Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability.

Evaluating different doses of caffeine (CAF) on heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) during and following exercise in order to assess its impact on autonomic control. We intended to evaluate the influence of CAF as a supplement before exercise on HRV through a systematic review. Manuscripts were selected based on electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases from 2010 to 2019 and followed the protocol Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA). Blind randomized designs and controlled trials that reported the influence of CAF on HRV during exercise and during recovery from exercise, with strength of evidence assessed using the GRADE system; the search for the studies was organized using the PICOS strategy. A total of 1797 articles were recognized, following the screening and eligibility stages, 9 studies continued to the final sample. Six studies reported that the combination of CAF supplementation with physical exercise exhibited higher HR when compared to the placebo group during post-exercise recovery; additionally, prolonged activation of sympathetic cardiac control and delayed parasympathetic reactivation following exercise was observed. However, three studies demonstrated no CAF influence when using similar doses. This review observed equivocal results in HR and HRV recovery following exercise with the presence of CAF consumption. These findings cannot confirm the cardiac autonomic changes observed where entirely due to the influence of CAF, and further studies should be performed to better understand this relationship.KEY TEACHING POINTSCAF increased HR during exercise and throughout the recovery period.CAF prolonged post exercise sympathetic activity.CAF delayed vagal reactivation.Deviations in HRV and HR are dependent on the combination of three main factors: CAF dosage, type of exercise, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation increases the number of fos-cells in the reward system in response to a 5-HT6 receptor agonist in male adolescent rats.

Undernutrition promotes morphofunctional adaptations in neuroanatomical circuits, leading to behavioural changes. Adolescence is a period of vulnerability for these adaptations, such as the control of food intake and the serotonergic system. The serotonergic system is capable of promoting satiety. However, its role in hedonic control has not been fully elucidated. The involvement of the 5-HT6 receptor in motivational feeding behaviours was recently observed. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a 5-HT6 receptor agonist on food intake and neuronal activation in areas of the reward system in adolescent rats subjected to perinatal protein undernutrition. Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to nutritional manipulation during gestation and lactation. It has been observed that undernourished animals present greater neuronal activation in response to the 5HT-6 receptor agonist in areas of the food reward system.

Early exposure of dams to a westernized diet has long-term consequences on food intake and physiometabolic homeostasis of the rat offspring.

This study evaluated the long-term effects of a westernized diet during pregnancy and lactation. Female Wistar rats (n = 12) were divided into two groups according to their food intake, namely, control (C) or westernized (W) diet, throughout pregnancy/lactation. On the 21st day, the male pups were weaned on a standard diet as follows: Control diet (CC) (n = 8) and westernized diet in perinatal life followed by control diet post weaning (WC) (n = 8). The levels of fasting (12 h) serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol and fraction in the pups were determined. During weaning, the WC group showed 14% greater body weight (p < 0.001). In the adulthood, the offspring from dams fed on westernized diet showed hyperphagia, hyperinsulinism, hypertriglyceridemia, higher fat visceral weight, higher very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level, decreased high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol level, and altered glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, maternal western-style diet in early life altered long-term food intake, visceral fat pad, insulin, glucose and lipid serum, and increased risk of metabolic disorders.

Comparative Analysis of the GH/IGF-1 Axis during the First Sixth Months in Children with Low Birth Weight.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relation between alterations in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis during the first 6 months of life and weight in children born in the lower-middle São Francisco region. METHODS: This is an analytical cohort and exploratory. Thirty children, were formed two groups, one of low birth weight children (LBW, n = 15) and another of normal weight (NBW = 15) were initially identified in a hospital and reapproached at 3 and 6 months of age. Birth weight and alterations in GH/IGF-1 curves were measured at birth and the third and sixth months of life. RESULTS: Weight gain during the 6 months of follow-up in newborns with a low birth weight was greater compared to newborns with a normal birth weight. All children who were born with a low birth weight had an altered GH/IGF-1 curve at birth (p = 0.002). Most newborns with a low birth weight maintained the alteration in the GH/IGF-1 curve at the third month of life (p = 0.027). Regarding the GH/IGF-1 curve at the sixth month, alteration persisted in greater proportion among children with a low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in insulin resistance markers, demonstrated by increased GH without a proportional increase in IGF-1, were observed to be significant in children with a low birth weight with greater adiposity in this group which may increase the risk of metabolic diseases in later life.

