Stress predictors in two Asian dental schools with an integrated curriculum and traditional curriculum.

INTRODUCTION: This study explored stress predictors and the role of instructional methods and institutional differences in perceived stress levels amongst students at two Asian dental schools. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to undergraduate dental students at Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan and the University of Medicine and Pharmacy (UMP), Hochiminh City, Vietnam in 2016. Data concerning the students' demographic information and grades, and responses to the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Dental Environment Stress questionnaire (DES) were collected. The questionnaires were prepared in English and translated into Japanese and Vietnamese following a forward-backward translation process. RESULTS: Altogether 684 students answered the questionnaire with a response rate of 97% for TMDU and 89% for UMP. The mean DES score of UMP students was significantly higher than TMDU (P < .001). TMDU students with dentistry as their first programme choice had significantly lower PSS and DES scores in several categories than other TMDU students, whilst UMP clinical students reported higher stress scores in several areas than UMP preclinical students. CONCLUSION: Having dentistry as their first choice of educational programme was a significant stress predictor for Japanese students whilst the clinical practicum was a significant stress predictor for Vietnamese students. Previous academic performance was not a significant stress predictor for students at either dental school. Dental students of an integrated, active-learning curriculum reported lower stress levels than students of a traditional, discipline-based curriculum.

Tumour-suppressive miRNA-26a-5p and miR-26b-5p inhibit cell aggressiveness by regulating PLOD2 in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have revealed that miR-26a-5p and miR-26b-5p act as tumour suppressors in various types of cancer tissues. Here, we aimed to investigate the functional roles of these miRNAs and to identify their regulatory targets in bladder cancer (BC). METHODS: We performed functional assays in BC cells using transfection of mature microRNAs (miRNAs). In silico and luciferase reporter analyses were applied to identify target genes of these miRNAs. The overall survival (OS) of patients with BC was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: miR-26a-5p and miR-26b-5p were significantly downregulated in BC tissues. Restoration of these miRNAs inhibited cell migration and invasion in BC. The gene encoding procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2), a collagen crosslinking enzyme, was directly regulated by miR-26a-5p and miR-26b-5p. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with high PLOD2 expression had significantly shorter OS compared with those with low PLOD2 expression (P=0.0153). CONCLUSIONS: PLOD2, which is associated with the stiffness of the extracellular matrix, was directly regulated by miR-26a-5p and miR-26b-5p and may be a good prognostic marker in patients with BC.

Randomized, double-blind, phase III trial of palonosetron versus granisetron in the triplet regimen for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after highly emetogenic chemotherapy: TRIPLE study.

BACKGROUND: There has been no phase III study of comparing the efficacy of first- and second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the triplet regimen with dexamethasone and aprepitant for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with a malignant solid tumor who would receive HEC containing 50 mg/m(2) or more cisplatin were randomly assigned to either palonosetron (0.75 mg) arm (Arm P) or granisetron (1 mg) arm (Arm G), on day 1, both arms with dexamethasone (12 mg on day 1 and 8 mg on days 2-4) and aprepitant (125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg on days 2-3). The primary end point was complete response (CR; no vomiting/retching and no rescue medication) at the 0-120 h period and secondary end points included complete control (CC; no vomiting/retching, no rescue medication, and no more than mild nausea) and total control (TC; no vomiting/retching, no rescue medication, and no nausea). RESULTS: Between July 2011 and June 2012, 842 patients were enrolled. Of 827 evaluable, 272 of 414 patients (65.7%) in Arm P had a CR at the 0-120 h period when compared with 244 of 413 (59.1%) in Arm G (P = 0.0539). Both arms had the same CR rate of 91.8% at the acute (0-24 h) period, while at the delayed (24-120 h) period, Arm P had a significantly higher CR rate than Arm G (67.2% versus 59.1%; P = 0.0142). In secondary end points, Arm P had significantly higher rates than Arm G at the 0-120 h period (CC rate: 63.8% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0234; TC rate: 47.6% versus 40.7%, P = 0.0369) and delayed periods (CC rate: 65.2% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0053; TC rate: 48.6% versus 41.4%, P = 0.0369). CONCLUSION: The present study did not show the superiority of palonosetron when compared with granisetron in the triplet regimen regarding the primary end point. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY IDENTIFIER: UMIN000004863.

Randomized phase III study of bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI and bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (WJOG4407G).

