Determination of the Genetic and Synergistic Suppression of a Methoxyfenozide-Resistant Strain of the House Fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).

Musca domestica Linnaeus (house fly, Diptera: Muscidae) is a major veterinary and medical important pest all over the world. These flies have ability to develop resistance to insecticides. The present trial was performed to discover the inheritance mode (autosomal, dominance, number of genes involved) and preliminary mechanism of methoxyfenozide resistance in order to provide basic information necessary to develop resistance management strategy for this pest. A strain of M. domestica (MXY-SEL) was exposed to methoxyfenozide for 44 generations which developed a 5253.90-fold level of resistance to methoxyfenozide. The overlapping fiducial limits of LC50 values of the reciprocal crosses, F1 (MXY-SEL ♂ × Susceptible ♀) and F1† (MXY-SEL ♀ × Susceptible ♂), suggest that inheritance of methoxyfenozide resistance was an autosomal and likely completely dominant trait (DLC = 0.93 and 0.94 for F1 and F1†, respectively). Backcrosses of the F1 with the parental MXY-SEL or Susceptible population predict a polygenic mode of inheritance. Piperonyl butoxide significantly altered the LC50 values, suggesting enhanced detoxification by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases is a major mechanism of resistance to methoxyfenozide in the MXY-SEL strain. The estimated realized heritability was 0.07 for methoxyfenozide. These results would be helpful for the better management of M. domestica.

Correction to: Determination of the Genetic and Synergistic Suppression of a Methoxyfenozide-Resistant Strain of the House Fly Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae).

Due to an unfortunate turn of events, the surname of the last author appeared incorrectly in the original publication as the name should have read Binyameen.

Stabilization of phenylalanine ammonia lyase against organic solvent mediated deactivation.

A potential novel therapy for phenylketonuria involves oral administration of microencapsulated phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), an enzyme that converts phenylalanine to transcinnamic acid. A drawback of this potential therapy is that encapsulated PAL retains only 23% of its activity. Microcapsules are prepared by emulsifying PAL in 10% hemoglobin solution with water-saturated ether (WSE) and subsequent addition of cellulose nitrate dissolved in ether:ethanol (E:E) mixture. The objective of this paper was to determine the contribution of emulsification to the overall loss in activity of encapsulated PAL, and to devise strategies to protect PAL against such loss in activity. Emulsification was simulated by stirring the aqueous phase containing PAL with the organic phase. The mixture was then centrifuged, and the protein content and catalytic activity of PAL in the aqueous phase was measured. Emulsification of PAL solution with WSE caused no loss in activity but resulted in a loss in protein content of aqueous phase. Size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis studies showed that the loss was primarily due to the specific loss of impurities in the PAL sample. Emulsification of PAL solution with E:E resulted in a 50% decrease in its activity. Among the additives, hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin and hydroxy propyl-beta-cyclodextrin protected PAL against emulsion mediated loss in activity.

Allergic interstitial nephritis due to diazepam.

A 56-year-old man developed allergic interstitial nephritis and deterioration of preexisting chronic renal failure after receiving diazepam. On discontinuation of diazepam, kidney function returned to the baseline level and itching, eosinophilia, and eosinophiluria subsided. A causative correlation between allergic interstitial nephritis and diazepam is suggested.

Pulmonary function tests in bronchopleural fistula.

A 53-year-old white man underwent a left pneumonectomy for alveolar cell carcinoma. His postoperative course was complicated by pneumonia. At a follow-up clinic visit, the patient complained of a "roaring sound" during respiration. A follow-up PFT did not show the expected loss of volume (nitrogen washout) from a preoperative PFT, suggesting a bronchopleural fistula. A chest x-ray film and xenon lung scan confirmed the diagnosis. The fistula was surgically repaired.

Palatal shelf reorientation in hamster embryos following treatment with 5-fluorouracil.

A study was undertaken to examine the issue of whether achieving a critical mass of cells and/or palatal shelf volume during vertical development of shelf is essential for reorientation to occur. In control and 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-treated hamster embryos' palatal shelves, at different times during gestation, the numbers of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells were counted and cross-sectional area was measured. DNA synthesis was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and was used as an index of growth by cell proliferation. The control data indicated that, unlike development during initial 24 hours, the later period of vertical palatal development was characterized by a steady level of mesenchymal and epithelial cell numbers and palatal shelf area. Following 5FU treatment all the measurements were reduced, and until they reached the equivalent of control values, the palatal shelves did not reorient. The density of mesenchymal cells in the developing palate did not seem to affect cell number. On the basis of the analysis of results of the present study, along with those reported in the literature, it is suggested that, in hamsters, acquisition and maintenance of both a specified number of mesenchymal cells and shelf area, at least 24 hours prior to reorientation, may be critical for ensuing mesenchymal differentiation to enforce palatal shelf reorientation on schedule. 5FU affected these features to delay reorientation of the palatal shelf.

