Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Assay for Rapid Serotyping of Erysipelothrix Species.

The Gram-positive bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a wide range of mammalian and avian species. Historically, E. rhusiopathiae has been differentiated from other Erysipelothrix species by serotyping. Among 28 serovars of Erysipelothrix species, specific serovars, namely, 1a, 1b, and 2 of E. rhusiopathiae, are associated mainly with the disease in pigs, poultry, and humans; however, other serovar strains are often simultaneously isolated from diseased and healthy animals, indicating the importance of isolate serotyping for epidemiology. The traditional serotyping protocol, which uses heat-stable peptidoglycan antigens and type-specific rabbit antisera in an agar-gel precipitation test, is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To develop a rapid serotyping scheme, we analyzed sequences of the 12- to 22-kb chromosomal region, which corresponds to the genetic region responsible for virulence of serovar 1a and 2 strains of E. rhusiopathiae, of the 28 serovars of Erysipelothrix species. We confirmed that the serovar 13 strain lacks the genomic region and that some serovar strains possess very similar or the same genetic structure, prohibiting differentiation of the serovars. We created 4 multiplex PCR sets allowing the simultaneous detection and differentiation of the majority of Erysipelothrix serovars. Together with a previously reported multiplex PCR that can differentiate serovars 1a, 1b, 2, and 5, the multiplex PCR-based assay developed in this study covers all but one (serovar 13) of the reported serovars of Erysipelothrix species and should be a valuable tool for etiological as well as epidemiological studies of Erysipelothrix infections.

Genome-Wide Identification of Virulence Genes in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Use of a Mutant Deficient in a tagF Homolog as a Safe Oral Vaccine against Swine Erysipelas.

Swine erysipelas is caused by the Gram-positive pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae The swine erysipelas live vaccine in Japan, the E. rhusiopathiae Koganei 65-0.15 strain (Koganei), has been reported to cause arthritis and endocarditis. To develop a vaccine with increased safety, we used a virulent Fujisawa strain to construct transposon mutants for a total of 651 genes, which covered 38% of the coding sequence of the genome. We screened the mutants for attenuation by inoculating mice with 108 CFU of each mutant and subsequently assessed protective capability by challenging the surviving mice with 103 CFU (102 times the 50% lethal dose) of the Fujisawa strain. Of the 23 attenuated mutants obtained, 6 mutants were selected and evaluated for protective capability in pigs by comparison to that of the Koganei strain. A mutant in the ERH_0432 (tagF) gene encoding a putative CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase was found to be highly attenuated and to induce humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in conventional pigs. An in-frame deletion mutant of the gene, the Δ432 mutant, was constructed, and attenuation was further confirmed in germfree piglets; three of four piglets subcutaneously inoculated with 109 CFU of the Δ432 mutant showed no apparent clinical symptoms, whereas all four of the Koganei-inoculated piglets died 3 days after inoculation. It was confirmed that conventional pigs inoculated orally or subcutaneously with the Δ432 strain were almost completely protected against lethal challenge infection. Thus, the tagF homolog mutant of E. rhusiopathiae represents a safe vaccine candidate that can be administered via the oral and subcutaneous routes.

Wild boars: A potential source of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in Japan.

The potential role of wild boars as a source of erysipelas infection was investigated. An ELISA test of wild boar serum samples from 41 prefectures in Japan revealed that proportions of the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae-positive samples were very high in all the prefectures, and the mean positive rate was 95.6% (1312/1372). Serovars of E. rhusiopathiae isolates from wild boars were similar to those of previously reported swine isolates, and all serovar isolates tested were found to be pathogenic to mice. These results suggest that wild boars in Japan constitute a reservoir of E. rhusiopathiae and may pose risks to other animals.

