"Good food equals good health": a focus group study of adolescent boys' perceptions of eating and weight.

BACKGROUND: Disordered eating refers to unhealthy, sometimes excessive eating including so-called compensatory behaviours such as extreme dieting or voluntary vomiting. Between 24% and 30% of adolescent boys are suggested to engage in disordered eating, making it a significant public health issue. However, current instruments for assessing disordered eating among adolescents have been primarily developed and validated for girls and women, which may make for flawed assessment of boys. The aim of this study is to shed light on adolescent boys' perceptions of eating, weight, and food intake to better understand their perspectives in service of disordered eating research. METHODS: This exploratory study was conducted from May to November 2022 using focus groups with a total of 39 adolescent boys (aged 12-19 years) who attended 7th to 12th grade in one of four schools in Southern Sweden. In addition, participants completed a form with questions on background demographics and eating habits. The transcripts of the focus group discussions were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The quantitative data showed that around one third of the adolescent boys were overweight or obese. They ate at least one meal per day with the family and ate healthy food about five days per week and unhealthy food about three. Analysis of the qualitative data yielded six themes: The intertwined relationship between food and one's health, "Don't worry, food makes you happy," "To be hungry or not. That is the question," Boys DO care about appearances, Dieting and weight gain, and Disordered eating is a tricky matter. CONCLUSION: Adolescent boys appeared to have a good understanding of food and healthy eating. They also experienced body positivity and seemed to have only minor issues regarding their weight. The primarily pathological perspective used to measure disordered eating among girls seems in need of revision to adhere to boys' thoughts and ideas regarding eating and weight.

Children's Perceptions and Experiences of Their Involvement in Their parents' Mental Health Care - A Qualitative Literature Review.

This systematic review aims to synthesise the research on children's perceptions and experiences of their involvement in a parent's mental health care. After an extensive search and quality appraisal, 22 articles remained and were included in the review. The results show that children-although resourceful and with good intentions-frequently felt excluded. They hungered for information and felt their questions were abandoned. They also felt caught in a tumultuous life situation and struggled for support. Finally, they expressed the need to be seen and ultimately did not feel involved in their parent's mental health care.

Phenotype- and species-specific skin proteomic signatures for incision-induced pain in humans and mice.

BACKGROUND: Acute pain after surgery is common and often leads to chronic post-surgical pain, but neither treatment nor prevention is currently sufficient. We hypothesised that specific protein networks (protein-protein interactions) are relevant for pain after surgery in humans and mice. METHODS: Standardised surgical incisions were performed in male human volunteers and male mice. Quantitative and qualitative sensory phenotyping were combined with unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics and protein network theory. The primary outcomes were skin protein signature changes in humans and phenotype-specific protein-protein interaction analysis 24 h after incision. Secondary outcomes were interspecies comparison of protein regulation as well as protein-protein interactions after incision and validation of selected proteins in human skin by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Skin biopsies in 21 human volunteers revealed 119/1569 regulated proteins 24 h after incision. Protein-protein interaction analysis delineated remarkable differences between subjects with small (low responders, n=12) and large incision-related hyperalgesic areas (high responders, n=7), a phenotype most predictive of developing chronic post-surgical pain. Whereas low responders predominantly showed an anti-inflammatory protein signature, high responders exhibited signatures associated with a distinct proteolytic environment and persistent inflammation. Compared to humans, skin biopsies in mice habored even more regulated proteins (435/1871) 24 h after incision with limited overlap between species as assessed by proteome dynamics and PPI. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of high priority candidates in human skin biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Proteome profiling of human skin after incision revealed protein-protein interactions correlated with pain and hyperalgesia, which may be of potential significance for preventing chronic post-surgical pain. Importantly, protein-protein interactions were differentially modulated in mice compared to humans opening new avenues for successful translational research.

Experiences of primary care among young adults with mental illness - A systematic literature review.