Blockade of Opiodergic System During Early Weaning Reverts Feeding Behavior Altered Patterns.

Adverse experiences that occur during the early stages of life can have permanent repercussions in adulthood. Among these experiences, early weaning is one that can alter the molecular, cellular, and behavior patterns in later life. Centered on this fact, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of early weaning at 15 days of life of Wistar rats on their feeding behavior and if the opioidergic system blockade would cause a reversal of these outcomes. Experimental groups were formed based on the weaning period of each litter. On postnatal day 15, the group D15 was weaned and, on postnatal day 30 (natural weaning), the group D30 was weaned. The rats weaned on postnatal day 15, and administered subcutaneous Naltrexone (3 mg/kg) were from group D15 + NTX. Those weaned at 15 days of age exhibited higher depressive-like behavior, lesser reactivity time to sucrose, and higher intake of palatable food than the control group. The Naltrexone administration was observed to reverse some outcomes, such as increasing the reactivity time to sucrose and decreasing the quantity of palatable food consumed, to levels similar to those of the control group. Together, the findings of the present study are indicative of the vital role played by the opioidergic system in inducing the changes noted in the eating behavior patterns during adulthood, post early weaning.

Hypothalamic peptide and nutrient sensors gene expression in the hypothalamus of neonatal rat.

In the neonate, the main mediator for satiety or hunger is the information of distention or gastric contraction. Food intake controls has two types of a short-term one, based on the level of hydration, and another long-term one, dependent on the gastric stretch. The aim of this study is to evaluate the gene expression of peptides and nutrient sensors in the hypothalamus at 10 and 18 days of postnatal life. Male rats divided into groups: Fasting, Water, Milk, and Gavage.Two age groups had analyzed into 10 and 18 days. Gene expression of hypothalamic peptides, Neuropeptide Y(NPY), Agouti-related peptide(AgRP), proopiomelanocortin(POMC), cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript(CART), and energy sensors mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK) in the hypothalamus was seen. During the fasting period, there was an increase in expression of AMPK seen in 10 and 18 days, also mTOR reduction. Expression of NPY, AgRP, and POMC suffered the fasting effect only at 18 days. The effect of gastric distention and energy loads, there was increased expression of AMPK at 10 and 18 days, but expression of mTOR showed only at 18 days. There was increased NPY expression at 18 days, but not at 10 days, while AgRP increased its expression at both ages. At 10 days gene expression of CART increased and POMC as well as 10-18 days. Data demonstrated a simultaneous responsiveness to hypothalamic nutrient sensing also, controlling peptide food consumption even at an early age. The mature standard of control only observed at 18 days of life.

Early life stress induced by maternal separation during lactation alters the eating behavior and serotonin system in middle-aged rat female offspring.

Stressful events occurring during early life have been related to behavioral and neurochemical disturbances. Maternal separation during the first two weeks of life is a traumatic event that strongly affects the feeding behavior and serotonergic system of the progeny in adulthood. As this system modulates the feeding behavior, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of maternal separation-induced stress on both the feeding behavior and serotonergic system of the middle-aged female rats by manipulating this system using fluoxetine, a selective serotonin transporter inhibitor. Lactating Wistar rats were separated from their litters from postnatal day 2 (PND 2) to PND 14 for 3 h in the dark phase of the circadian cycle. The maternally separated (MS) and control (C) groups were distinguished from each other based on the incidence or absence of maternal separation (early life stress). All the analyses were done on the female offspring from one-year of age. Maternal separation anticipated the satiety point in these females. This anticipation was linked to lower food intake, meal duration and meal size. These results mirrored the effects of fluoxetine in the control animals. Furthermore, maternal separation was associated with 5ht1b serotonin receptor hyperexpression in the hypothalamus. These findings demonstrate that maternal separation has long-lasting effects on the eating behavior and serotonergic system and that this system could be responsible for mediating these behavioral outcomes.

Standardization of the infusion sequence of antineoplastic drugs used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancers.

