Research progress of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires.

With the increasing integration density of silicon-based circuits, traditional electrical interconnections have shown their technological limitations. In recent years, GeSn materials have attracted great interest due to their potential direct bandgap transition and compatibility with silicon-based technologies. GeSn materials, including GeSn films, GeSn alloys, and GeSn nanowires, are adjustable, scalable, and compatible with silicon. GeSn nanowires, as one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, including out-of-plane GeSn nanowires and in-plane GeSn nanowires, have different properties from those of bulk materials due to their distinctive structures. However, the synthesis and potential applications of out of plane GeSn nanowires are rarely compared to highlighting their current development status and research trends in relevant review papers. In this article, we present the preparation of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires using top-down (etching and lithography) and bottom-up (vapor-liquid-solid) growth mechanism in the vapor-phase method and supercritical fluid-liquid-solid, solution-liquid-solid, and solvent vapor growth mechanisms in the liquid-phase method) methods. Specifically, the research progress on typical out of plane GeSn nanowires are discussed, while some current development bottlenecks are also been identified. Finally, it is also provided a brief description of the applications of out-of-plane GeSn nanowires with various Sn contents and morphologies.

The role of surgical factors eliciting oculocardiac reflex of patients undergoing orbital tumor surgery: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Orbital tumors are an interdisciplinary disease, and surgery is one of the main treatment methods. The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is a condition of surgery for orbital tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between many surgical factors and the incidence of OCR in orbital tumor surgery. METHODS: Comparisons were made between patients with and without OCR using the Mann-Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and Chi-square test. When comparing multiple groups (groups > 2), to explain which two groups had differences, post hoc testing was used for analysis, and the differences between groups were judged according to the adjusted standardized residuals. RESULTS: The results showed that the incidence of intraoperative OCR was different based on the different exposed operative field locations (p = 0.021). The OCR incidence in those with lesions involving the orbital apex and lesions adhering to extraocular muscles was higher than that of others (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003). In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that orbital apex involvement and extraocular muscle adhesion were highly associated with a higher incidence of OCR (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013), while the operative field located in the lateral-superior orbit was highly associated with a lower incidence of OCR (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: In orbital tumor surgery under general anesthesia, lesions involving the orbital apex and lesion adhesion to the extraocular muscles were independent risk factors for OCR, and an operative field located in the lateral-superior orbit was a protective factor for OCR.

Screening for frailty and its association with activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and falls among community-dwelling older adults in China.

OBJECTIVES: Frailty is a prevalent geriatric condition that significantly impacts the health of older adults. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of frailty among older Chinese adults aged ≥ 65 years and to assess its association with adverse geriatric outcomes. METHOD: This study included 20,724 older adults aged ≥ 65 years in Jiangsu Province, China, utilizing a random, stratified, multistage cluster sampling approach. Frailty was assessed using the 5-item FRAIL scale. Geriatric outcomes, such as independence in activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive impairment, and frequent fall events (occurring four or more times in the preceding year), were evaluated. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between frailty and geriatric outcomes, with results presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 73.4 ± 6.4 years. The standardized prevalence of prefrailty and frailty was 35.2% and 10.3%, respectively. Individuals identified as prefrail or frail tended to live in rural areas, have lower educational levels, be widowed, have lower incomes, and engage in less physical activity. Prefrailty and frailty were associated with an increased risk of limitations in BADL (OR: 9.62, 95% CI: 7.43-12.46; and OR: 29.25, 95% CI: 22.42-38.17, respectively) and IADL (OR: 2.54, 95% CI 2.35-2.74; and OR: 5.19, 95% CI 4.66-5.78, respectively), positive cognitive impairment screening (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.16-1.31; and OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.56-1.91, respectively), and frequent falls (occurring four or more times in the preceding year) (OR: 3.38, 95% CI: 2.50-4.56; and OR: 8.37, 95% CI: 6.01-11.65). The association between frailty and both limitations in BADL and falls was notably more pronounced among the younger age groups (p for interaction < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: According to the 5-item FRAIL scale, frailty was associated with limitations in BADLs and IADLs, positive cognitive impairment screening, and recent falls among older adults living in the community. Screening for frailty in younger age groups has the potential to prevent declines in physical function and falls.

