Acute aortic dissection and pregnancy: Review and meta-analysis of incidence, presentation, and pathologic substrates.

OBJECTIVES: Pregnancy has been recognized as a predisposing factor for acute aortic dissection (AAD) although its occurrence is quite rare. Currently, no trial and few prospective studies exist about this catastrophic event. The present review and meta-analysis aims to update information on clinical presentation, potential risk factors, treatment, and outcome of acute dissection during pregnancy and puerperium. METHODS: A comprehensive search of three databases was performed to identify all patients reported in articles published from January 1987. A proportional single-arm meta-analysis with random-effects model was used to pool these variables: risk factors, pregnancy/postpartum occurrence, surgical characteristics, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 11 reports and 85 patients with pregnancy-related AAD were available for this study. The prevalence of connective tissue disorders was 62%, Marfan syndrome being the most common. Out of 76 patients, 46 (61%) had dissection during pregnancy and 30 (39%) during puerperium; 40% of events occurred in primigravidae and 60% in multigravidae. Type A and type B dissection occurred in 67% vs 33% of patients. Surgery was performed in 73% of cases with a maternal and fetal mortality of 23% and 27%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Throughout pregnancy, AAD is quite rare but fatal, especially in Marfan and Loeys-Dietz syndromes, while isolated bicuspid aortic valve is not a risk factor. Even in Marfan syndrome, pathogenesis and evolution of the disease are still unclear. Occurrence of dissection also during puerperium indicates the need for continuous counselling and aortic size monitoring in women at-risk.

Reduction in platelet count after aortic valve replacement: comparison of three bioprostheses.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Concerns have recently been raised regarding postoperative decreases in platelet count (PC) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with the Sorin Freedom Solo (SFS) stentless bioprosthesis. In order to assess the relevance and the clinical impact of this phenomenon, variations in PC were monitored in patients with SFS valves, and compared to changes of PC in patients after AVR with two other bioprostheses, the Medtronic Mosaic (MOS) porcine valve and the Sorin Mitroflow (MIT) pericardial valve. METHODS: Three groups of patients (25 in each group) who had undergone AVR with a biological prosthesis were compared. The patients were similar in terms of their preoperative characteristics, including mean age, NYHA functional class, risk factors, EuroSCORE, and mean PC. The PC was monitored on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5, and again at discharge. Thrombocytopenia was considered to be 'present' when the PC was < 150,000/microl, and 'severe' when the PC was < 30,000/microl. RESULTS: No significant inter-group differences were observed in the duration of extracorporeal circulation or cross-clamp times. The mean postoperative PCs for MOS valves were 154,000 +/- 56,000/microl, 154,000 +/- 54,000/microl, 161,000 +/- 85,000/microl, and 228,000 +/- 95,000/microl at days 1,3, and 5, and at discharge, respectively. For MIT valves, these values were 126,000 +/- 37,000/microl, 113,000 +/- 38,000/microl, 130,000 +/- 46,000/microl, and 170,000 +/- 50,000/microl, respectively. For SFS valves, the values were 99,000 +/- 27,000/microl, 67,000 +/- 9000/microl, 78,000 +/- 54,000/microl, and 96,000 +/- 32,000/microl, respectively. Severe thrombocytopenia was never observed in any patient. A significant decrease in PC occurred with SFS when compared to MOS valves (on days 1, 3, 5, and at discharge, p < 0.001) and to MIT valves (on days 3, 5, and at discharge, p < 0.005). Multivariate analysis showed older age (p = 0.001) and the SFS valve (p = 0.0002) to be incremental risk factors for developing severe or moderate thrombocytopenia after AVR. CONCLUSION: A reduction in PC occurred with all bioprostheses on postoperative day 1, while a significant reduction in PC was continued for SFS valves on postoperative days 3 and 5, when compared to MOS and MIT valves. A normalization of PC at discharge was observed only with MOS valves. Thrombocytopenia after AVR with biological prostheses was not associated with any major postoperative complication.

Aortopulmonary fistula after a modified Bentall procedure.

A 68-year-old man presented with aortic pseudoaneurysm and aortopulmonary fistula, due to dehiscence of the left coronary button anastomosis, at three months after surgery for acute aortic dissection using a composite conduit. At reoperation, the pulmonary trunk was repaired by direct suture and the coronary ostial anastomosis with single sutures, reinforced with pericardial pledgets from inside the aortic graft. Aortopulmonary fistula due to pseudoaneurysm formation is an extremely rare complication of operations on the proximal aorta. Furthermore, pseudoaneurysm caused by dehiscence of a coronary anastomosis complicated by an aortopulmonary fistula, as in the present case, has been previously reported only twice. Patients with acute aortic dissection, due to tissue fragility, appear particularly prone to develop such complications, which can occur even in the early postoperative period. Therefore, after the repair of acute aortic dissection, particularly when the insertion of a composite conduit is required, continuous follow up is mandatory for the early detection of this rare, but potentially lethal, complication.

