis and inflammatory processes. OBJECTIVES: In this review, we first briefly discuss the association between migraine and obesity and the importance of adipose tissue as a neuroendocrine organ. We then present a systematic review of the extant literature evaluating circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin in those with migraine. METHODS: A search of the PubMed database was conducted using the keywords "migraine," "adiponectin," and "leptin." In addition reference lists of relevant articles were reviewed for possible inclusion. English language studies published between 2005 and 2015 evaluating circulating blood concentration of adiponectin or leptin in those with migraine were included. CONCLUSIONS: While the existing data are suggestive that adipokines may be associated with migraine, substantial study design differences and conflicting results limit definitive conclusions. Future research utilizing carefully considered designs and methodology is warranted. In particular careful and systematic characterization of pain states at the time of samples, as well as systematic consideration of demographic (e.g., age, sex) and other vital covariates (e.g., obesity status, lipids) are needed to determine if adipokines play a role in migraine pathophysiology and if any adipokine represents a viable, novel migraine biomarker, or drug target.

Sudden cardiac death associated with physical exertion in the US military, 2005-2010.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death associated with physical exertion (SCD/E) is a complicated pathophysiological event. This study aims to calculate the incidence rate of SCD/E in the US military population from 2005 to 2010, to characterise the demographic and cardiovascular risk profiles of decedents, and to evaluate aetiologies of and circumstances surrounding the deaths. METHODS: Perimortem and other relevant data were collected from the Armed Forces Medical Examiners Tracking System, Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application, and Defense Medical Epidemiology Database for decedents meeting SCD/E case definition. Incidence rates were calculated and compared using negative binomial regression. RESULTS: The incidence of SCD/E in the Active Component (ie, full-time active duty) US military from 2005 to 2010 was 1.63 per 100 000 person-years (py): 0.98 and 3.84 per 100 000 py in those aged <35 and ≥35 years, respectively. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death overall (55%) and in the ≥35-year age group (78%), whereas the leading cause of death in the <35-year age group (31%) could not be precisely determined and was termed idiopathic SCD/E (iSCD/E). SCD/E was more common in males than females (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 5.28, 95% CI 2.16 to 12.93) and more common in blacks than whites (IRR=2.60, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.72). All female cases were black. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 to 2010, the incidence of SCD/E in US military members aged <35 years was similar to most reported corresponding civilian SCD rates. However, the leading cause of death was iSCD/E and not cardiomyopathy. Improved surveillance and age-based prevention strategies may reduce these rates.

The Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on the Burden of Migraine: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with migraine in prior studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the individual and joint burdens of migraine and PTSD in a population-based cohort. METHODS: The National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) is a general population study conducted in the United States from February 2001-April 2003. PTSD and migraine were assessed, and four groups defined based on their migraine and PTSD status. The four groups included those with no migraine and no PTSD (controls, n=4535), those with migraine and without PTSD (migraine alone, n=236), those with PTSD and without migraine (PTSD alone, n=244), and those with both migraine and PTSD (mig+PTSD, n=68). Logistic and Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between dichotomous/multilevel outcome variables indicating financial, health, and interpersonal burdens and each migraine/PTSD group. RESULTS: Compared to controls, those with Mig+PTSD were more likely to be in the low poverty index (48% vs 41%, AOR 2.16; CI: 1.10, 4.24) and were less likely to be working for pay or profit in the past week (50% vs 68%, AOR 0.42; CI: 0.24, 0.74) but not those with migraine or PTSD alone. Additionally, the number of days where work quality was cut due to physical or mental health or substance abuse in the past month was greater in all groups compared to controls: (1) migraine alone: mean 2.57 (SEM 0.32) vs mean 1.09 (SEM 0.08) days, ARR=2.39; CI: 2.19, 2.62; (2) PTSD alone: mean 2.43 (SEM 0.33) vs mean 1.09 (SEM 0.08) days, ARR=2.09; CI: 1.91, 2.29; (3) mig+PTSD: mean 8.2 (SEM 0.79) vs 1.09 (SEM 0.08) days, ARR 6.79; CI 6.16, 7.49; and was over 2.5-fold greater in those mig+PTSD than migraine alone (mean 8.0 [SEM 0.79] vs 2.6 days [SEM 0.72], ARR 2.77; CI: 2.45, 3.14). The likelihood of having difficulty getting along or maintaining a social life was also increased in all groups relative to controls: (1) migraine alone: 21% vs 5.4%, AOR 4.20; CI: 2.62, 6.74; (2) PTSD alone: 18% vs 5.4%, AOR 3.40; CI: 2.40, 4.82; (3) Mig+PTSD: 39% vs 5.4%, AOR 9.95; CI: 5.72, 17.32, and was 2-fold greater in those with Mig+PTSD as compared to those with migraine alone (AOR 2.32; CI: 1.15, 4.69). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the need for those who treat migraine patients to be aware of the comorbidity with PTSD, as these patients may be particularly prone to adverse financial, health, and interpersonal disease burdens.

Update on the Epidemiology of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Mild traumatic injuries to the brain (e.g., concussion) are common and have been recognized since antiquity, although definitions have varied historically. Nonetheless, studying the epidemiology of concussion helps clarify the overall importance, risk factors, and at-risk populations for this injury. The present review will focus on recent findings related to the epidemiology of concussion including definition controversies, incidence, and patterns in the population overall and in the military and athlete populations specifically. Finally, as this is an area of active research, we will discuss how future epidemiologic observations hold promise for gaining greater clarity about concussion and mild traumatic brain injury.

A Qualitative Study of Potential Suicide Risk Factors Among Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Soldiers Returning to the Continental United States (CONUS).

OBJECTIVE: A qualitative study among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Soldiers was conducted to explore potential constructs underlying suicide according to the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide (IPTS); these include burdensomeness, failed belonging, and acquired capability. METHODS: Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with 68 Soldiers at 3 months post-OEF/OIF deployment. Soldiers were asked about changes in their experiences of pain, burdensomeness, and lack of belonging. The methodology employed was descriptive phenomenological. RESULTS: Transcripts were reviewed and themes related to the IPTS constructs emerged. Soldiers' postdeployment transition experiences included higher pain tolerance, chronic pain, emotional reactivity, emotional numbing and distancing, changes in physical functioning, combat guilt, discomfort with care seeking, and difficulties reintegrating into family and society. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the utility of the IPTS in understanding precursors to suicide associated with transition from deployment, as well as treatment strategies that may reduce risk in Soldiers during reintegration.

Obesity and headache: Part II--potential mechanism and treatment considerations.

Obesity and headache are both associated with a substantial personal and societal impact, and epidemiologic studies have consistently identified a positive association between obesity and headache in general, as well as obesity and migraine specifically (see part I). In the current manuscript, we will discuss the potential mechanisms for the migraine-obesity association, with a focus on the central and peripheral pathophysiological pathways which overlap between migraine and those modulating the drive to feed. We then discuss surgical, behavioral, and pharmacological treatment considerations for overweight and obese migraineurs as well as for those with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. We close by briefly discussing where future research may be headed in light of this data.