Association of volatile organic compound exposure with metabolic syndrome and its components: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a health issue consisting of multiple metabolic abnormalities. The impact of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on MetS and its components remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the associations of individual urinary metabolites of VOC (mVOCs) and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components among the general adult population in the United States. METHODS: A total of 5345 participants with eligible data were filtered from the 2011-2020 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to assess the associations of individual mVOCs with MetS and its components. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models were constructed to identify more relevant mVOCs. The weight quantile sum regression model was applied to further explore the links between mVOC co-exposure and MetS and its components. RESULTS: The results indicated positive associations between multiple mVOCs and MetS, including CEMA, DHBMA, and HMPMA. CEMA was found to be positively correlated with all components of MetS. HMPMA was associated with elevated triglyceride (TG), reduced high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) impairment; 3HPMA was associated with an elevated risk of high TG and FBG impairment; and DHBMA had positive associations with elevated TG and high blood pressure. The co-exposure of LASSO-selected mVOCs was associated with an increased risk of elevated TG, high blood pressure, and FBG impairment. CONCLUSION: Positive associations of certain individual urinary mVOCs and mVOC mixtures with MetS and its components were observed by utilizing multiple statistical models and large-scale national data. These findings may serve as the theoretical basis for future experimental and mechanistic studies and have important implications for public health.

Antimicrobial efficacy of DJK-5 peptide in combination with EDTA against biofilms in dentinal tubules: Primary irrigation, recovery and re-irrigation.

AIM: To investigate the dynamic recovery of biofilms within dentinal tubules after primary irrigation with different protocols, and to evaluate the efficacy of various re-irrigation protocols on recovered biofilm, considering factors such as smear layer, nutrient conditions, and primary irrigants. METHODOLOGY: A total of 416 mono or multi-species biofilms samples were prepared from human teeth and incubated for 3 weeks. After inducing a smear layer on half of the samples, all specimens were irrigated with one of the following irrigant sequences: (1) 6% NaOCl +17% EDTA, (2) 6% NaOCl +8.5% EDTA, (3) 6% NaOCl and (8.5% EDTA +10 µg/mL DJK-5 antimicrobial peptide), or (4) sterile water. Thirty-two samples were used to assess immediate effect, whilst the rest were re-incubated to assess biofilms recovery. Nutrient conditions were defined based on whether culture media were changed (nutrient-rich) or not (nutrient-poor) during re-incubation. After 16 weeks, recovered biofilms underwent re-irrigation using four additional protocols, with or without DJK-5 peptide, based on primary irrigants. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed to evaluate immediate irrigant effects, biofilms recovery intervals (1, 3, 5, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after primary irrigation), and re-irrigation effects at the 16-week. Statistical analysis included one-way anova and two-way mixed anova tests. RESULTS: The DJK-5 peptide irrigation protocols demonstrated the highest killing rates during primary irrigation and resulted in a longer biofilms recovery time of 16 weeks compared to non-peptide protocols (p < .001). Both primary irrigation type and smear layer presence significantly influenced biofilms recovery (p < .001). In the absence of smear layer, re-irrigation efficacy didn't significantly differ from primary irrigation, regardless of primary irrigation type or nutrient conditions. However, with a smear layer present, re-irrigation led to significantly higher proportion of dead bacteria compared to primary irrigation (p < .05). Inclusion of the DJK-5 peptide into the re-irrigation protocol displayed superior killing rate compared to other protocols (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Biofilms exhibited susceptibility to both peptide and non-peptide protocols during re-irrigation, irrespective of nutrient conditions or primary irrigation protocols. The DJK-5 peptide irrigation protocols consistently displayed superior effectiveness compared to non-peptide protocols.