The definition of antineoplastic administration sequences can help planning of therapeutic regimens in a more rational way, and thus optimize chemotherapy effects on patients, increasing efficacy and reducing toxic effects. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the infusion order of antineoplastic agents of the main therapeutic protocols used in the treatment of colorectal and breast cancer which are used in a tertiary hospital, identifying possible interactions dependent on the infusion sequence. For the definition of protocols adopted in the hospital, medical prescriptions were used in the period of January to March 2016 and a literature review was conducted to search for studies assessing the sequence of administering the selected regimens. The databases used were SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE, in addition to Micromedex Solutions® and UpToDate®. A total of 19 protocols were identified for antineoplastic therapy, 11 for colorectal cancer and 8 for breast cancer. The selected articles provided evidence for administration order of 19 protocols, and three protocols did no report relevance of infusion sequence. Sequence-dependent interactions were mainly related to toxicity, pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the drug combination. The definition of the infusion sequence has a great impact on the optimization of therapy, increasing efficacy and safety of the protocols containing combined antineoplastic therapies.

Flavonoids as Therapeutic Agents in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidences.

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are considered the most common neurodegenerative disorders, representing a major focus of neuroscience research to understanding the cellular alterations and pathophysiological mechanisms involved. Several natural products, including flavonoids, are considered able to cross the blood-brain barrier and are known for their central nervous system-related activity. Therefore, studies are being conducted with these chemical constituents to analyze their activities in slowing down the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present systematic review summarizes the pharmacological effects of flavonoids in animal models for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. A PRISMA model for systematic review was utilized for this search. The research was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, BIREME, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion criteria, 31 articles were selected and discussed in this review. The studies listed revealed that the main targets of action for Alzheimer's disease therapy were reduction of reactive oxygen species and amyloid beta-protein production, while for Parkinson's disease reduction of the cellular oxidative potential and the activation of mechanisms of neuronal death. Results showed that a variety of flavonoids is being studied and can be promising for the development of new drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it was possible to verify that there is a lack of translational research and clinical evidence of these promising compounds.

Effects of perinatal protein malnutrition and fenfluramine action on food intake and neuronal activation in the hypothalamus and raphe nuclei of neonate rats.

In neonatal rats, hunger and satiety responses occur particularly via dehydration and gastric distention, respectively. The control of food intake in newborns is yet to be fully consolidated, particularly with respect to the participation of the hypothalamic nuclei and their relationship with the serotonergic pathway. Moreover, it is unclear how the environmental stressors in early life, like undernutrition, interfere in these events. Therefore, this study examined the serotonin-system's impact on food intake in rat neonates at postnatal day (P) 10 and P18 and the manner in which protein undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation interferes in this behavior. To accomplish this, Wistar rats were used, nutritionally manipulated by a diet having two protein levels, (8% and 17%) during pregnancy and lactation, to form the Control (n=10) and Low protein groups (n=10). At 10 and 18 postnatal days pups received an acute dose of fenfluramine (3mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) and subjected to milk consumption testing and then perfused to obtain the brains for the analysis of cell activation of the immunoreactive c-Fos in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei. At 10days a reduction in weight gain was observed in both groups. On comparison of the neuronal activation for the paraventricular nucleus, an increased activation in response to fenfluramine was observed. At 18days, the weight gain percentage differed between the groups according to the nutritional manipulation, in which the control animals had no significant change while the undernourished presented increased weight gain with the use of fenfluramine. The marking of c-Fos in response to fenfluramine in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei revealed, an especially lower activation of the PVN, MnR and DR compared intra-group. However when evaluating the effect of undernutrition, marking activation was observed to increase in all the nuclei analyzed, in the hypothalamus and raphe. Data from this study indicate that the action of serotonin via food intake in the neonates may have been delayed by early protein undernutrition.

Low protein diet during gestation and lactation increases food reward seeking but does not modify sucrose taste reactivity in adult female rats.