Analysis of cell proliferation kinetics during the secondary palate development in quail.

A study was undertaken to analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of mesenchymal cell proliferation in the developing palate of quail. Quail embryos were grown in shell-less culture. The developing palates were labelled with 3H-thymidine between culture days 2-6 (which corresponded in vivo incubation days 5-9), and processed for light microscopic autoradiography. Percent labelled mesenchymal cells were determined. The data showed that, as in mammals, a high rate of random cell proliferation in mesenchyme was a major component of early palate development in quail. As the palate morphogenesis advanced, the rate of cell proliferation declined. Segmental analysis, however, indicated that, in contrast to mammals, the mesenchymal cell proliferation rates continually changed in various regions of quail palate during morphogenesis. It was suggested that the spatio-temporal changes in the distribution of dividing cells may reflect differences in the timings of cell cycles between various segments, thus resulting in a heterogeneous population of cells in the developing palate of quail. Further, the differences in the segmental pattern of cell proliferation between birds and mammals may form the basis for differences in the morphogenesis of their palates.

A novel approach to the growth analysis of hamster secondary palate by histone 3 mRNA in situ hybridization.

A study was undertaken to determine the cell proliferation kinetics during the development of hamster vertical palatal shelf ad initium. Hamster embryo heads, obtained at different times between days 10 and 12 of gestation (which is the period of vertical shelf development) were processed and sectioned to localize histone 3 mRNA, a cell cycle specific gene, by in situ hybridization. Sense and antisense 35S-labelled histone 3 riboprobes were used as hybridization probes. Percent labelled cells were determined. The results showed that a high rate of random proliferation of both epithelial and mesenchymal cells was a major component of early vertical palatal growth. Subsequently, during the latter half of vertical shelf development, the proliferation rates of the epithelial and mesenchymal cells were different in a region specific manner. It was suggested that the spatio-temporal changes in the distribution of cycling mesenchymal and epithelial cells during vertical palate development may indicate their heterogeneity for subsequent segregation into appropriate phenotypes.

A comparative study on the effects of 5-fluorouracil on glycosaminoglycan synthesis during palate development in quail and hamster.

A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU) on glycosaminoglycans (GAG) synthesis during morphogenesis of the secondary palate in birds (where, unlike mammals, palate morphogenesis begins in a horizontal direction ad initium and lacks mammalian-type shelf reorientation) and mammal. Previous studies have shown that FU induces cleft palate in both birds and mammals. Air sacs of quail eggs were injected with 100 micrograms FU in 0.1 ml saline or 0.1 ml saline only. Hamsters were given intramuscular injection of 81 mg/kg FU in 1 ml saline or 1 ml saline only. Total GAG synthesis was measured by incorporation of 3H-glucosamine. Sulfated and non-sulfated GAGs were identified by Alcian Blue histochemistry combined with the use of GAG-degrading enzymes. The results indicated that a continuous synthesis of GAG at a steady rate was associated with normal palate morphogenesis in both quail and hamster. The amount of GAG synthesized in hamster palate was four-fold higher than in quail palate. In contrast to the developing hamster palate where the predominant GAG was hyaluronate, the major GAGs present during quail palate development were sulfated and were concentrated on the nasal side. FU treatment did not affect the rate of GAG synthesis in the developing palate of quail. In contrast, FU administration altered the rates of GAG synthesis, and affected hyaluronate accumulation, during palate morphogenesis in hamster.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Superior vena cava syndrome caused by aneurysm of the innominate artery.

Isolated aneurysms or ruptures of the innominate artery are rare causes of the superior vena cava syndrome. We report on a patient who suffered an isolated acute expansion and rupture of an innominate artery aneurysm that precipitated a dramatic superior vena cava syndrome. Immediate repair using modern surgical techniques, cardiopulmonary bypass, profound hypothermia, circulatory arrest, and a Dacron graft rapidly cured the patient of this deadly syndrome.