Postpartum pain and the risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis of observational studies.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis of observational studies aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship between postpartum pain and postpartum depression (PPD). METHODS: A systematic literature search was completed in the following databases from inception to September 26, 2022: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Quality evaluation of each study was achieved through Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) assessment. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by Cochran's Q test and I2 test. Pooled estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed using fixed-effects model or random-effects model, according to heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and Egger's test were also performed. RESULTS: From the identified 1884 articles, a total of 8 studies involving 3973 participants were included in the final meta-analysis. Seven of the 8 studies were evaluated as high-quality, with NOS scores ≥7. A significant heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 66.5%, p = 0.004) among eight studies. Therefore, the performed random-effect model suggested a significant association between postpartum pain and PPD risk (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.10-1.52, p = 0.002). However, the subgroup analyses did not define the source of heterogeneity. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis showed the stability of the pooled results, but the significant publication bias was identified (p = 0.009). The trim and fill method was performed and resulted in an OR of 1.14 (95% CI 0.95-1.37, p = 0.162). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis found a potential association between postpartum pain and PPD. Further researches are needed to provide more robust evidences.

Phase-locked µPIV analysis of flow dynamics in a simulated root canal with different laser-activated irrigations.

PURPOSE: To measure the dynamic characteristics of the flow field in a complex root canal model activated by two laser-activated irrigation (LAI) modalities at different activation energy outputs: photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and microshort pulse (MSP). METHODS: A phase-locked micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (µPIV) system was employed to characterise the temporal variations of LAI-induced velocity fields in the root canal following a single laser pulse. The wall shear stress (WSS) in the lateral root canal was subsequently estimated from the phase-averaged velocity fields. RESULTS: Both PIPS and MSP were able to generate the 'breath mode' of the irrigant current under all tested conditions. The transient irrigation flush in the root canal peaked at speeds close to 6 m/s. However, this intense flushing effect persisted for only about 2000 µs (or 3% of a single laser-pulse activation cycle). For MSP, the maximum WSS magnitude was approximately 3.08 Pa at an activation energy of E = 20 mJ/pulse, rising to 9.01 Pa at E = 50 mJ/pulse. In comparison, PIPS elevated the WSS to 10.63 Pa at E = 20 mJ/pulse. CONCLUSION: Elevating the activation energy can boost the peak flushing velocity and the maximum WSS, thereby enhancing irrigation efficiency. Given the same activation energy, PIPS outperforms MSP. Additionally, increasing the activation frequency may be an effective strategy to improve irrigation performance further.

Duration and severity of COVID-19 symptoms among primary healthcare workers: A cross-sectional survey.

AIMS: This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers, including the severity, duration of infection, post-infection symptoms and related influencing factors. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess the post-infection status of primary healthcare workers in Jiangsu Province. The questionnaire collected information on demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, post-infection clinical manifestations, work environment and recovery time of the respondents. Customized outcome events were selected as dependent variables and logistic regression models were employed to analyse the risk factors. Phi-coefficient was used to describe the relationship between post-infection symptoms. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that several factors, such as female, older age, obesity, previous medical history, exposure to high-risk environments and stress, were associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing more severe outcomes. On the other hand, vaccination and regular exercise were found to contribute to an earlier resolution of the infection. Among the post-infection symptoms, cough, malaise and muscle aches were the most frequently reported. Overall, there was a weak association among symptoms persisting beyond 14 days, with only cough and malaise, malaise and dizziness and headache showing a stronger correlation. CONCLUSION: The study findings indicate that the overall severity of the first wave of infection, following the complete lifting of restrictions in China, was low. The impact on primary healthcare workers was limited, and the post-infection symptoms exhibited similarity to those observed in other countries. It is important to highlight that these conclusions are specifically relevant to the population infected with the Omicron variant. IMPACTS: This study helps to grasp the impacts of the first wave of COVID-19 infections on healthcare workers in China after the national lockdown was lifted. PATIENTS: Primary healthcare workers in Jiangsu Province, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other personnel from primary healthcare units such as community health service centres and health centres.

Sodium hypochlorite against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm in dentinal tubules: effect of concentration, temperature, and exposure time.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two sodium hypochlorite concentrations at different exposure times and temperatures against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms of varying ages in human dentinal tubules. Dentin blocks were infected with E. faecalis for either 3 days or 3 weeks of incubation. Subsequently, the samples were exposed to sterile water, 2%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 3 and 10 min at 20 °C and 60 °C . Viability staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to assess the proportion of killed bacteria in the dentinal tubules after exposure. There are no significant differences in the efficacy of E. faecalis killing between 2% sodium hypochlorite at 60 °C for various exposure times and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite at different temperatures or exposure times (P > 0.05). When both solutions were compared at the same temperatures with a 10-min exposure time, no significant differences in the effectiveness of E. faecalis killing between 2% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite were observed (P > 0.05). To optimize the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite in killing E. faecalis while minimizing potential damage to root dentin and soft tissue, clinicians should prioritize increasing the temperature or exposure time of sodium hypochlorite, rather than raising its concentration.