BACKGROUND: FOLFIRI and FOLFOX have shown equivalent efficacy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), but their comparative effectiveness is unknown when combined with bevacizumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: WJOG4407G was a randomized, open-label, phase III trial conducted in Japan. Patients with previously untreated mCRC were randomized 1:1 to receive either FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab (FOLFIRI + Bev) or mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab (mFOLFOX6 + Bev), stratified by institution, adjuvant chemotherapy, and liver-limited disease. The primary end point was non-inferiority of FOLFIRI + Bev to mFOLFOX6 + Bev in progression-free survival (PFS), with an expected hazard ratio (HR) of 0.9 and non-inferiority margin of 1.25 (power 0.85, one-sided α-error 0.025). The secondary end points were response rate (RR), overall survival (OS), safety, and quality of life (QoL) during 18 months. This trial is registered to the University Hospital Medical Information Network, number UMIN000001396. RESULTS: Among 402 patients enrolled from September 2008 to January 2012, 395 patients were eligible for efficacy analysis. The median PFS for FOLFIRI + Bev (n = 197) and mFOLFOX6 + Bev (n = 198) were 12.1 and 10.7 months, respectively [HR, 0.905; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.723-1.133; P = 0.003 for non-inferiority]. The median OS for FOLFIRI + Bev and mFOLFOX6 + Bev were 31.4 and 30.1 months, respectively (HR, 0.990; 95% CI 0.785-1.249). The best overall RRs were 64% for FOLFIRI + Bev and 62% for mFOLFOX6 + Bev. The common grade 3 or higher adverse events were leukopenia (11% in FOLFIRI + Bev/5% in mFOLFOX6 + Bev), neutropenia (46%/35%), diarrhea (9%/5%), febrile neutropenia (5%/2%), peripheral neuropathy (0%/22%), and venous thromboembolism (6%/2%). The QoL assessed by FACT-C (TOI-PFC) and FACT/GOG-Ntx was favorable for FOLFIRI + Bev during 18 months. CONCLUSION: FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab was non-inferior for PFS, compared with mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab, as the first-line systemic treatment for mCRC. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER: UMIN000001396.

Tumour-suppressive microRNA-144-5p directly targets CCNE1/2 as potential prognostic markers in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of a microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of bladder cancer (BC) by deep-sequencing revealed that clustered miRNAs microRNA (miR)-451a, miR-144-3p, and miR-144-5p were significantly downregulated in BC tissues. We hypothesised that these miRNAs function as tumour suppressors in BC. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional roles of these miRNAs and their modulation of cancer networks in BC cells. METHODS: The functional studies of BC cells were performed using transfection of mature miRNAs. Genome-wide gene expression analysis, in silico analysis, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to identify miRNA targets. The association between miR-144-5p levels and expression of the target genes was determined, and overall patient survival as a function of target gene expression was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Gain-of-function studies showed that miR-144-5p significantly inhibited cell proliferation by BC cells. Four cell cycle-related genes (CCNE1, CCNE2, CDC25A, and PKMYT1) were identified as direct targets of miR-144-5p. The patients with high CCNE1 or CCNE2 expression had lower overall survival probabilities than those with low expression (P=0.025 and P=0.032). CONCLUSION: miR-144-5p functions as tumour suppressor in BC cells. CCNE1 and CCNE2 were directly regulated by miR-144-5p and might be good prognostic markers for survival of BC patients.

MicroRNA expression signature of oral squamous cell carcinoma: functional role of microRNA-26a/b in the modulation of novel cancer pathways.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play major roles in carcinogenesis in a variety of cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the miRNA expression signature of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the functional roles of miR-26a and miR-26b in OSCC cells. METHODS: An OSCC miRNA signature was constructed by PCR-based array methods. Functional studies of differentially expressed miRNAs were performed to investigate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in OSCC cells. In silico database and genome-wide gene expression analyses were performed to identify molecular targets and pathways mediated by miR-26a/b. RESULTS: miR-26a and miR-26b were significantly downregulated in OSCC. Restoration of both miR-26a and miR-26b in cancer cell lines revealed that these miRNAs significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Our data demonstrated that the novel transmembrane TMEM184B gene was a direct target of miR-26a/b regulation. Silencing of TMEM184B inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion, and regulated the actin cytoskeleton-pathway related genes. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of tumour-suppressive miR-26a/b enhanced cancer cell migration and invasion in OSCC through direct regulation of TMEM184B. Our data describing pathways regulated by tumour-suppressive miR-26a/b provide new insights into the potential mechanisms of OSCC oncogenesis and metastasis.