Ethics in dental research. Toward developing a code of ethics.

A profession is considered to be ethical by its very nature. Hence, the ability to structure a set of principles that gives one a way to discuss the issues is crucial. However, numerous variables--such as culture, tradition of law, and stage of technological development of a Nation-State--confound issues in which principles may occasionally clash. There may not always be a right and wrong. Hence, for an international organization, a clear explanation of rules will be critical in the development of a code of ethics.

Donor iliac angioplasty and crossover femorofemoral bypass.

We reviewed our experience with 99 patients who had 111 femorofemoral bypass grafts placed over a 10-year period. Mean follow-up was 36 +/- 28 months (range: 1 to 120 months). Bypass alone was performed in 89 cases (group 1). Preoperative donor iliac angioplasty was utilized in 22 cases (group 2). Overall graft failure was 21 of 89 in group 1 and 2 of 22 in group 2 (difference was not significant by chi 2: p greater than 0.05). Clinical success as calculated by life-table analysis was 95%, 83%, 75%, and 67% at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years, respectively, for group 1. Clinical success was 100% and 91% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, and 91% at 42 months for group 2. The success rates were not different for the two groups when analyzed by the log-rank test at 42 months (p greater than 0.30). We conclude that donor iliac angioplasty and femorofemoral bypass is an excellent option for patients with severe occlusive disease of one iliac artery and contralateral disease amenable to angioplasty.

Carotid exploration for acute postoperative thrombosis.

To determine the incidence of carotid reoperation and to document operative findings and clinical results, the records of patients requiring early reoperation (after less than 24 hours) during a 10-year period were analyzed with respect to operative findings, clinical outcome, and arterial patency. Endarterectomy was performed in 920 patients, with 27 strokes (3%) and 10 deaths (1%). Early re-exploration was required for 27 patients (3%) for either expanding hematoma (6 patients) or suspected thrombosis associated with a new neurologic deficit (21 patients). Two patients bled from the arteriotomy and 4 bled from surrounding tissues. Exploration for new postoperative neurologic events confirmed thrombosis in 19 cases (91%). Two patients with patent arteries and normal operative arteriograms were felt to have distal embolization, and the arteriotomy was not opened. Causes of thrombosis were intimal flap in 6 patients and closure stenosis in 11; the cause was unknown in 2 cases. All arteries were repaired over a shunt with a patch. Follow-up studies were available for 16 arteries, all of which remained patent. Of patients explored for hemorrhage, there was one death (from myocardial infarction), no neurologic events, and no late infections. Of 21 patients who underwent a second operation for neurologic deficits, 2 died, 8 were unchanged, 2 had minor residual deficit, and 9 had completely resolved deficits. Severe contralateral disease was more common among patients with residual deficits (10 of 12) compared with patients without residual deficits (0 of 9; chi-square = 8.23, P < 0.005). Carotid re-exploration is most commonly undertaken for a new neurologic deficit, usually associated with thrombosis at the operative site. Thrombosis is more often due to arterial narrowing than to an intimal defect. Prompt repair will restore patency and result in improvement in 50% of cases. Neurologic recovery is related to the status of the contralateral artery.

Histological evidence of fusion between the posterior palatal shelves and the floor of the mouth in Alligator mississippiensis.

Unlike the anterior four-fifths of the secondary palatal shelves the posterior one-fifth grows vertically downward along the side of the tongue and unites with the floor of the mouth. This feature appears to be unique to alligators, and may be important in the development of the basihyal valve. The valve seals off the mouth from the nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx, and thus allows simultaneous breathing and capturing of prey while in the aquatic environment. This developmental feature may enhance the survival value of the species.

A35512, a complex of new antibacterial antibiotics produced by Streptomyces candidus. I. Isolation and characterization.

The new antibiotic complex A35512 produced by Streptomyces candidus was isolated from the filtered fermentation broth. The individual factors A, B, C, E, and H were separated and purified by column chromatography. A35512B, the major factor, was isolated as the dihydrochloride salt, a white crystalline compound with an approximate empirical formula of C90H101 N8O39Cl.2HCl. The A35512 antibiotics belong to the glycopeptide class of antibiotics and possess high in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma: impact of histology on dominant CT pattern.