Identification of the Chromosomal Region Essential for Serovar-Specific Antigen and Virulence of Serovar 1 and 2 Strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas, an infection characterized by acute septicemia or chronic endocarditis and polyarthritis. Among 17 E. rhusiopathiae serovars, determined based on heat-stable peptidoglycan antigens, serovars 1 and 2 are most commonly associated with the disease; however, the molecular basis for the association between these serovars and virulence is unknown. To search for the genetic region defining serovar 1a (Fujisawa) strain antigenicity, we examined the 15-kb chromosomal region encompassing a putative pathway for polysaccharide biosynthesis, which was previously identified in the E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa strain. Six transposon mutants of Fujisawa strain possessing a mutation in this region lost antigenic reactivity with serovar 1a-specific rabbit serum. Sequence analysis of this region in wild-type strains of serovars 1a, 1b, and 2 and serovar N, which lacks serovar-specific antigens, revealed that gene organization was similar among the strains and that serovar 2 strains showed variation. Serovar N strains displayed the same gene organization as the serovar 1a, 1b, or 2 strain and possessed certain mutations in this region. In two of the analyzed serovar N strains, restoration of the mutations via complementation with sequences derived from serovar 1a and 2 strains recovered antigenic reactivity with 1a- and 2-specific rabbit serum, respectively. Several gene mutations in this region resulted in altered capsule expression and attenuation of virulence in mice. These results indicate a functional connection between the biosynthetic pathways for the capsular polysaccharide and peptidoglycan antigens used for serotyping, which may explain variation in virulence among strains of different serovars.

Clonal Lineages of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Responsible for Acute Swine Erysipelas in Japan Identified by Using Genome-Wide Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes swine erysipelas, an important infectious disease in the swine industry. In Japan, the incidence of acute swine erysipelas due to E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a has recently increased markedly. To study the genetic relatedness of the strains from the recent cases, we analyzed 34 E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a swine isolates collected between 1990 and 2011 and further investigated the possible association of the live Koganei 65-0.15 vaccine strain (serovar 1a) with the increase in cases. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed no marked variation among the isolates; however, sequencing analysis of a hypervariable region in the surface-protective antigen A gene (spaA) revealed that the strains isolated after 2007 exhibited the same spaA genotype and could be differentiated from older strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that the Japanese strains examined were closely related, showing a relatively small number of SNPs among them. The strains were classified into four major lineages, with Koganei 65-0.15 (lineage III) being phylogenetically separated from the other three lineages. The strains isolated after 2007 and the two older strains constituted one major lineage (lineage IV) with a specific spaA genotype (M203/I257-SpaA), while the recent isolates were further divided into two geographic groups. The remaining older isolates belonged to either lineage I, with the I203/L257-SpaA type, or lineage II, with the I203/I257-SpaA type. These results indicate that the recent increased incidence of acute swine erysipelas in Japan is associated with two sublineages of lineage IV, which have independently evolved in two different geographic regions.IMPORTANCE Using large-scale whole-genome sequence data from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from a wide range of hosts and geographic origins, a recent study clarified the existence of three distinct clades (clades 1, 2, and 3) that are found across multiple continents and host species, representing both livestock and wildlife, and an "intermediate" clade between clade 2 and the dominant clade 3 within the species. In this study, we found that the E. rhusiopathiae Japanese strains examined exhibited remarkably low levels of genetic diversity and confirmed that all of the Japanese and Chinese swine isolates examined in this study belong to clonal lineages within the intermediate clade. We report that spaA genotyping of E. rhusiopathiae strains is a practical alternative to whole-genome sequencing analysis of the E. rhusiopathiae isolates from eastern Asian countries.

Collagen adhesin-nanoparticle interaction impairs adhesin's ligand binding mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic bacteria specifically recognize extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of the host (e.g. collagen, fibrinogen and fibronectin) through their surface proteins known as MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) and initiate colonization. On implantation, biomaterials easily get coated with these ECM molecules and the MSCRAMMs mediate bacterial adherence to biomaterials. With the rapid rise in antibiotic resistance, designing alternative strategies to reduce/eliminate bacterial colonization is absolutely essential. METHODS: The Rhusiopathiae surface protein B (RspB) is a collagen-binding MSCRAMM of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. It also binds to abiotic surfaces. The crystal structure of the collagen-binding region of RspB (rRspB31-348) reported here revealed that RspB also binds collagen by a unique ligand binding mechanism called "Collagen Hug" which is a common theme for collagen-binding MSCRAMMs of many Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report the interaction studies between rRspB31-348 and silver nanoparticles using methods like gel shift assay, gel permeation chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy. RESULTS: The "Collagen Hug" mechanism was inhibited in the presence of silver nanoparticles as rRspB31-348 was unable to bind to collagen. The total loss of binding was likely because of rRspB31-348 and silver nanoparticle protein corona formation and not due to the loss of the structural integrity of rRspB31-348 on binding with nanoparticles as observed from circular dichroism experiments. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Interaction of rRspB31-348 with silver nanoparticle impaired its ligand binding mechanism. Details of this inhibition mechanism may be useful for the development of antimicrobial materials and antiadhesion drugs.