BACKGROUND: Mental illness, such as depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and different addictive diseases, has increased among young adults over the last decade. Mental illness is associated with distress and problems functioning in social activities. Healthcare centres, that is, primary care, serve as the first point of contact with healthcare professionals for those young adults and provide outpatient medical and nursing care covering both physical and mental illness. OBJECTIVE: To explore experiences of primary care among young adults with mental illness. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted that followed the method of Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry. A keyword search was performed in various databases, and after a quality assessment 23 articles were included in the review. RESULTS: Young adults' experiences from primary care are described in four categories - Facing difficulties to accept help, relational preconditions, structural and organisational hindrances and satisfaction with youth-focused mental health interventions. Young adults with mental illness experience many difficulties in accessing and receiving proper help from primary care. Further, they did not believe in recovery from mental illness, and they also expressed a lack of mental health literacy. CONCLUSION: While being the first contact with healthcare professionals, primary care needs to adjust its services to address the growing group of young adults suffering from mental illness. It is necessary to provide tailored guidelines and interventions in primary care for young adults with mental illness, and the Tidal Model may improve the contacts with young adults in primary care.

Cultural diversity in health care teams: A systematic integrative review and research agenda.

BACKGROUND: Although team-based work is deemed key to improving the quality of national health care systems, adverse events related to teamwork account for up to one third of all incidents. Health care teams are typically multiprofessional and diverse in many aspects, but cultural diversity is one of the most challenging. PURPOSES: The objective of this review is to systematically analyze the literature to better understand the impact of cultural diversity in health care teams on team processes as well as team and patient outcomes. This study also explores the conditions that enable or hinder team functioning. METHODOLOGY: Through a systematic integrative literature review, this study builds on the input-process-output-context framework. Multiple searches of the main databases led to identifying 43 relevant articles. FINDINGS: The results suggest that, when not proactively managed, cultural diversity may have a negative effect on team communication and integration, increasing team conflict and thereby negatively influencing team performance, team climate, and patient safety, both directly and indirectly. Yet, when managed properly and in the presence of engaged and culturally sensitive leadership, cultural training, and open and transparent procedures, cultural diversity in health care teams can be an asset to health care organizations. Analyzing and aggregating these findings into an integrative framework, our study identifies several themes and a research agenda for future studies on culturally diverse health care teams. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that culturally diverse health care teams experience a number of challenges, pointing to the need for action or structures that enable these teams to perform better, such as emphasizing learning and allowing team members time to get to know each other outside work.

Implantation of XEN After Failed Trabeculectomy: an Efficient Therapy? / Die XEN-Microstent-Implantation nach erfolgloser Trabekulektomie: eine sinnvolle Behandlungsoption?

BACKGROUND: Trabeculectomy (TE) has been the standard procedure in glaucoma surgery for a long time. This study examined the efficacy and safety profile of XEN45 Gel Stent (XEN) after failed and/or scarred trabeculectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed all files of patients, who received a XEN after insufficient TE and examined changes in intraocular pressure (IOP), IOP-lowering medication, best corrected visual acuity, visual field tests as well as the intra- and postoperative complications recorded within a 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: 31 eyes of 28 patients were analysed in our study (mean age: 66,2 ± 13,4 years; 39% female; 48% right eye; mean follow-up after TE: 70,3 ± 64,9 months). The mean IOP decreased from 23,5 ± 6,5 to 18,0 ± 5,3 mmHg (- 23,5% compared to baseline-IOP; p = 0,01) while the mean IOP-lowering medication could be reduced from 2,8 ± 1,1 to 1,1 ± 1,5 (p < 0,01) 12 months after XEN-implantation. The mean visual acuity did not change significantly (pre-op: 0,5 ± 0,6 logMAR; 12 months post-op: 0,5 ± 0,6 logMAR). The most common complications postoperatively were choroideal detachment due to postoperative hypotony in 4 eyes (13%), a needling procedure in 9 eyes (29%), a Re-XEN-Implantation in 4 eyes (13%), an open revision of the conjunctiva in 3 eyes (10%), and a Re-TE in 1 eye (3%) as well as an Ahmed-Valve implantation in 2 eyes (6%). Overall, neither needling procedure nor further glaucoma surgery was necessary in 19 eyes (61%). In 10 of 22 evaluable eyes (45%) an IOP reduction of > 20% was achieved 12 months after XEN implantation. CONCLUSION: XEN could be an effective method to reduce IOP after failed TE. The rate of complications seems to be low and the rate of needling procedures and/or revisions is acceptable.