In vitro efficacy of Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation versus passive ultrasonic irrigation and sonic-powered irrigation for treating multispecies biofilms in artificial grooves and dentinal tubules: an SEM and CLSM study.

BACKGROUND: Multispecies biofilms located in the anatomical intricacies of the root canal system remain the greatest challenge in root canal disinfection. The efficacy of Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation techniques for treating multispecies biofilms in these hard-to-reach areas has not been proved. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation techniques, namely, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS), in treating multispecies biofilms within apical artificial grooves and dentinal tubules, in comparison with conventional needle irrigation (CNI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and sonic-powered irrigation (EDDY). Two types of multispecies root canal biofilm models were established in combination with two assessment methods using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) with the aim to obtain more meaningful results. METHODS: Ninety extracted human single-rooted premolars were chosen for two multispecies biofilm models. Each tooth was longitudinally split into two halves. In the first model, a deep narrow groove was created in the apical segment of the canal wall. After cultivating a mixed bacterial biofilm for 4 weeks, the split halves were reassembled and subjected to five irrigation techniques: CNI, PUI, EDD, PIPS, and SWEEPS. The residual biofilms inside and outside the groove in Model 1 were analyzed using SEM. For Model 2, the specimens were split longitudinally once more to evaluate the percentage of killed bacteria in the dentinal tubules across different canal sections (apical, middle, and coronal thirds) using CLSM. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc multiple comparisons were used to assess the antibiofilm efficacy of the 5 irrigation techniques. RESULTS: Robust biofilm growth was observed in all negative controls after 4 weeks. In Model 1, within each group, significantly fewer bacteria remained outside the groove than inside the groove (P < 0.05). SWEEPS, PIPS and EDDY had significantly greater biofilm removal efficacy than CNI and PUI, both from the outside and inside the groove (P < 0.05). Although SWEEPS was more effective than both PIPS and EDDY at removing biofilms inside the groove (P < 0.05), there were no significant differences among these methods outside the groove (P > 0.05). In Model 2, SWEEPS and EDDY exhibited superior bacterial killing efficacy within the dentinal tubules, followed by PIPS, PUI, and CNI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Er:YAG laser-activated irrigation techniques, along with EDDY, demonstrated significant antibiofilm efficacy in apical artificial grooves and dentinal tubules, areas that are typically challenging to access.

Comparation of the effectiveness of conventional needle irrigation and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming with sodium hypochorite in the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial.

Photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) with an Er: YAG laser has been introduced in root canal treatment to improve irrigation and facilitate the removal of bacteria in the root canal system. This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effectiveness of two different root canal irrigation techniques, conventional needle irrigation (CNI) and PIPS, using 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), in the treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Sixty patients with a total of sixty teeth affected by apical periodontitis were included in this study. The teeth underwent root canal therapy, and after mechanical instrumentation, they were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30) based on the final irrigation protocol: CNI or PIPS with 1% NaOCl. Bacterial suspensions in the root canals were evaluated using Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) assay kit after mechanical instrumentation and after final irrigation. Then, a follow-up was conducted after 7 days. The results revealed that final irrigation significantly reduced ATP values in both the CNI and PIPS groups (P < 0.001). The ATP values after final irrigation was greater in the CNI group compared to the PIPS group (P < 0.001). After a 7-day follow-up, percussion tenderness and fistula were significantly resolved in both groups (P < 0.05). A multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the factors that influence post irrigation ATP values. The analysis demonstrated that pre-operative percussion tenderness (P = 0.006), the presence of a fistula (P < 0.001) and the method used in the final irrigation (P < 0.001) had a significant impact on the ATP value after final irrigation. These results indicate that employing PIPS with 1% NaOCl as the final irrigation protocol exhibited superior antibacterial effectiveness and has the potential to enhance clinical outcomes in the treatment of teeth afflicted with apical periodontitis.