Characterization and identification of a novel candidate vaccine protein through systematic analysis of extracellular proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, is a facultative intracellular Gram-positive bacterium. It has been shown that animals immunized with a filtrate from E. rhusiopathiae cultures are protected against lethal challenge. In this study, we identified and characterized the extracellular proteins of E. rhusiopathiae to search for novel vaccine antigens. A concentrated culture supernatant from the E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa strain, which has been found to induce protection in mice, was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis. From more than 40 confirmed protein spots, 16 major protein spots were selected and subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence determination, and 14 protein spots were successfully identified. The identified proteins included housekeeping proteins and other metabolic enzymes. We searched for surface-localized proteins by analyzing the genomes of two E. rhusiopathiae strains: Fujisawa and ATCC 19414. Genome analysis revealed that the ATCC 19414 strain has three putative surface-exposed choline-binding proteins (CBPs): CbpA, CbpB, and CbpC. Each CBP contains a putative choline-binding domain. The CbpC gene is mutated in Fujisawa, becoming a nonfunctional pseudogene. Immunogold electron microscopy confirmed that CbpA and CbpB, as well as the majority of the metabolic enzymes examined, are associated with the cell surface of E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa. Immunization with recombinant CbpB, but not with other recombinant CBPs or metabolic enzymes, protected mice against lethal challenge. A phagocytosis assay revealed that antiserum against CbpB promoted opsonin-mediated phagocytosis by murine macrophages in vitro. The protective capabilities of CbpB were confirmed in pigs, suggesting that CbpB could be used as a vaccine antigen.

Outer membrane protein BamA-based ELISA differentiates Salmonella-vaccinated chickens from naturally infected chickens.

Salmonella often causes subclinical infection in chickens, but antibody tests can find infected individuals and control the spread of infection. In this study, the S. Typhimurium-specific outer membrane, ß-barrel assembly machinery protein A (BamA), was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a coating antigen to develop a BamA-based enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay for detecting Salmonella infection. The presence of anti-BamA IgG was detected in the sera of infected BALB/c mice, but not in that of heat-killed Salmonella-vaccinated mice. The assay was validated using White Leghorn chickens and showed similar results. The detection of BamA antibodies in the sera can differentiate infected chickens from vaccinated chickens. This assay will be useful for monitoring Salmonella infection in chickens and possibly in other animals.

Differentiation of Salmonella vaccinated and infected animals by serological detection of antibody to T3SS effector SsaK in an indirect ELISA.

The differentiation of animals that are vaccinated and those that are naturally infected with Salmonella is difficult by conventional serological tests. We have shown here an indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Salmonella infection based on the presence of a Type III secretory effector SsaK in the sera.

Capsular polysaccharide of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, and its modification with phosphorylcholine.

The capsule has been implicated in the virulence of the swine pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a rod-shaped, intracellular Gram-positive bacterium that has a unique phylogenetic position in the phylum Firmicutes and is a close relative of Mollicutes (mycoplasma species). In this study, we analyzed the genetic locus and composition of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of the Fujisawa strain of E. rhusiopathiae. Genome analysis of the Fujisawa strain revealed that the genetic locus for capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) is located next to an lic operon, which is involved in the incorporation and expression of phosphorylcholine (PCho). Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that cps and lic are transcribed as a single mRNA, indicating that the loci form an operon. Using the cell surface antigen-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) ER21 as a probe, the capsular materials were isolated from the Fujisawa strain by hot water extraction and treatment with DNase, RNase, pronase, and N-acetylmuramidase SG, followed by anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The materials were then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The CPS of E. rhusiopathiae is heterogeneous and consists of the major monosaccharides galacturonic acid, galactose, mannose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, and N-acetylglucosamine and some minor monosaccharides containing ribose, rhamnose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. In addition, the capsule is modified by PCho, which comigrates with the capsular materials, as determined by Western immunoblotting, and colocalizes on the cell surface, as determined by immunogold electron microscopy. Virulence testing of PCho-defective mutants in mice demonstrated that PCho is critical for the virulence of this organism.