The authors set out to determine how histologic variability in bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma impacts dominant radiographic patterns shown by computed tomography (CT). Thoracic CT's of all patients with pathologically confirmed bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma diagnosed over a 36-month period were reviewed without knowledge of underlying histologic type. The dominant CT pattern was recorded as 1) air space consolidation; 2) focal nodule or mass; and 3) multicentric nodules or masses. Nodules and masses were further characterized according to borders, distribution, and associated findings, including spiculations and air bronchograms. Histology was independently reviewed. Twenty-seven patients, 16 women and 11 men, mean age 60 years, were diagnosed with bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. In 6 (22%) of the 27 cases, the histology was mucinous, with malignant goblet cells identified. Five (83%) of the six mucinous neoplasms manifested as air space consolidation and three (50%) of the six presented with multiple nodules, in which two had coexisting air space consolidation. Of the remaining 21 cases (78%) with nonmucinous histology, the primary malignant cells of origin included Clara cells (n = 8), tall columnar epithelial cells (n = 7) and alveolar type II pneumocytes (n = 6). Sclerosis was a dominant histologic feature in 14 (67%) of the 21 cases. Seventeen (81%) of the nonmucinous neoplasms presented as isolated nodules or masses and four (19%) presented as multiple nodules or masses. Of these four patients with multifocal disease and nonmucinous histology, multiple bronchioloalveolar adenomas accounted for multicentricity in two of the patients. Significant correlations included air space consolidation with mucinous histology (p = 0.001) and focal nodule or mass with nonmucinous histology (p = 0.001). At CT of bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma, the patterns of air-space consolidation correlate with mucinous histology and isolated nodules or masses with nonmucinous histology. The pattern of multiple nodules or masses, however, did not correlate with histology. Coexisting bronchioloalveolar adenomas can contribute to apparent multicentric disease in patients with nonmucinous histology.

Image-guided localization for video-assisted thoracic surgery.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has become a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of lung, pleural, and mediatstinal disease. Preoperative image-guided localization is performed to aid the surgeon in the thoracoscopic resection of small lung lesions that would otherwise be difficult to resect. This article describes the techniques of localization and reviews our experience with this procedure. While the majority of localization procedures are performed during an immediately preoperative computed tomography (CT), the use of intraoperative lesion localization using an endosonographic probe has been reported. The need for localization before resection is dependent on the skill and experience of the thoracoscopist and the characteristics of the lung lesions.

CT manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related pulmonary infections.

The infectious pulmonary complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reviewed, with emphasis on the spectrum of CT imaging findings and diagnostic accuracy and limitations as reported in the current literature. Changes in epidemiologic trends for common AIDS-related infections and the associated ranges of CD4 lymphocyte counts, when these infections are typically encountered, are discussed.

Role of thoracoscopy and preoperative localization procedures in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary pathology.

Video-assisted thoracic surgery is an important component of modern thoracic surgery, providing a safe, less invasive alternative to open thoracotomy in the evaluation of pleural, mediastinal, and parenchymal pathology. Advancements in endoscopic techniques and video-optics have permitted greater visualization of the thoracic cavity and allowed limited pulmonary resections with significantly reduced postoperative morbidity. Thoracoscopy is indicated for diagnosis of intrathoracic pathology when usual methods of diagnosis, including fine-needle aspiration and transbronchial biopsy, are inconclusive. The diagnostic accuracy of video-assisted thoracic surgery approaches 100%. Increasingly, the indications for thoracoscopy include therapeutic resections of pulmonary nodules in cases of limited lung metastases and bronchogenic carcinoma when pulmonary function is poor. Successful diagnostic and therapeutic resection by thoracoscopy requires intraoperative localization of the lesion within the collapsed lung. The indications and methods of thoracoscopic surgery and preoperative localization are discussed.

Embryogenesis of the secondary palate in pigeons.

Embryogenesis of the secondary palate in pigeons was studied, using light and electron microscopy. The secondary palate of the pigeon develops between Days 7 to 11 of incubation. During this period the palatal processes grow toward one another, but unlike those in the mammals and alligator, they never fuse. In contrast to both the chick, wherein the medial edge epithelium (MEE) differentiates to orthokeratinization, and quail wherein the MEE becomes parakeratinized, the MEE of the pigeon, like that of the duck, differentiates to a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous type. It is suggested that although patterns of morphogenesis of the secondary palate in different bird species appear to be similar, the programming, and consequently, the pattern of subcellular differentiation of the MEE may reflect natural selection or adaptation to differences in diets and feeding habits.