INTRODUCTION: Nutritional deficiencies during neural development may lead to irreversible changes, even after nutritional rehabilitation, promoting morphological and functional adaptations of structures involved with various behaviours including feeding behaviour. However, the ability of the exposure low protein diet during gestation and lactation to affect the hedonic component of food intake is still poorly understood, especially in females. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to the diet offered to the dams during pregnancy and lactation: control female (CF; diet with 17% protein, n=7) and low protein female (LPF; diet with 8% protein, n=7). The following parameters were evaluated: (a) body weight during weaning, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 days of life; (b) standard diet intake from 110 to 132 days of life; (c) fat diet and consumption of simple carbohydrates (HFHS) for 1h at 145 days of life; (d) incentive runway task 60 days after 82 days of life; (e) taste reactivity at 90 days of life; and (f) neuronal activation in the caudate putamen, amygdala, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus under stimulus HFHS at 145 days of life. RESULTS: The exposure, a low protein diet during gestation and lactation, decreased the body weight throughout the study period from weaning to 90 days of life. However, there was no significant change in the body weight of low protein females from 110 to 132 days of life compared with the control females. There was an increase in the rate of the search for reward and reduced the latency of the perception of bitter taste. The exposure, a low protein diet during gestation and lactation, also promoted hypophagy in adult females compared with control animals. The low protein female had increased HFHS diet consumption compared with the control. Undernutrition increased neuronal activation in response to HFHS diet consumption compared with female controls in the amygdala and in the caudate putamen. CONCLUSION: Females subjected to the exposure, a low protein diet during gestation and lactation, exhibit hypophagy on a standard diet but a higher consumption of a diet rich in lipids and simple carbohydrates. And also were more motivated by the pursuit of reward and reduced latency of the bitter taste reactivity, and increased the number of immunoreactive cells c-fos protein activated in the caudate putamen, amygdala and paraventricular nucleus.

Perinatal malnutrition stimulates motivation through reward and enhances drd(1a) receptor expression in the ventral striatum of adult mice.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of protein perinatal malnutrition on the function of dopamine DRD1 and DRD2 receptors in regards to motivation and food consumption in adult mice. The study also analyzed the effect of protein perinatal malnutrition on the gene expression of these receptors in the ventral striatum. METHODS: Wistar lineage mice were divided into two groups according to maternal diet: control (17% casein), n=30 and low protein (8% casein), n=30. Between 30 and 120days of life, the following factors were measured: body weight; the effect of dopamine D1 and D2 agonists on the ingestion of palatable food; the motivational aspect under the action of the D1 (SKF 38393) and D2 Quinpirole dopaminergic agonists; and the gene expression of DRD1 and DRD2 receptors in the ventral striatum. RESULTS: The body weights of the malnourished animals remained significantly lower than those of the control group from 30 to 120days of life. Malnourished animals ingested a greater quantity of palatable food. There was a decrease in palatable diet consumption in both the control and malnourished groups after the application of D1 and D2 agonists; however, the anorexic effect of the D1 agonist was understated in malnourished animals. Perinatal malnutrition increases the motivational behavior of the animal when food reward is used. There was an increase in gene expression of the DRD1a receptor in the ventral striatum of malnourished animals, and there were no significant changes concerning the DRD2 receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal protein malnutrition stimulates hedonic control of eating behavior by promoting increased intake of palatable foods, possibly due to increased expression of dopamine receptor DRD1a in the ventral striatum.

Whole-body vibration training protocols in obese individuals: a systematic review / Protocolos de treinamento de vibração de corpo inteiro em obesos: uma revisão sistemática / Protocolos de entrenamiento de vibración de cuerpo entero en obesos: una revisión sistemática

ABSTRACT Obesity is a chronic degenerative disease. Whole-body vibration (WBV) devices make it possible to control the intensity of exercises through their variables: frequency, amplitude and vibration time, thus enabling interventions in these populations. The objective of this study was to review the applications, protocols and results of WBV devices in obese individuals. A systematic literature review was conducted using the descriptors and terms verified in DeCS (LILACS and SCIELO) and MeSH (PubMED). Of the thirteen studies selected, seven used an experimental and six a quasi-experimental methodological design. Eleven studies analyzed chronic responses and two studies acute responses to WBV training. Frequency values ranged between 30 and 35 Hz, amplitude was around 2 mm, and in terms of intensity, most of the training protocols used a gradual increase in WBV throughout the intervention. Eight studies added dynamic exercises and extra loads to the WBV. The mean total WBV exposure time varied around 20' distributed in 1 or 2 series, with vibration times of 30" to 60" and the same rest time. The mean frequency of interventions was around 2 to 3 times a week, with a mean intervention time of 10 months. The main results include: decrease in body weight and improvement in the physiological variables of oxygen absorption, bone mineral density and arterial profile, indicating that WBV can be a safe tool in the fight against obesity and its implications. Level of Evidence II. Systematic Review of Level II Studies.