Two Akabane virus glycoprotein Gc domains induce neutralizing antibodies in mice.

Akabane virus (AKAV), belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus and family Peribunyaviridae, causes reproductive and congenital abnormalities in ruminants. Its envelope glycoprotein Gc is a neutralizing antigen, on which at least five distinct antigenic regions have been identified. We attempted to identify the domains using truncated recombinant AKAV Gc proteins expressed in Escherichia coli and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with AKAV-neutralizing activity. Dot blot analysis revealed that amino acid positions 1-97 and 189-397 (Gc1-97 and Gc189-397) in the truncated recombinant proteins reacted with the mAbs. Additionally, AKAV was neutralized by sera from mice immunized with these recombinant proteins. The results suggested that the two domains contain neutralizing epitopes and could be potential subunit vaccines against AKAV.

A PCR assay to specifically detect serovar 1a strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and differentiate them from serovar 2 strains possessing an intact ERH_1440 gene.

The Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae ERH_1440 gene, which encodes CDP-glycerol:poly (glycerophosphate) glycerophosphotransferase, is conserved in serovar 1a strains. The gene is usually missing or truncated in other serovar strains and therefore has been used for PCR detection of serovar 1a strains. We have previously reported a rare case of an E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an intact ERH_1440. In this study, we analyzed three additional serovar 2 strains with an intact ERH_1440 and developed a new PCR assay for the specific detection and differentiation of serovar 1a strains from these serovar 2 strains. PCR with primers designed based on serovar 1a-specific gene sequences upstream of ERH_1440 showed 100% specificity for four hundred thirty Erysipelothrix strains isolated from extensive origins.

Rational Design of Live-Attenuated Vaccines against Genome-Reduced Pathogens.

To develop safe and highly effective live vaccines, rational vaccine design is necessary. Here, we sought a simple approach to rationally develop a safe attenuated vaccine against the genome-reduced pathogen Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. We examined the mRNA expression of all conserved amino acid biosynthetic genes remaining in the genome after the reductive evolution of E. rhusiopathiae. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that half of the 14 genes examined were upregulated during the infection of murine J774A.1 macrophages. Gene deletion was possible only for three proline biosynthesis genes, proB, proA, and proC, the last of which was upregulated 29-fold during infection. Five mutants bearing an in-frame deletion of one (ΔproB, ΔproA, or ΔproC mutant), two (ΔproBA mutant), or three (ΔproBAC mutant) genes exhibited attenuated growth during J774A.1 infection, and the attenuation and vaccine efficacy of these mutants were confirmed in mice and pigs. Thus, for the rational design of live vaccines against genome-reduced bacteria, the selective targeting of genes that escaped chromosomal deletions during evolution may be a simple approach for identifying genes which are specifically upregulated during infection. IMPORTANCE Identification of bacterial genes that are specifically upregulated during infection can lead to the rational construction of live vaccines. For this purpose, genome-based approaches, including DNA microarray analysis and IVET (in vivo expression technology), have been used so far; however, these methods can become laborious and time-consuming. In this study, we used a simple in silico approach and showed that in genome-reduced bacteria, the genes which evolutionarily remained conserved for metabolic adaptations during infection may be the best targets for the deletion and construction of live vaccines.

