Coagulation-induced shedding of platelet glycoprotein VI mediated by factor Xa.

This study evaluated shedding of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI) in human plasma. Collagen or other ligands induce metalloproteinase-mediated GPVI ectodomain shedding, generating approximately 55-kDa soluble GPVI (sGPVI) and approximately 10-kDa platelet-associated fragments. In the absence of GPVI ligands, coagulation of platelet-rich plasma from healthy persons induced GPVI shedding, independent of added tissue factor, but inhibitable by metalloproteinase inhibitor, GM6001. Factor Xa (FXa) common to intrinsic and tissue factor-mediated coagulation pathways was critical for sGPVI release because (1) shedding was strongly blocked by the FXa-selective inhibitor rivaroxaban but not FIIa (thrombin) inhibitors dabigatran or hirudin; (2) Russell viper venom that directly activates FX generated sGPVI, with complete inhibition by enoxaparin (inhibits FXa and FIIa) but not hirudin; (3) impaired GPVI shedding during coagulation of washed platelets resuspended in FX-depleted plasma was restored by adding purified FX; and (4) purified FXa induced GM6001-inhibitable GPVI shedding from washed platelets. In 29 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, mean plasma sGPVI was 53.9 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 39.9-72.8 ng/mL) compared with 12.5 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 9.0-17.3 ng/mL) in thrombocytopenic controls (n = 36, P < .0001), and 14.6 ng/mL (95% confidence interval, 7.9-27.1 ng/mL) in healthy subjects (n = 25, P = .002). In conclusion, coagulation-induced GPVI shedding via FXa down-regulates GPVI under procoagulant conditions. FXa inhibitors have an unexpected role in preventing GPVI down-regulation.

Resolution of platelet function defects with imatinib therapy in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase.

Platelet function defects are frequently found in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Major clinical bleeding, however, is a rare and infrequently reported complication. Platelet function abnormalities have also not been previously correlated with molecular monitoring of BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukaemia. We report a case of a patient with major clinical bleeding as a presenting feature of chronic myeloid leukaemia. The patient developed compartment syndrome of the thigh secondary to a haematoma developing after minor trauma. Fasciotomy was complicated by severe bleeding requiring massive transfusion. Haemostasis was only obtained after activated recombinant factor VII was administered. Laboratory investigations revealed a platelet function defect with reduced platelet aggregation to collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid. As imatinib therapy commenced, molecular response was associated with near-normalization of platelet function, which subsequently became significantly abnormal with molecular relapse. Electron microscopy demonstrated normal platelet ultrastructure. We conclude that dysregulated Abelson kinase plays a pathogenic role in platelet function defects associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia, and discuss the management of clinically significant bleeding in patients with platelet function defects associated with myeloproliferative disorders.