Novel scoring system and algorithm for classifying chronic rhinosinusitis: the JESREC Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be classified into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). CRSwNP displays more intense eosinophilic infiltration and the presence of Th2 cytokines. Mucosal eosinophilia is associated with more severe symptoms and often requires multiple surgeries because of recurrence; however, even in eosinophilic CRS (ECRS), clinical course is variable. In this study, we wanted to set objective clinical criteria for the diagnosis of refractory CRS. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted by 15 institutions participating in the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC). We evaluated patients with CRS treated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), and risk of recurrence was estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Multiple logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed to create the diagnostic criterion for ECRS. RESULTS: We analyzed 1716 patients treated with ESS. To diagnose ECRS, the JESREC scoring system assessed unilateral or bilateral disease, the presence of nasal polyps, blood eosinophilia, and dominant shadow of ethmoid sinuses in computed tomography (CT) scans. The cutoff value of the score was 11 points (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 66%). Blood eosinophilia (>5%), ethmoid sinus disease detected by CT scan, bronchial asthma, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intolerance were associated significantly with recurrence. CONCLUSION: We subdivided CRSwNP in non-ECRS, mild, moderate, and severe ECRS according to our algorithm. This classification was significantly correlated with prognosis. It is notable that this algorithm may give useful information to clinicians in the refractoriness of CRS before ESS or biopsy.

Relationship between the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level and remission of diabetic nephropathy with microalbuminuria: a 3-year follow-up study.

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level and progression or remission of diabetic nephropathy with microalbuminuria for 3 years. The subjects were 100 Japanese type 2 diabetes mellitus outpatients with microalbuminuria. Associations between metabolic parameters at baseline [HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and BNP] and the progression or remission of diabetic nephropathy were examined for 3 years. A total of 83 patients were examined at the end of the 3-year period, including 17 with remission to normoalbuminuria, 47 with continuing microalbuminuria, and 19 with progression to macroalbuminuria. HbA1c, ACR, and BNP differed significantly among the 3 groups (p=0.024, p<0.001, p=0.002, respectively). Among baseline factors, HbA1c and BNP were significant predictors of the percentage increase in ACR for 3 years in multiple linear regression analysis (ß=0.259, p=0.02; ß=0.299, p=0.007, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, HbA1c and ACR were independently associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy (p=0.008, p=0.023, respectively), and ACR and BNP were independently associated with remission of diabetic nephropathy (p=0.029, p=0.012, respectively). ROC curve analysis gave a cutoff value for BNP of 14.9 pg/ml for prediction of remission of diabetic nephropathy (p=0.016). The BNP level has a relationship with diabetic nephropathy and a low BNP level predicts remission of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, monitoring of BNP can play an important role in management of diabetic nephropathy.

Identification of tumour suppressive microRNA-451a in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma based on microRNA expression signature.

BACKGROUND: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) has a very poor prognosis because of its high rates of regional and distant metastasis. Identification of differentially expressed miRNAs and their regulated molecular targets in tumour cells might enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in human cancers. METHODS: A HSCC miRNA signature was constructed by array-based methods. Functional studies of microRNA-451a (miR-451a) and target genes were performed to investigate cell proliferation, migration and invasion by cancer cell lines. To identify miR-451a-regulated molecular targets, we adopted gene expression analysis and in silico database analysis. RESULTS: Our miRNA signature revealed that miR-451a was significantly downregulated in HSCC. Restoration of miR-451a in cancer cell lines revealed that this miRNA significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Our data demonstrated that the gene coding for endothelial and smooth muscle cell-derived neuropilin-like molecule (ESDN/DCBLD2) was a direct target of miR-451a regulation. Silencing of ESDN inhibited cell migration and invasion by cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of tumour suppressive miR-451a enhanced cancer cell migration and invasion in HSCC through direct regulation of ESDN. Our miRNA signature and functional analysis of targets regulated by tumour suppressive miR-451a provide new insights into the potential mechanisms of HSCC oncogenesis and metastasis.