Unusual complication after aortic valve replacement with the Freedom Solo stentless bioprosthesis.

The case is presented of an unusual complication after aortic valve replacement with a Freedom Solo bioprosthesis. Excision of the aortic valve created a discontinuity of the aortic annulus that was missed intraoperatively and left uncorrected after supra-annular placement of the bioprosthesis; this created a pseudoaneurysm with direct communication to the pericardial cavity. When implanting the Freedom Solo bioprosthesis, care must be taken to exclude the presence of any aortic annular discontinuity. Implantation of the Freedom Solo bioprosthesis is not precluded by this possible complication, provided that any annular disruption is promptly recognized and adequately closed before placement of the supra-annular sutures.

Novel use of the AngioVac system.

The Vortex Medical AngioVac Cannula was employed in a 71-year-old man with a renal neoplasm with occlusion of the inferior vena cava and involvement of the right atrial cavity. Due to the presence of diffuse metastases, surgery was not indicated, and the AngioVac system was employed to remove the free-floating mobile atrial mass, thus minimizing the risk of pulmonary embolism and as a bioptic tool to allow a correct histological diagnosis. This novel use of this system may be advantageous in other similar cases.

Pulmonary and paradoxical coronary embolism with a patent foramen ovale.

Paradoxical embolism through a patent foramen ovale is a very unusual event considering that this cardiac anomaly may be present in as much as 26% of the general population. We describe the case of a 68-year-old man with a pulmonary and paradoxical coronary embolism in the presence of a patent foramen ovale. The finding of a worm-shaped thrombus though the atrial septum together with the risk of further embolization through the atrial septum prompted surgical treatment.

Transaxillary versus transaortic approach for transcatheter aortic valve implantation with CoreValve Revalving System: insights from multicenter experience.

BACKGROUND: About one-third of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) suffer from severe peripheral artery disease, making the routine femoral approach difficult or impossible. The aim was to compare the transaxillary (TAx) and the transaortic (TAo) route for TAVI with Medtronic CoreValve Revalving System (CRS). METHODS: Out of 1049 consecutive TAVI with 18F CRS, 242 (23%) were treated in 4 high-volume Italian Centre through TAx (61%) and TAo (39%). RESULTS: The devices success was similar (P=0.16) with a trend to a lower incidence of significant paravalvular leak (6% vs. 14%, P=0.07) and a significant reduction of permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation (13% vs. 34%, P=0.017) in the TAo. However, this route showed a higher incidence of acute kidney injury (P=0.016) and a longer hospital stay after the index procedure (days 10 [8-14] vs. 8 [7-12], P=0.001). By a multivariate analysis the vascular access is an independent predictor for a longer hospital stay (TAo route; OR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.75; P=0.006) and for PPM implantation (TAx route; OR=3.7, 95% CI: 1.2-10.8; P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Although the higher clinical risk profile of transaortic population, the TAo approach showed an equally high device success with similar 30-day safety and 1year efficacy, compared to TAx route. However, due to non-procedure-specific complications post-TAo TAVI, this route requires a specialized postoperative care and the treatment of patients in highly specialized and experienced centers.

Clinical outcome in patients with 19-mm and 21-mm St. Jude aortic prostheses: comparison at long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Small-sized prostheses for aortic valve replacement may result in residual left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Aim of the study was to verify whether implantation of 19-mm versus 21-mm St. Jude Medical standard prostheses (St. Jude Medical, Inc, St. Paul, MN) influences long-term clinical outcome. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-nine patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with 19 mm (group 1, 53 patients) or 21-mm St. Jude Medical standard prostheses (group 2, 176 patients) were included in the study. Mean follow-up of current survivors was 10+/-4 years. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 7.5% in group 1 and 8.5% in group 2. At discharge, an important patient-prosthesis mismatch (effective orifice area index < or = 0.60 cm2/m2) was present in 18% of group 1 versus 5% in group 2 (p = 0.004). Among patients with body surface area less than 1.70 m2, such mismatch was present in 15% of group 1 versus 2% of group 2 (p = 0.008). At last follow-up New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (p < 0.001), left ventricular mass reduction (p = 0.02), mean (p = 0.002) and peak transprosthetic gradients (p < 0.001), and effective orifice area index (p = 0.005) were significantly better in group 2. Freedom from sudden death (92%+/-5% vs 99%+/-1%, p = 0.01), valve-related death (84%+/-6% vs 90%+/-5%, p = 0.02), and cardiac events (56%+/-13% vs 86%+/-4%, p = 0.008), were significantly lower in group 1. Effective orifice area index was an independent predictor of late cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Although long-term results after aortic valve replacement with small-sized St. Jude Medical standard prostheses are satisfactory, 19-mm valve recipients show a high prevalence of important patient-prosthesis mismatch with less evident functional improvement and higher rate of cardiac events, suggesting a very cautious use of this prosthesis.