The genome of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas, reveals new insights into the evolution of firmicutes and the organism's intracellular adaptations.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacterium that represents a new class, Erysipelotrichia, in the phylum Firmicutes. The organism is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes swine erysipelas, as well as a variety of diseases in many animals. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence analysis of a member of the class Erysipelotrichia. The E. rhusiopathiae genome (1,787,941 bp) is one of the smallest genomes in the phylum Firmicutes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 31 universal protein families suggest that E. rhusiopathiae is phylogenetically close to Mollicutes, which comprises Mycoplasma species. Genome analyses show that the overall features of the E. rhusiopathiae genome are similar to those of other Gram-positive bacteria; it possesses a complete set of peptidoglycan biosynthesis genes, two-component regulatory systems, and various cell wall-associated virulence factors, including a capsule and adhesins. However, it lacks many orthologous genes for the biosynthesis of wall teichoic acids (WTA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and the dltABCD operon, which is responsible for d-alanine incorporation into WTA and LTA, suggesting that the organism has an atypical cell wall. In addition, like Mollicutes, its genome shows a complete loss of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and lacks the genes for the biosynthesis of many amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins, indicating reductive genome evolution. The genome encodes nine antioxidant factors and nine phospholipases, which facilitate intracellular survival in phagocytes. Thus, the E. rhusiopathiae genome represents evolutionary traits of both Firmicutes and Mollicutes and provides new insights into its evolutionary adaptations for intracellular survival.

Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the collagen-binding region of RspB from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.

RspB is a surface adhesin of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. A recombinant form of the collagen-binding region of this protein, RspB((31-348)), has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli in native and selenomethionine-derivative forms and purified using affinity and gel-permeation chromatography. Thin plate-like crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using the same condition for both forms. The native crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 A using an in-house X-ray source, while the selenomethionine-derivative crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.2 A using synchrotron radiation. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 46.19, b = 66.65, c = 101.72 A, beta = 94.11 degrees .

Erysipelothrix Spp.: Past, Present, and Future Directions in Vaccine Research.

Erysipelothrix spp. comprise a group of small Gram-positive bacteria that can infect a variety of hosts including mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and insects. Among the eight Erysipelothrix species that have been described to date, only Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae plays a major role in farmed livestock where it is the causative agent of erysipelas. E. rhusiopathiae also has zoonotic potential and can cause erysipeloid in humans with a clear occupational link to meat and fish industries. While there are 28 known Erysipelothrix serovars, over 80% of identified isolates belong to serovars 1 or 2. Vaccines to protect pigs against E. rhusiopathiae first became available in 1883 as a response to an epizootic of swine erysipelas in southern France. The overall vaccine repertoire was notably enlarged between the 1940s and 1960s following major outbreaks of swine erysipelas in the Midwest USA and has changed little since. Traditionally, E. rhusiopathiae serovar 1a or 2 isolates were inactivated (bacterins) or attenuated and these types of vaccines are still used today on a global basis. E. rhusiopathiae vaccines are most commonly used in pigs, poultry, and sheep where the bacterium can cause considerable economic losses. In addition, erysipelas vaccination is also utilized in selected vulnerable susceptible populations, such as marine mammals in aquariums, which are commonly vaccinated at regular intervals. While commercially produced erysipelas vaccines appear to provide good protection against clinical disease, in recent years there has been an increase in perceived vaccine failures in farmed animals, especially in organic outdoor operations. Moreover, clinical erysipelas outbreaks have been reported in animal populations not previously considered at risk. This has raised concerns over a possible lack of vaccine protection across various production species. This review focuses on summarizing the history and the present status of E. rhusiopathiae vaccines, the current knowledge on protection including surface antigens, and also provides an outlook into future directions for vaccine development.

Genetic analysis of an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae swine isolate determined to be serovar 2 by a gel double diffusion test but serovar 1a/2 by a serotyping PCR assay.

We previously developed a multiplex PCR assay for the differentiation of serovar 1a, 1b, 2 and 5 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. In this study, we analyzed the serovar-defining chromosomal region of a serovar 2 swine isolate, which was PCR-positive for both serovars 1a and 2 by the multiplex PCR assay. Genetic analysis of the chromosomal region revealed that, as in serovar 1a strains, the ERH_1440 gene, which is usually truncated or missing in serovar 2 strains, was intact in this strain. This paper first shows an E. rhusiopathiae serovar 2 strain possessing an intact ERH_1440 gene and suggests that care may be needed when determining the serovar of such rare strains by PCR assay.