Tumour-suppressive microRNA-874 contributes to cell proliferation through targeting of histone deacetylase 1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Our recent studies of microRNA (miRNA) expression signature demonstrated that microRNA-874 (miR-874) was significantly downregulated in maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MSSCC), and a putative tumour-suppressive miRNA in human cancers. Our aim of this study was to investigate the functional significance of miR-874 in cancer cells and to identify novel miR-874-mediated cancer pathways and responsible genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS: Gain-of-function studies using mature miR-874 were performed to investigate cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution in HNSCC cell lines (SAS and FaDu). To identify miR-874-mediated molecular pathways and targets, we utilised gene expression analysis and in silico database analysis. Loss-of-function assays were performed to investigate the functional significance of miR-874 target genes. RESULTS: Expression levels of miR-874 were significantly downregulated in HNSCC tissues (including oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal SCCs) compared with normal counterpart epithelia. Restoration of miR-874 in SAS and FaDu cell lines revealed significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis. Our expression data and in silico analysis demonstrated that miR-874 modulated the cell cycle pathway. Moreover, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) was a candidate target of miR-874 regulation. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-874 directly regulated HDAC1. Silencing of the HDAC1 gene significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis in SAS cells. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of miR-874 was a frequent event in HNSCC. miR-874 acted as a tumour suppressor and directly targeted HDAC1. Recognition of tumour-suppressive miRNA-mediated cancer pathways provides new insights into the potential mechanisms of HNSCC oncogenesis and suggests novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.

Tumour-suppressive microRNA-29s inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion by targeting laminin-integrin signalling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Our recent studies of microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures demonstrated that microRNA-29s (miR-29s; miR-29a/b/c) were significantly downregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and were putative tumour-suppressive miRNAs in human cancers. Our aim in this study was to investigate the functional significance of miR-29s in cancer cells and to identify novel miR-29s-mediated cancer pathways and responsible genes in HNSCC oncogenesis and metastasis. METHODS: Gain-of-function studies using mature miR-29s were performed to investigate cell proliferation, migration and invasion in two HNSCC cell lines (SAS and FaDu). To identify miR-29s-mediated molecular pathways and targets, we utilised gene expression analysis and in silico database analysis. Loss-of-function assays were performed to investigate the functional significance of miR-29s target genes. RESULTS: Restoration of miR-29s in SAS and FaDu cell lines revealed significant inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion. Gene expression data and in silico analysis demonstrated that miR-29s modulated the focal adhesion pathway. Moreover, laminin γ2 (LAMC2) and α6 integrin (ITGA6) genes were candidate targets of the regulation of miR-29s. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-29s directly regulated LAMC2 and ITGA6. Silencing of LAMC2 and ITGA6 genes significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion in cancer cells. CONCLUSION: Downregulation of miR-29s was a frequent event in HNSCC. The miR-29s acted as tumour suppressors and directly targeted laminin-integrin signalling. Recognition of tumour-suppressive miRNA-mediated cancer pathways provides new insights into the potential mechanisms of HNSCC oncogenesis and metastasis and suggests novel therapeutic strategies for the disease.

Stage IB1 cervical cancer patients with an MRI-measured tumor size < or = 2 cm might be candidates for less-radical surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the correlation between histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured tumor size and define whether patients with Stage IB1 cervical cancer with an MRI-measured tumor size < or = 2 cm can be candidates for less-radical surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 200 patients with Stage IB1 cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy (class III) and pelvic lymphadenectomy. The largest diameter of the tumor was determined by MRI in 52 consecutive cases. RESULTS: Regarding risk factors for parametrial involvement, only tumor size and age are known before definitive surgery without conization. Multivariate analysis of these risk factors revealed that both tumor size and old age were independently associated with parametrial involvement. Eighty-eight patients had a tumor size < or = 2 cm and an age < or = 50 years, two of which (2.3%) had parametrial involvement. In 52 consecutive patients, a significant correlation between histopathology- and MRI-measured tumor size was found (r = 0.787). Twenty-three patients had an MRI-measured tumor size < or = 2 cm, none of which had parametrial involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Stage IB1 cervical cancer lesions with a tumor size < or = 2 cm measured by MRI and age < or = 50 years can be treated with less-radical surgery.

Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation caused by mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene.

Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation (HPD) (also known as dopa responsive dystonia) is a dystonia with onset in childhood that shows a marked response without any side effects to levodopa. Recently the gene for dopa responsive dystonia (DRD) was mapped to chromosome 14q. Here we report that GTP cyclohydrolase I is mapped to 14q22.1-q22.2. The identification of four independent mutations of the gene for GTP cyclohydrolase I in patients with HPD, as well as a marked decrease in the enzyme's activity in mononuclear blood cells, confirms that the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene is a causative gene for HPD/DRD. This is the first report of a causative gene for the inherited dystonias.