Chronic mineral oil administration increases hepatic inflammation in wild type mice compared to lipocalin 2 null mice.

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), an acute-phase protein produced during acute liver injury, plays an important role in the innate immune response against bacterial infection via iron scavenging. LCN2 further influences neutrophil development and physiology leading to increased inflammatory responses. We investigated the roles of LCN2 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis, using repeated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mineral-oil injection. Surprisingly, mice treated with the mineral oil vehicle alone showed liver inflammation, evidenced by neutrophil and monocyte-macrophage infiltration. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of isolated liver leukocytes showed significantly high CD45+ leukocyte concentrations in CCl4 mice, but no difference of Ly6G+ neutrophils between mineral oil and CCl4 application. Liver CD11b+ F4/80+ cells counted higher in CCl4 mice, but the proportions of Gr1high, an indicator of inflammation, were significantly higher in mineral oil groups. Liver myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, showed higher levels in wild type mice compared to Lcn2-/- in both mineral-oil and CCl4 treated groups. Hepatic and serum LCN2 levels were remarkably higher in the mineral oil-injected wild type group compared to the CCl4. Wild type animals receiving mineral oil showed significantly higher inflammatory cytokine- and chemokine mRNA levels compared to Lcn2-/- mice, with no differences in the CCl4 treated groups. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) confirmed significant downregulation of gene sets involved in myeloid cell activation and immune responses in Lcn2 null mice receiving chronic mineral oil versus wild-type. We observed significant upregulation of gene sets and proteins involved in cell cycle DNA replication, with downregulation of collagen-containing extracellular matrix genes in Lcn2-/- mice receiving CCl4, compared to the wild type. Consequently, the wild type mice developed slightly more liver fibrosis compared to Lcn2-/- mice, evidenced by higher levels of collagen type I in the CCl4 groups and no liver fibrosis in mineral oil-treated mice. Our findings indicate that serum and hepatic LCN2 levels correlate with hepatic inflammation rather than fibrosis.

Neuroprotective effects of glial mediators in interactions between retinal neurons and Müller cells.

Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss underlies a number of retinal neurodegenerative disorders, which may lead to permanent vision loss. However, secreted neuroprotective factors, such as PEDF, VEGF and IL-6, which are produced by Müller cells, have been shown to promote RGC survival. Assuming that the communication of RGCs with Müller cells involves a release of glioactive substances we sought to determine whether retinal neurons are able to modulate expression levels of Müller cell-derived PEDF, VEGF and IL-6. We demonstrate elevated mRNA levels of these factors in Müller cells in co-cultures with RGCs or R28 cells when compared to homotypic Müller cell cultures. Furthermore, R28 cells were more protected from apoptosis when co-cultured with Müller cells. IL-6 and VEGF were upregulated in Müller cells under hypoxia. Both cytokines, as well as PEDF, induced an altered neuronal expression of members of the Bcl-2 family, which are central molecules in the regulation of apoptosis. These results suggest that in retinal ischemia, via own secreted mediators, RGCs can resist a potential demise by stimulating Müller cells to increase production of neuroprotective factors, which counteract RGC apoptosis.

Professionals' Perspective on Needs of Persons Who Frequently Use Psychiatric Emergency Services.

This study explores how professionals experience persons who frequently use psychiatric emergency services (PES) in terms of their needs in Sweden. The data comprise 19 semi-structured individual interviews and one focus group interview with healthcare professionals (i.e., assistant nurses, psychiatric nurses, intern physicians, and resident physicians), which are analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The overall findings suggest that persons who frequently use PES suffer from illness, unfavorable life circumstances, and inadequate care, which together emphasize the need for more sustainable support. The findings indicate that the professionals saw beyond illness-related needs and could also acknowledge patients' needs originating from social, existential, and care- and support-related aspects of life.

Optimization of Experimental Parameters in Data-Independent Mass Spectrometry Significantly Increases Depth and Reproducibility of Results.