Aortic valve replacement with the Medtronic Mosaic bioprosthesis: a 13-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the long-term clinical performance of the Mosaic bioprosthesis (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) after aortic valve replacement. METHODS: From 1995 to 2008, 178 patients (48 women; mean age, 74±6 years) had aortic valve replacement. Mean functional class was 2.3±0.5, and 157 patients (88%) were in sinus rhythm. Prosthetic sizes were 23 mm in 98 patients and 25 mm in 66. Follow-up was completed in December 2009 with a cumulative duration of 1,015 patient/years (mean, 5.7±3.5 years, maximum, 13.7 years). RESULTS: Early mortality was 4%, none being valve-related; of 38 late deaths 7 were valve-related. Actuarial survival at 13 years was 48%±8%. Mean functional class of current survivors was 1.2±0.6. Six embolic episodes occurred and four cases of endocarditis, with respective actuarial freedom of 92%±5% for embolism and 97%±2% for endocarditis at 13 years. Four patients required reoperations for endocarditis and 2 for structural deterioration. Actuarial freedom from structural deterioration and from reoperation for all causes was 89%±7% and 86%±7% at 13 years, with an actuarial freedom from prosthesis-related deaths of 86%±5%. Results of echocardiographic evaluation at 1 year were mean peak gradient, 20±6 mm Hg and mean effective orifice area index, 1.07±0.21 cm2/m2 for size 23 mm and 22±6 mm Hg and 1.11±0.26 cm2/m2 for size 25 mm; at 10 years, mean peak gradient and mean effective orifice area index were 28±13 mm Hg and 1.01±0.19 cm2/m2 for size 23 mm and 26±8 mm Hg and 1.08±0.18 cm2/m2 for size 25 mm. CONCLUSIONS: The Mosaic bioprosthesis showed good overall performance, with low incidence of structural valve deterioration and hemodynamic stability in the long-term. Expected increased durability of this device should be verified at longer follow-up intervals.

Total calcification of an aortic homograft used as aortic root replacement.

A 66-year-old man presented with total calcification of a homograft used as aortic root replacement approximately 10 years previously. Reoperation consisted of complete dissection of the homograft and en-bloc replacement with a mechanical conduit. Despite careful dissection the right coronary ostium was disrupted requiring reconstruction by interposition of a saphenous vein segment. Reoperation for failure of homografts used as aortic root replacement represents a major technical challenge.

Repair of coronary artery perforation following angioplasty using TachoSil patches.

Coronary perforation is a rare complication of percutaneous interventional procedures, occurring in 0.2-3% of procedures, which may require emergency coronary bypass surgery. We describe here an alternative method to deal with such complication, which proved effective in a patient with active bleeding from the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. By temporary pressing on beating heart patches of TachoSil, a sponge impregnated with human fibrinogen and thrombin, on the bleeding site, complete and stable hemostasis was achieved.

Impact of treatment choice on the outcome of patients proposed for transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

AIMS: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a new option for patients with severe aortic stenosis at high surgical risk. We compared the clinical outcome of patients referred for TAVI and subsequently treated with TAVI, surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV), or medical management (MM). METHODS AND RESULTS: All consecutive patients (n=166, EuroSCORE 24.9 ± 13.9%) referred for TAVI to our two centres were enrolled in a prospective registry and were assigned to SAVR (n=21), TAVI with the CoreValve prosthesis (n=75), BAV (n=20), or MM (n=50) by a multi-specialty team. The primary endpoint was 6-month cardiac mortality. Patients undergoing BAV had a significantly higher EuroSCORE (33.6 ± 15.9%; p=0.01). Median follow-up time was nine months (interquartile range 4.5-12.4 months). Six-month freedom from cardiac death was 81.0 ± 8.6%, 92.0 ± 3.1%, 72.9 ± 10.5%, and 72.7 ± 6.5% for SAVR, TAVI, BAV, and MM groups, respectively. Freedom from major cardiac and cerebrovascular events was 76.2 ± 9.3%, 83.9 ± 4.3%, 72.9 ± 10.5%, and 65.6 ± 6.8% for SAVR, TAVI, BAV, and MM groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: With respect to medical management and BAV, TAVI was associated with lower cardiac mortality at six months. Clinical outcome after TAVI was similar to that of less sick patients undergoing SAVR.