An invasive infection with an unusual spaB-possessing Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a human.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a variety of animals. In humans, in contrast to the cutaneous form called erysipeloid, which is an occupational disease and common in individuals who handle raw meat and fish, invasive systemic infections are unusual. E. rhusiopathiae expresses an immunogenic surface protein, Spa (surface protective antigen), which is involved in virulence. Among the antigenically different Spa proteins (SpaA, B and C), which are mostly associated with serovars, SpaA is by far the most prevalent in E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased animals. However, the Spa type has not been examined for human isolates, and it is unknown whether SpaB- or SpaC-possessing isolates can cause disease in humans. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a case of human pyogenic spondylitis was analysed. The bacterium was identified as E. rhusiopathiae by a routine biochemical test and MS, and ultimately confirmed by an E. rhusiopathiae-specific PCR assay. Spa typing by sequencing revealed the SpaB type, and the serovar of the strain was identified as untypeable by a conventional agar gel precipitation test, but determined to be serovar 6 by a serotyping PCR assay. Sequence analysis of the serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that the isolate displayed the same gene organization as the serovar 6 reference strain, but the region was disrupted by an insertion sequence element, suggesting that the isolate originated from a serovar 6 strain. These results highlight that unusual, spaB-possessing E. rhusiopathiae strains can potentially pose serious risks to humans.

The protective capacity of anti-O4 antigen antibodies against Salmonella infection is influenced by the presence or absence of the O5 antigen.

Anti-O-antigen antibodies, such as anti-O4 antigen IgG, induce protective immunity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection. S. Typhimurium belongs to the group O4, which can be classified into two serological variants, namely factor O5 antigen positive (O5+) and factor O5 antigen negative (O5-). In this study, we determined the protective immunity induced by anti-O4 antigen IgG against O5+ and O5- S. Typhimurium infection in a mouse model. Unexpectedly, anti-O4 antigen IgG induced protection against O5- of S. Typhimurium, but not against O5+ of S. Typhimurium. We suggest that the affinity of the O4 antigen with anti-O4 antigen IgG is stronger in the O5- S. Typhimurium compared to the O5+ S. Typhimurium. Although anti-O4 antigen IgG has the potential to protect against S. Typhimurium infection, the effects of anti-O4 antigen IgG in protection against Salmonella infection differ depending on the presence or absence of the O5 antigen.

A putative transcription regulator involved in the virulence attenuation of an acriflavine-resistant vaccine strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas.

Acriflavine, an acridine dye that causes frameshift mutations, has been used to attenuate various veterinary pathogens for the development of live vaccines. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Koganei 65-0.15 strain (Koganei) (serovar 1a) is the acriflavine-resistant live vaccine currently used in Japan for the control of swine erysipelas. To investigate the attenuation mechanisms of the Koganei strain, we analyzed the draft genome sequence of the Koganei strain against the reference genome sequence of the E. rhusiopathiae Fujisawa strain (serovar 1a). The sequence analysis revealed a high degree of sequence similarity between the two strains and identified a total of 98 sequence differences within 80 protein-coding sequences. Among them, insertions/deletions (indels) were identified in 9 genes, of which 7 resulted in frameshift and premature termination. To investigate whether these mutations resulted in the attenuation of the Koganei strain, we focused on the indel mutation identified in ERH_0661, an XRE family transcriptional regulator. We introduced the mutation into ERH_0661 of the Fujisawa strain and restored the mutation of the Koganei strain. Animal experiments using the recombinant strains showed that mice survived inoculation with 103 colony forming units (CFUs) (equivalent to approximately 100 50% lethal doses [LD50] of the wild-type Fujisawa) of the recombinant Fujisawa strain, and the mice became ill after inoculation with 108 CFUs of the recombinant Koganei strain. These results suggest that the transcriptional regulator ERH_0661 is involved in the virulence of E. rhusiopathiae and that the ERH_0661 mutation is partially responsible for the attenuation of the Koganei strain.