Comprehensive, reproducible and precise analysis of large sample cohorts is one of the key objectives of quantitative proteomics. Here, we present an implementation of data-independent acquisition using its parallel acquisition nature that surpasses the limitation of serial MS2 acquisition of data-dependent acquisition on a quadrupole ultra-high field Orbitrap mass spectrometer. In deep single shot data-independent acquisition, we identified and quantified 6,383 proteins in human cell lines using 2-or-more peptides/protein and over 7100 proteins when including the 717 proteins that were identified on the basis of a single peptide sequence. 7739 proteins were identified in mouse tissues using 2-or-more peptides/protein and 8121 when including the 382 proteins that were identified based on a single peptide sequence. Missing values for proteins were within 0.3 to 2.1% and median coefficients of variation of 4.7 to 6.2% among technical triplicates. In very complex mixtures, we could quantify 10,780 proteins and 12,192 proteins when including the 1412 proteins that were identified based on a single peptide sequence. Using this optimized DIA, we investigated large-protein networks before and after the critical period for whisker experience-induced synaptic strength in the murine somatosensory cortex 1-barrel field. This work shows that parallel mass spectrometry enables proteome profiling for discovery with high coverage, reproducibility, precision and scalability.

WITHDRAWN: Heralds of parallel MS: Data-independent acquisition surpassing sequential identification of data dependent acquisition in proteomics.

This article has been withdrawn by the authors. This article did not comply with the editorial guidelines of MCP. Specifically, single peptide based protein identifications of 9-19% were included in the analysis and discussed in the results and conclusions. We wish to withdraw this article and resubmit a clarified, corrected manuscript for review.

Cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping of mice in an observer-independent setting.

Based on the intellicage paradigm, we have developed a novel cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping battery that permits comprehensive standardized behavioral characterization of mice in an experimenter-independent social setting. Evaluation of this battery in a large number of male and female C57BL/6 wildtype mice, tested in >20 independent cohorts, revealed high reproducibility of the behavioral readouts and may serve as future reference tool. We noticed robust sex-specific differences in general activity, cognitive and emotional behavior, but not regarding preference for social pheromones. Specifically, female mice revealed higher activity, decreased sucrose preference, impaired reversal and place-time-reward learning. Furthermore, female mice reacted more sensitively than males to reward-withdrawal showing a negative emotional contrast/Crespi-effect. In a series of validation experiments, we tested mice with different pathologies, including neuroligin-3 deficient mice (male Nlgn3y/- and female Nlgn3+/-) for autistic behavior, oligodendrocyte-specific erythropoietin receptor knockout (oEpoR-/-) mice for cognitive impairment, as well as mouse models of renal failure (unilateral ureteral obstruction and 5/6 nephrectomy) and of type 2 diabetes (ApoE-/-) - for delineating potentially confounding effects of motivational factors (thirst, glucose-craving) on learning and memory assessments. As prominent features, we saw in Nlgn3 mutants reduced preference for social pheromones, whereas oEpoR-/- mice showed learning deficits in place or reversal learning tasks. Renal failure led to increased water intake, and diabetic metabolism to enhanced glucose preference, limiting interpretation of hereon based learning and memory performance in these mice. The phenotyping battery presented here may be well-suited as high-throughput multifaceted diagnostic instrument for translational neuropsychiatry and behavioral genetics.

Piezo proteins are pore-forming subunits of mechanically activated channels.

Mechanotransduction has an important role in physiology. Biological processes including sensing touch and sound waves require as-yet-unidentified cation channels that detect pressure. Mouse Piezo1 (MmPiezo1) and MmPiezo2 (also called Fam38a and Fam38b, respectively) induce mechanically activated cationic currents in cells; however, it is unknown whether Piezo proteins are pore-forming ion channels or modulate ion channels. Here we show that Drosophila melanogaster Piezo (DmPiezo, also called CG8486) also induces mechanically activated currents in cells, but through channels with remarkably distinct pore properties including sensitivity to the pore blocker ruthenium red and single channel conductances. MmPiezo1 assembles as a ∼1.2-million-dalton homo-oligomer, with no evidence of other proteins in this complex. Purified MmPiezo1 reconstituted into asymmetric lipid bilayers and liposomes forms ruthenium-red-sensitive ion channels. These data demonstrate that Piezo proteins are an evolutionarily conserved ion channel family involved in mechanotransduction.