Tumour suppressors miR-1 and miR-133a target the oncogenic function of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Our recent analyses of miRNA expression signatures showed that miR-1 and miR-133a were significantly reduced in several types of cancer. Interestingly, miR-1 and miR-133a are located on the same chromosomal locus in the human genome. We examined the functional significance of miR-1 and miR-133a in prostate cancer (PCa) cells and identified the novel molecular targets regulated by both miR-1 and miR-133a. METHODS AND RESULTS: The expression levels of miR-1 and miR-133a were significantly downregulated in PCa compared with non-PCa tissues. Restoration of miR-1 or miR-133a in PC3 and DU145 cells revealed significant inhibition of proliferation, migration, and invasion. Molecular target identification by genome-wide gene expression analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) was directly regulated by both miRNAs. Silencing of the PNP gene inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in both PC3 and DU145 cells. Immunohistochemistry detected positive staining of PNP in PCa specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Downregulation of miR-1 and miR-133a was a frequent event in PCa and both function as tumour suppressors. The PNP is a novel target gene of both miRNAs and potentially functions as an oncogene. Therefore, identification of novel molecular networks regulated by miRNAs may provide new insights into the underlying causes of PCa oncogenesis.

The tumour-suppressive function of miR-1 and miR-133a targeting TAGLN2 in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: On the base of the microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of bladder cancer (BC), we found that miR-1 and miR-133a were significantly downregulated in BC. In this study, we focussed on the functional significance of miR-1 and miR-133a in BC cell lines and identified a molecular network of these miRNAs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the miRNA expression signature of BC clinical specimens and identified several downregulated miRNAs (miR-133a, miR-204, miR-1, miR-139-5p, and miR-370). MiR-1 and miR-133a showed potential role of tumour suppressors by functional analyses of BC cells such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion assays. Molecular target searches of these miRNAs showed that transgelin 2 (TAGLN2) was directly regulated by both miR-1 and miR-133a. Silencing of TAGLN2 study demonstrated significant inhibitions of cell proliferation and increase of apoptosis in BC cell lines. The immunohistochemistry showed a positive correlation between TAGLN2 expression and tumour grade in clinical BC specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The downregulation of miR-1 and miR-133a was a frequent event in BC, and these miRNAs were recognised as tumour suppressive. TAGLN2 may be a target of both miRNAs and had a potential oncogenic function. Therefore, novel molecular networks provided by miRNAs may provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of BC.

LY6K is a novel molecular target in bladder cancer on basis of integrate genome-wide profiling.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to find a novel molecular target based on chromosomal alteration and array-based gene expression analyses in bladder cancer (BC). We investigated a cancer testis antigen, LY6K, which is located on chromosome 8q24.3. METHODS: Five BC cell lines were subjected to high-resolution array-comparative genomic hybridisation with 244 000 probes. The expression levels of LY6K mRNA were evaluated in BC cell lines and clinical BC specimens by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. The cell lines were subjected to fluorescence in situ hybridisation of LY6K. Cell viability was evaluated by cell growth, wound healing, and matrigel invasion assays. RESULTS: Typical gained loci (P<0.0001) at 6p21.33-p21.32, 8q24.3, 9q34.13, 11q13.1-q14.1, 12q13.12-q13.13, 16p13.3, and 20q11.21-q13.33 were observed in all of the cell lines. We focused on 8q24.3 locus where LY6K gene harbours, and it was the top upregulated one in the gene profile from the BC cell line. LY6K mRNA expression was significantly higher in 91 BCs than in 37 normal bladder epitheliums (P<0.0001). Fluorescence in situ hybridisation validated that the high LY6K mRNA expression was due to gene amplification in the region where the gene harbours. Cell viability assays demonstrated that significant inhibitions of cell growth, migration, and invasion occured in LY6K knock down BC cell lines; converse phenomena were observed in a stable LY6K transfectant; and LY6K knockdown of the transfectant retrieved the original phenotype from the LY6K transfectant. CONCLUSION: Upregulation of the oncogenic LY6K gene located on the gained locus at 8q24.3 may contribute BC development.