Identification of a novel missense SCN5A mutation in a Chinese Han family with Brugada syndrome.

Brugada syndrome is an inherited cardiac arrythmia causes sudden death usually associated with loss-of-function mutations of SCN5A, a gene encodes α subunit of cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 which plays key role in cardiac function. SCN5A mutation screen is often applied to diagnosis of Brugada syndrome, while its genetic etiology remains not fully understood. In present study, we performed sequence analysis of SCN5A gene in a Chinese Han family with Brugada syndrome, and found a novel heterozygous mutation (c.4969 C > T, p.Leu1657Phe). Functional electrophysiological study showed that the mutation reduced ∼60% sodium current density and largely reduced Nav1.5 activation (positively shifted activation curve by 13.93 mV), which are the key features for the pathogenesis of Brugada syndrome. However, the mutation enhanced Nav1.5 function as it slightly decreased inactivation (positively shifted inactivation curve by 7.4 mV) and accelerated recovery (decreased fast recovery by 1.39 ms). In addition, the mutation acts in a dominant negatively manner as it reduced ∼49% sodium current densities in heterozygous state. In conclusion, the study describes a novel SCN5A mutation of p.Leu1657Phe associated with Brugada syndrome, the mutation reduced current density in a dominant negative manner and altered gating kinetics, which will benefit early clinical diagnosis of Brugada syndrome.

"One stone and two birds" strategy to treat neovascular age-related macular degeneration by a novel retinoid drug, EYE-101.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a typical pathological feature of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and has become a major cause of vision loss in the elderly. Current therapies require repeated intraocular injections of anti-VEGF drugs by inhibiting endothelial angiogenic effects, which is painful and may cause adverse effects on normal vascular and neuronal functions. Herein, we designed a novel retinoid drug, EYE-101, determined its therapeutic effects on CNV, and clarified the anti-angiogenic mechanism. The results show that administration of EYE-101 did not cause obvious cytotoxicity and ocular tissue toxicity at the concentrations less than 5 µM. Topical administration of EYE-101 could reduce choroidal sprouting, suppress laser-induced CNV formation, and decrease pericyte coverages on ocular vessels. Administration of EYE-101 also suppressed endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation and reduced pericyte proliferation, migration, recruitment towards endothelial cells. EYE-101 exerted its anti-angiogenic effects by targeting endothelial cells and pericytes via antagonizing Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and PDGF signaling. Thus, EYE-101 administration may offer an"one stone and two birds" strategy for the prevention and treatment of ocular neovascular disorders.

The significance of ophthalmological features in diagnosis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder. It has discriminable appearance. This study was conducted to dig the clinical significance of demographic characteristics and ophthalmologic diagram features in TAO diagnosis and stage/severity evaluation. RESULTS: We included 320 males and 633 females, with an average age of 41.75 ± 13.75. A majority of TAO patients had hyperthyroidism, and most of them were in the inactive stage and at the moderate level. The thyroid function type, stage and severity were closely associated with hypopsia, eyelid congestion, conjunctival congestion, corneal ulcer, ocular motility disorder, best corrected visual acuity, and extraocular muscle thickening. Using these features, we established different logistic regression models to predict thyroid function subtypes, abnormal thyroid function, stage, and severity, in which the AUC of the ROC curve and accuracies were satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Together, TAO subtype, stage and severity can be diagnosed by auxiliary references including demographic factors, symptoms from complains, and image features. These non-invasive indices can be applied in a timely manner in clinical estimating TAO status.

Periapical Lesions and Missed Canals in Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Study of a Chinese Subpopulation.