Standardized Profiling of The Membrane-Enriched Proteome of Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) Provides Novel Insights Into Chronic Pain.

Chronic pain is a complex disease with limited treatment options. Several profiling efforts have been employed with the aim to dissect its molecular underpinnings. However, generated results are often inconsistent and nonoverlapping, which is largely because of inherent technical constraints. Emerging data-independent acquisition (DIA)-mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to provide unbiased, reproducible and quantitative proteome maps - a prerequisite for standardization among experiments. Here, we designed a DIA-based proteomics workflow to profile changes in the abundance of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) proteins in two mouse models of chronic pain, inflammatory and neuropathic. We generated a DRG-specific spectral library containing 3067 DRG proteins, which enables their standardized quantification by means of DIA-MS in any laboratory. Using this resource, we profiled 2526 DRG proteins in each biological replicate of both chronic pain models and respective controls with unprecedented reproducibility. We detected numerous differentially regulated proteins, the majority of which exhibited pain model-specificity. Our approach recapitulates known biology and discovers dozens of proteins that have not been characterized in the somatosensory system before. Functional validation experiments and analysis of mouse pain behaviors demonstrate that indeed meaningful protein alterations were discovered. These results illustrate how the application of DIA-MS can open new avenues to achieve the long-awaited standardization in the molecular dissection of pathologies of the somatosensory system. Therefore, our findings provide a valuable framework to qualitatively extend our understanding of chronic pain and somatosensation.

Clinical profiles and temporal patterns of psychiatric emergency room visitors in Sweden.

AIMS: To describe persons visiting the psychiatric emergency room (PER) in Sweden and to compare persons who frequently (PFV) and infrequently (PIFV) visit PERs in terms of group size, age, gender, PER location inside versus outside the home municipality, diagnosis (ICD 10), temporal patterns of visits and hospital admissions. METHODS: This register study included all visits to PERs in one Swedish county over 3 years, 2013-2015 (N = 67,031 visits). The study employed descriptive statistics as well as Chi-square tests combined with Bonferroni correction to compare PFV with PIFV. RESULTS: Of the total of 27,282 visitors, 2201 (8.1%) were identified as PFV (five or more visits within 12 months) and they accounted for 38.1% of the total visits. The study found differences between PFV and PIFV in gender, diagnostic profile, hospital admissions and temporal patterns. Differences were also detected with regard to distance between PERs and home municipalities. However, no age-related differences were found between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: PFV and PIFV have different clinical profiles and temporal patterns. These results may be important when planning, developing and evaluating interventions targeting the needs of each group, which is in accordance with a person-centred approach. Such an approach might eventually result in fewer visits to PERs.

Frequent visitors at the psychiatric emergency room - A literature review.

Frequent visitors at the psychiatric emergency room (PER) constitute a small subgroup of patients, yet they are responsible for a disproportionate number of visits and thus claim considerable resources. Their needs are often left unmet and their repetitive visits reflect their dissatisfaction as well as that of PERs' staff. Motivated by these dilemmas, this study systematically reviews the literature about frequent visitors at PER and seeks to answer two questions: What characterizes frequent visitors at PER in the literature? and What characterizes PER in the literature? Based on 29 studies, this paper offers answers to the two questions based on a strength weakness opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. The results of the review and subsequent analysis of the literature revealed the multiplicity and complexity of frequent visitors' characteristics and how they appear to converge. Commonalities were more difficult to identify in PER characteristics. In some cases, this happened because the characteristics were poorly described or were context specific. As a result, it was not easy to compare the studies on PER. Based on SWOT and the findings of the analysis, the paper proposes new venues of research and suggests how the field of mental health might develop by taking into account its opportunities and threats.

Self-Reported Needs for Care, Support and Treatment of Persons Who Frequently Visit Psychiatric Emergency Rooms in Sweden.