Tumour suppressive microRNA-874 regulates novel cancer networks in maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: On the basis of the microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MSSCC), we found that miR-874 was significantly reduced in cancer cells. We focused on the functional significance of miR-874 in cancer cells and identification of miR-874-regulated novel cancer networks in MSSCC. METHODS: We used PCR-based methods to investigate the downregulated miRNAs in clinical specimens of MSSCC. Our signature analyses identified 23 miRNAs that were significantly reduced in cancer cells, such as miR-874, miR-133a, miR-375, miR-204, and miR-1. We focused on miR-874 as the most downregulated novel miRNA in our analysis. RESULTS: We found potential tumour suppressive functions such as inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and invasion. A molecular target search of miR-874 revealed that PPP1CA was directly regulated by miR-874. Overexpression of PPP1CA was observed in MSSCC clinical specimens. Silencing of the PPP1CA gene significantly inhibited cancer cell proliferation and invasion. CONCLUSION: The downregulation of miR-874 was a frequent event in MSSCC, which suggests that miR-874 functions as a tumour suppressive miRNA, directly regulating PPP1CA that has a potential role of an oncogene. The identification of novel miR-874-regulated cancer pathways could provide new insights into potential molecular mechanisms of MSSCC oncogenesis.

T cell activation-associated hepatic injury: mediation by tumor necrosis factors and protection by interleukin 6.

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of and protection from T cell activation-associated hepatic injury. When BALB/c mice were given a single intravenous injection of concanavalin A (Con A) (> or = 0.3 mg/mouse), they developed acute hepatic injury as assessed by a striking increase in plasma transaminase levels within 24 h. Histopathologically, only the liver was injured while moderate infiltration of T cells and polymorphonuclear cells occurred in the portal areas and around the central veins. The induction of hepatic injury was dependent on the existence as well as the activation of T cells, as untreated BALB/c nu/nu mice or BALB/c mice pretreated with a T cell-specific immunosuppressive drug, FK506, failed to develop disease. Significant increases in the levels of various cytokines in the plasma were detected before an increase in plasma transaminase levels. Within 1 h after Con A injection, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels peaked, this being followed by production of two other inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1. Passive immunization with anti-TNF but not with anti-IL-1 or anti-IL-6 antibody, conferred significant levels of protection. Moreover, administration of rIL-6 before Con A injection resulted in an IL-6 dose-dependent protection. A single administration of a given dose of rIL-6 completely inhibited the release of transaminases, whereas the same regimen induced only 40-50% inhibition of TNF production. More than 80% inhibition of TNF production required four consecutive rIL-6 injections. These results indicate that: (a) TNFs are critical cytokines for inducing T cell activation-associated (Con A-induced) hepatitis; (b) the induction of hepatitis is almost completely controlled by rIL-6; and (c) rIL-6 exerts its protective effect through multiple mechanisms including the reduction of TNF production.

T cell receptor-induced calcineurin activation regulates T helper type 2 cell development by modifying the interleukin 4 receptor signaling complex.

The activation of downstream signaling pathways of both T cell receptor (TCR) and interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R) is essential for T helper type 2 (Th2) cell development, which is central to understanding immune responses against helminthic parasites and in allergic and autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about how these two distinct signaling pathways cooperate with each other to induce Th2 cells. Here, we show that successful Th2 cell development depends on the effectiveness of TCR-induced activation of calcineurin. An inhibitor of calcineurin activation, FK506, inhibited the in vitro anti-TCR-induced Th2 cell generation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the development of Th2 cells was significantly impaired in naive T cells from dominant-negative calcineurin Aalpha transgenic mice, whereas that of Th1 cells was less affected. Efficient calcineurin activation in naive T cells upregulated Janus kinase (Jak)3 transcription and the amount of protein. The generation of Th2 cells induced in vitro by anti-TCR stimulation was inhibited significantly by the presence of Jak3 antisense oligonucleotides, suggesting that the Jak3 upregulation is an important event for the Th2 cell development. Interestingly, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)5 became physically and functionally associated with the IL-4R in the anti-TCR-activated developing Th2 cells that received efficient calcineurin activation, and also in established cloned Th2 cells. In either cell population, the inhibition of STAT5 activation resulted in a diminished IL-4-induced proliferation. Moreover, our results suggest that IL-4-induced STAT5 activation is required for the expansion process of developing Th2 cells. Thus, Th2 cell development is controlled by TCR-mediated activation of the Ca(2+)/calcineurin pathway, at least in part, by modifying the functional structure of the IL-4R signaling complex.