BACKGROUND Periapical lesions (PL) are a common complication of endodontically treated teeth (ETT), which can result from a missed canal (MC). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PL and MC in the ETT of a Chinese subpopulation and investigate potential associations between them. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 561 cone-beam computed tomography images were selected and analyzed. A total of 1024 endodontically treated posterior teeth excluding third molars were evaluated for the presence of PL and MC. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, as well as the odds ratio test, were used to determine whether there was an association and risk relationship between the incidence of PL and the occurrence of MC. RESULTS The overall prevalence of PL and MC in ETT was 56.1% and 19.0%, respectively. In endodontically treated molars, the incidence of PL and MC was 64.1% and 27.6%, whereas in premolars, it was 42.1% and 4.27%. The maxillary first molar showed the highest frequency of PL (71.5%) and MC (65.7%), with the mesiobuccal second canal being the most missed (78.8%). Teeth with an MC were found to be 3.658 times (95% confidence interval=2.541-5.301, P<0.0001) more likely to be associated with a PL. CONCLUSIONS Endodontically treated teeth with missed canals are associated with higher risks of periapical lesions. The high prevalence of these complications in a Chinese subpopulation underscores the importance of implementing enhanced diagnostic and treatment methods for root canal treatment or retreatment.

Characteristics and prognostic implications of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in patients with anti-MDA5 antibody positive dermatomyositis-interstitial lung disease.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the characteristics of blood lymphocyte subsets in dermatomyositis-interstitial lung disease (DM-ILD) inflicted patients with positive anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA5), as well as its prognosis value in this set of patients. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected from 253 DM-ILD patients from three hospitals in China between January 2016 to January 2021. Patients were grouped into anti-MDA5 antibody positive group (MDA5+ DM-ILD) and anti-MDA5 antibody negative group (MDA5- DM-ILD) based on myositis-specific autoantibody test results. Demographic characteristics, lymphocyte subsets patterns and other clinical features were compared between the two groups. The association of lymphocyte subsets with 180-day mortality was investigated using survival analysis in MDA5+ DM-ILD. RESULTS: Out of 253 eligible patients with DM-ILD, 59 patients were anti-MDA5+ and 194 were anti-MDA5-. Peripheral blood lymphocyte count, CD3+ count, percentage of CD3+, CD3+CD4+ count, and CD3+CD8+ count was lower in MDA5+ DM-ILD than in MDA5- DM-ILD- (all P < 0.001) as well as CD3-CD19+ count (P = 0.04). In MDA5+ DM-ILD, CD3+CD8+ count ≤ 49.22 cell/µL (HR = 3.81, 95%CI [1.20,12.14]) and CD3-CD19+ count ≤ 137.64 cell/µL (HR = 3.43, 95%CI [1.15,10.24]) were independent predictors of mortality. CD3+CD8+ count ≤ 31.38 cell/µL was associated with a higher mortality risk in all DM-ILD patients (HR = 8.6, 95%CI [2.12,31.44]) after adjusting for anti-MDA5 and other clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Significant lymphocytes decrease was observed in MDA5+ DM-ILD patients. CD3+CD8+ cell count was associated with worse prognosis in both MDA5+ DM-ILD and all DM-ILD patients.

A comparative study of biological properties of three root canal sealers.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Hiflow with other two kinds of root canal sealers on the biological behavior of stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP), the influence on inflammatory cytokines release and its antibacterial effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Material extracts of Hiflow, iRoot SP, and AH Plus were prepared. Then, SCAP was incubated with extracts. The effects were evaluated by CCK-8, wound healing assay, ALP staining, alizarin red staining, and qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, polymorphonuclears (PMNs) and monocytes were isolated and treated with extracts for 4 h and 24 h respectively. Cell viability was analyzed by Annexin-V/PI double staining flow cytometry. The effects on the release of cytokines were observed by ELISA. The antibacterial effects of different sealers were tested against three kinds of bacteria found in chronic apical periodontitis. RESULTS: A series of results of SCAP showed that Hiflow and iRoot SP could promote cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis (p < 0.05). Although Hiflow was associated with greater cell apoptosis and necrosis when incubated with PMNs and monocytes (p < 0.05), it had an approximate release of anti-inflammatory cytokines with iRoot SP, which was higher than AH plus (p < 0.05). The co-culture showed that Hiflow and iRoot SP inhibited the colony formation of F. nucleatum (p < 0.05). However, both sealers had no obvious antibacterial effect on E. faecalis and P. gingivalis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, Hiflow and iRoot SP both had positive biological stimulus on SCAP. Meanwhile, Hiflow showed a better induction on anti-inflammatory cytokines over the others. All the properties mentioned above and its antibacterial effect of F. nucleatum promise Hiflow a bright application prospect in endodontic uses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: References for clinical work to use BC Sealer Hiflow as a good biological root canal sealer.