AIM: To investigate self-reported needs for care, support and treatment among persons who frequently visit psychiatric emergency rooms (PERs). DESIGN: A cross-sectional design. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected using an interview-based manual. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis, whereas quantitative data were analysed using descriptive, non-parametric statistical tests. RESULTS: Persons who frequently visit PERs self-reported unmet needs for care, support and treatment in life domains such as health, socialisation, daytime activities, and emotional and financial security. CONCLUSION: To meet the needs of persons who frequently visit PERs, close cooperation between concerned welfare actors should be implemented.

[Protective Effects of Müller Glia Cells Towards Retinal Ganglion Cells]. / Der protektive Einfluss Müllerʼscher Gliazellen auf retinale Ganglienzellen.

INTRODUCTION: Müller glial cells carry out different tasks to warrant normal retinal functions. The aim of this study was to investigate if Müller cells also support retinal ganglion cells (RGC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: RGC were cultured for 24 hours in the presence or absence of Müller glial cells under normoxic (20% O2, 5% CO2) or hypoxic (0.2% O2, 5% CO2, 94.8% N2) culture conditions. The number of vital RGC and the length of the newly developed neurites were evaluated. RESULTS: Under normoxic conditions, RGC vitality was significantly higher (p < 0.01) when cultured with Müller cells (62.85 ± 2.06%) than without (47.29 ± 2.83%). Under hypoxia, RGC vitality was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in co-cultures (41.07 ± 2.28%) than in homotypic RGC cultures (28.49 ± 2.16%). The maximum length of the newly developed neurites was found in the normoxic co-culture (90.7 ± 7.4 µm), but showed only a minor difference (p = 0.04) when compared to the normoxic homotypic RGC culture. CONCLUSION: Müller glial cells support RGC under normoxic and hypoxic culture conditions. Length of newly developed neurites and number of surviving RGC are both parameters to evaluate cell vitality.

New targeted approaches for the quantification of data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry.

The use of data-independent acquisition (DIA) approaches for the reproducible and precise quantification of complex protein samples has increased in the last years. The protein information arising from DIA analysis is stored in digital protein maps (DIA maps) that can be interrogated in a targeted way by using ad hoc or publically available peptide spectral libraries generated on the same sample species as for the generation of the DIA maps. The restricted availability of certain difficult-to-obtain human tissues (i.e., brain) together with the caveats of using spectral libraries generated under variable experimental conditions limits the potential of DIA. Therefore, DIA workflows would benefit from high-quality and extended spectral libraries that could be generated without the need of using valuable samples for library production. We describe here two new targeted approaches, using either classical data-dependent acquisition repositories (not specifically built for DIA) or ad hoc mouse spectral libraries, which enable the profiling of human brain DIA data set. The comparison of our results to both the most extended publically available human spectral library and to a state-of-the-art untargeted method supports the use of these new strategies to improve future DIA profiling efforts.

Müller Cell-Derived PEDF Mediates Neuroprotection via STAT3 Activation.

Background/ Aims: This study was performed to reveal signaling pathways exploited by pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) derived from retinal (glial) Müller cells to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from cell death. METHODS: The survival of RGCs was determined in the presence of conditioned culture media (MCM) from or in co-cultures with Müller cells. The significance of PEDF-induced STAT3 activation was evaluated in viability assays and using Western blotting analyses and siRNA-transfected cells. RESULTS: Secreted mediators of Müller cells increased survival of RGCs under normoxia or hypoxia to a similar degree as of PEDF- or IL-6-exposed cells. PEDF and MCM induced an increased STAT3 activation in RGCs and R28 cells, and neutralization of PEDF in MCM attenuated STAT3 activation. Inhibition of STAT3 reduced PEDF-promoted survival of RGCs. Similar to IL-6, PEDF induced STAT3 activation, acting in a dose-dependent manner via the PEDF receptor (PEDF-R) encoded by the PNPLA2 gene. Ablation of PEDF-R attenuated MCM-induced STAT3 activation and compromised the viability of PEDF-exposed R28 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Müller cells are an important source of PEDF, which promotes RGC survival through STAT3 activation and, at least in part, via PEDF-R. Enhancing the secretory function of Müller cells may be useful to promote RGC survival in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.