A regional EUS service using a collaborative network.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is increasingly used in the management of hepatobiliary lesions, allowing staging and tissue acquisition. It is operator-dependent, and fine needle aspiration (FNA) of solid lesions provides an auditable standard; high-volume centres have shown excellent results for solid pancreatic lesion FNA with sensitivities of 92%-97%. The British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines stress that clinical quality should determine service provision, with geographical accessibility a secondary consideration. We set up the Wessex EUS network, working from a single hepatobiliary (HPB) pancreatic multidisciplinary team, with EUS provided in four local centres providing agreed standards and audit. Pancreatic solid lesion FNA results showed a pooled sensitivity of 94%, comparable with high-volume single centres. This demonstrates a network with good clinical governance is a plausible solution to providing a specialist service such as EUS and may be a roadmap that other specialist services under pressure could follow.

Influence of cytokine and ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within genes (or their promoter regions) encoding cytokines, growth factors, and intercellular adhesion molecules modulate the risk of development of chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes or formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue from 53 patients with CP and 266 healthy controls. SNPs within the interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene promoter regions and the transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) genes were genotyped by the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction or 5' nuclease (Taqman) techniques. Patient-control comparisons were made using 2 x 2 contingency tables and chi2 analyses. RESULTS: A non-significant decrease in the frequency of the IL-8 -251 AA genotype and a non-significant increase in the frequency of the ICAM-1 +469 GA genotype was seen in patients compared with controls. No associations were identified between SNPs in the promoter regions of the IL-1beta, IL-6, or TNFalpha proinflammatory cytokines genes or the TGFbeta1 and VEGF genes and susceptibility to CP. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that genetic polymorphism within several cytokine genes is unlikely to influence susceptibility to CP, but the possible role of IL-8 and ICAM-1 polymorphisms in the development of this disease requires further investigation.

The rise of Clostridium difficile: the effect of length of stay, patient age and antibiotic use.

Hospitals in the UK have recently seen a marked increase in C. difficile for reasons which are unclear. Reduced standards of hygiene, increasingly elderly patients, greater cephalosporin use and longer hospital stay have been suggested. We retrospectively studied all cases of C. difficile diarrhoea at Princess Margaret Hospital, Swindon, over two years. Cephalosporins, patient age and LOS appeared unrelated to the rise in C. difficile; penicillins and macrolides were related. Our policy of using amoxycillin and clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia coincided with this study and may explain the observed rise in C. difficile.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for peri-ampullary neoplasia leads to specific micronutrient deficiencies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: After pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) patients may be deficient in essential micronutrients. This study was designed to determine if this is a consequence of surgery. METHODS: Long-term survivors (>6 months) of PD for peri-ampullary neoplasia and healthy controls (patients' spouse/partner) were enrolled in the study. Specific clinical parameters were recorded, serum micronutrient levels were measured and subjects completed 7-day food diaries. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were studied, 25 with paired controls. All were well nourished, as defined by body mass index and food diary analysis. Patients with paired controls were representative of all patients studied. Patients had raised transferrin (median 2.60 vs. 2.16 g/l, p = 0.001) and low ferritin levels (34.9 vs. 119.0 g/l, p < 0.001) indicating relative iron deficiency. Patients also demonstrated lower levels of the anti-oxidants selenium (0.77 vs. 0.93 micromol/l, p < 0.001) and vitamin E (23.2 vs. 35.7 micromol/l, p < 0.001) with 57% of patients having frank selenium deficiencies. Patients had lower levels of vitamin D than controls (15.7 vs. 19.6 micromol/l, p = 0.001) and 30% of patients had a raised parathyroid hormone level, suggesting compensatory mechanisms operate to maintain normocalcaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survivors of PD are relatively deficient in several micronutrients compared to non-operated controls taking the same diet. We recommend that micronutrient status should be regularly checked in these patients and treated where necessary.