An application framework of 3D assessment image registration accuracy and untouched surface area in canal instrumentation laboratory research with micro-computed tomography.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a customized framework for evaluating the registration accuracy of four registration techniques and measuring the untouched surface area of canal instrumentation by visually inspecting and calculating the overlapping area of the surfaces. METHODS: Twenty-one mandibular incisors were scanned by micro-computed tomography before and after instrumentation. Elastix registration, surface registration, manual registration, and DataViewer registration techniques were used to align the pre- and post-operative datasets. The customized MeVisLab framework was created to investigate the registration accuracy by visual inspection and calculating overlapping areas. The canal surfaces were imported into the same framework to measure the untouched surface area and the consistence test was validated. The correlation between registration accuracy and untouched surface area was analyzed. RESULTS: There is a statistically significant difference between manual registration and automatic registration (P < 0.05). There is no statistical difference between the two untouched surface measure methods (P > 0.05). The partial correlation coefficients for the untouched surface area and registration accuracy were 0.45 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This application framework based on free customizable software, allows a new method to measure registration accuracy and untouched surface area in an efficient and sensitive way. The application of a precise registration method would improve the quality of micro-CT canal instrumentation studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study developed a customized framework based on free software for evaluating the registration accuracy of different registration techniques and measuring the untouched surface area of canal instrumentation could help researchers to improve the quality of micro-CT studies of canal instrumentation.

Antimicrobial effects of agitational irrigation on single- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals.

This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of different agitation devices on single- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Dentin blocks were prepared from human root dentin. Enterococcus faecalis and multiple species were introduced into the dentinal tubules via centrifugation and incubation. Two infected dentin samples were placed at 8 and 16 mm in a customized model. Samples were randomly divided into eight groups according to the agitation device used: syringe needle irrigation, EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and EDDY, at 2.5% or 6% NaOCl concentrations. The samples were stained and observed using CLSM. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent sample t test and analysis of variance. Linear models were used to assess the joint impact of the experimental groups on the proportion of biofilms killed. No significant differences were observed between the killing rates of the single- and multispecies biofilms. Both concentrations of NaOCl significantly increased the percentage of dead bacteria compared with the control. Biofilms in dentin tubules was more effectively killed when NaOCl was agitated; however, the difference between PUI and EDDY was not significant. Significantly more bacteria were killed in dentin blocks placed at 8 mm than at 16 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EDDY was as effective as PUI when combined with NaOCl. However, the apical portion, which had a low antimicrobial efficiency, remains a concern. Mechanical instrumentation is incapable of completely eradicating bacteria, and additional research is required to improve the efficacy of root canal disinfection.

Effects of DJK-5 and chlorhexidine on exopolysaccharide volume and pH in oral biofilms.

BACKGROUND: Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are essential constituents of the extracellular matrix within oral biofilms and are significantly influenced by the local microenvironment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of two distinct antimicrobial agents, DJK-5 and chlorhexidine (CHX), on the EPS volume and pH levels in oral biofilms. METHODS: Oral biofilms obtained from two donors were cultured on hydroxyapatite discs for durations of 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks. Subsequently, these biofilms were subjected to treatment with 10 µg/mL DJK-5 or 2% CHX for 3 min. The impact of these antimicrobial treatments on factors such as the proportion of dead bacterial, in situ pH, and EPS volume within the biofilms was assessed using corresponding fluorescent probes. The examination was carried out utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the resulting images were analyzed with a focus on the upper and lower layers of the biofilm, respectively. RESULTS: DJK-5 exhibited a more potent bactericidal effect compared to CHX across the 3-day to 4-week duration of the biofilm (P < 0.05). The biofilms were acidic, with the upper layer being less acidic than the lower layer (P < 0.05). Both antimicrobial agents increased the pH, but DJK-5 had a greater effect than CHX (P < 0.05). The volume of EPS was significantly lower in DJK-5 treated biofilms compared to that of CHX, regardless of age or layer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: DJK-5 exhibited superior effectiveness in reducing viable bacteria and EPS volume, as well as in raising extracellular pH, as compared to chlorhexidine.