Niche-based screening identifies small-molecule inhibitors of leukemia stem cells.

Efforts to develop more effective therapies for acute leukemia may benefit from high-throughput screening systems that reflect the complex physiology of the disease, including leukemia stem cells (LSCs) and supportive interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment. The therapeutic targeting of LSCs is challenging because LSCs are highly similar to normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and are protected by stromal cells in vivo. We screened 14,718 compounds in a leukemia-stroma co-culture system for inhibition of cobblestone formation, a cellular behavior associated with stem-cell function. Among those compounds that inhibited malignant cells but spared HSPCs was the cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin. Lovastatin showed anti-LSC activity in vitro and in an in vivo bone marrow transplantation model. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the effect was on target, via inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. These results illustrate the power of merging physiologically relevant models with high-throughput screening.

Differential niche and Wnt requirements during acute myeloid leukemia progression.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) engage in complex bidirectional signals with the hematopoietic microenvironment (HM), and there is emerging evidence that leukemia stem cells (LSCs) may use similar interactions. Using a syngeneic retroviral model of MLL-AF9 induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we have identified 2 different stages of leukemia progression, propagated by "pre-LSCs" and established leukemia (LSCs) and compared the homing properties of these distinctive entities to that of normal HSCs. The homing and microlocalization of pre-LSCs was most similar to long-term HSCs and was dependent on cell-intrinsic Wnt signaling. In contrast, the homing of established LSCs was most similar to that of committed myeloid progenitors and distinct from HSCs. Although osteoblast-derived Dickkopf-1, a potent Wnt inhibitor known to impair HSC function, dramatically impaired normal HSC localization within the bone marrow, it did not affect pre-LSCs, LSC homing, or AML development. Mechanistically, cell-intrinsic Wnt activation was observed in human and murine AML samples, explaining the independence of MLL-AF9 LSCs from niche-derived Wnt signals. These data identify differential engagement of HM associated with leukemic progression and identify an LSC niche that is physically distinct and independent of the constraints of Wnt signaling that apply to normal HSCs.

The Apc(min) mouse has altered hematopoietic stem cell function and provides a model for MPD/MDS.

Apc, a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is a bona-fide tumor suppressor whose loss of function results in intestinal polyposis. APC is located in a commonly deleted region on human chromosome 5q, associated with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), suggesting that haploinsufficiency of APC contributes to the MDS phenotype. Analysis of the hematopoietic system of mice with the Apc(min) allele that results in a premature stop codon and loss of function showed no abnormality in steady state hematopoiesis. Bone marrow derived from Apc(min) mice showed enhanced repopulation potential, indicating a cell intrinsic gain of function in the long-term hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population. However, Apc(min) bone marrow was unable to repopulate secondary recipients because of loss of the quiescent HSC population. Apc(min) mice developed a MDS/myeloproliferative phenotype. Our data indicate that Wnt activation through haploinsufficiency of Apc causes insidious loss of HSC function that is only evident in serial transplantation strategies. These data provide a cautionary note for HSC-expansion strategies through Wnt pathway activation, provide evidence that cell extrinsic factors can contribute to the development of myeloid disease, and indicate that loss of function of APC may contribute to the phenotype observed in patients with MDS and del(5q).

Secreted-protein response to sigmaU activity in Streptomyces coelicolor.

The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor forms an aerial mycelium as a prerequisite to sporulation, which occurs in the aerial hyphae. Uncontrolled activity of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor sigmaU blocks the process of aerial mycelium formation in this organism. Using a green fluorescent protein transcriptional reporter, we have demonstrated that sigU transcription is autoregulated. We have defined a sigmaU-dependent promoter sequence and used this to identify 22 likely sigmaU regulon members in the S. coelicolor genome. Since many of these genes encode probable secreted proteins, we characterized the extracellular proteome of a mutant with high sigmaU activity caused by disruption of rsuA, the presumed cognate anti-sigma factor of sigmaU. This mutant secreted a much greater quantity and diversity of proteins than the wild-type strain. Peptide mass fingerprinting was used to identify 79 proteins from the rsuA mutant culture supernatant. The most abundant species, SCO2217, SCO0930, and SCO2207, corresponded to secreted proteins or lipoproteins of unknown functions whose genes are in the proposed sigmaU regulon. Several unique proteases were also detected in the extracellular proteome of the mutant, and the levels of the protease inhibitor SCO0762 were much reduced compared to those of the wild type. Consequently, extracellular protease activity was elevated about fourfold in the rsuA mutant. The functions of the proteins secreted as a result of sigmaU activity may be important for combating cell envelope stress and modulating morphological differentiation in S. coelicolor.

In Vivo RNAi screening identifies a leukemia-specific dependence on integrin beta 3 signaling.

We used an in vivo small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screening approach to identify genes that are essential for MLL-AF9 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that Integrin Beta 3 (Itgb3) is essential for murine leukemia cells in vivo and for human leukemia cells in xenotransplantation studies. In leukemia cells, Itgb3 knockdown impaired homing, downregulated LSC transcriptional programs, and induced differentiation via the intracellular kinase Syk. In contrast, loss of Itgb3 in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells did not affect engraftment, reconstitution, or differentiation. Finally, using an Itgb3 knockout mouse model, we confirmed that Itgb3 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis but is required for leukemogenesis. Our results establish the significance of the Itgb3 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in AML.