RESUMO A obesidade é uma doença crônica degenerativa. Os aparelhos de vibração de corpo inteiro (VCI) permitem o controle da intensidade dos exercícios através das suas variáveis: frequência, amplitude e tempo de vibração, possibilitando intervenções nessas populações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sobre as aplicações, protocolos e resultados dos aparelhos de VCI em indivíduos obesos. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura utilizando os descritores e termos verificados no DeCS (LILACS e SCIELO) e no MeSH (PubMED). Dos 13 estudos selecionados, sete utilizaram o delineamento metodológico do tipo experimental e seis do tipo quase-experimental. Onze estudos analisaram as respostas crônicas e dois as respostas agudas ao treinamento com VCI. Os valores de frequência variaram entre 30 e 35 Hz, a amplitude, em torno de 2 mm, e, em relação à intensidade, a maioria dos protocolos de treinamento utilizara o aumento gradativo da VCI ao longo da intervenção. Oito estudos adicionaram exercícios dinâmicos e cargas extras à VCI. O tempo médio de exposição total à VCI variou em torno de 20' distribuídos em 1 ou 2 séries, com tempos de 30" a 60" de vibração pelo mesmo tempo de descanso. A frequência média das intervenções foi em torno de 2 a 3 vezes por semana, com tempo médio de 10 meses de intervenção. Entre os principais resultados destacam-se: redução do peso corporal e melhoria nas variáveis fisiológicas da absorção de oxigênio, da densidade mineral óssea e do perfil arterial, indicando que a VCI pode ser uma ferramenta segura no combate à obesidade e suas implicações. Nível de Evidência II. Revisão Sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

RESUMEN La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa. Los aparatos de vibración de cuerpo entero (VCE) permiten el control de la intensidad de los ejercicios por medio de sus variables: frecuencia, amplitud y tiempo de vibración, posibilitando intervenciones en estas poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sobre las aplicaciones, protocolos y resultados de los aparatos de VCE en individuos obesos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando los descriptores y términos verificados en el DeCS (LILACS y SCIELO) y en el MeSH (PubMED). De los trece estudios seleccionados, siete utilizaron delineamiento metodológico del tipo experimental y seis del tipo cuasi experimental. Once estudios analizaron las respuestas crónicas y dos las respuestas agudas al entrenamiento con VCE. Los valores de frecuencia variaron entre 30 y 35 Hz, la amplitud, alrededor de 2 mm, y con relación a la intensidad, la mayoría de los protocolos de entrenamiento utilizó el aumento gradual de la VCE, a lo largo de la intervención. Ocho estudios agregaron ejercicios dinámicos y cargas extra a la VCE. El tiempo promedio de exposición total a la VCE varió en torno a 20 'distribuidos en una o dos series, con tiempos de 30" a 60" de vibración por el mismo tiempo de descanso. La frecuencia promedio de las intervenciones fue alrededor de dos a tres veces por semana, con tiempo promedio de 10 meses de intervención. Entre los principales resultados se destacan: reducción del peso corporal y mejora en las variables fisiológicas de la absorción de oxígeno, de la densidad mineral ósea y del perfil arterial, indicando que la VCE puede ser una herramienta segura en el combate a la obesidad y sus implicaciones. Nivel de evidencia II. Revisión Sistemática de Estudios de Nivel II.

Estereótipos aplicados aos estudantes e profissionais de educação física / Stereotypes applied to physical education` students and professionals / Estereotipos aplicados a los estudiantes y profesionales de educación física

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os estereótipos que os estudantes e profissionais de Educa- ção Física recebem de outros profissionais. Participaram do estudo 117 universitários, que descreveram em um formulário cinco adjetivos positivos e cinco negativos relacionados à imagem dos profissionais de Educação Física. Os adjetivos positivos que mais se repetiram estavam relacionados ao aspecto físico (disposto, saudável, atlético, dinâmico) e ao aspecto emocional (alegre, bem-humorado, alto-astral), já os adjetivos negativos estavam relacionados ao aspecto cognitivo (preguiçoso, desinteressado, pouco estudioso, acomodado). Em conclusão, foi possível identificar que a maioria dos universitários investigados reforça os estereótipos aplicados aos estudantes e profissionais de Educação Física.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the stereotypes that students and professionals of Physical Education receive from other professionals. The study was attended by 117 university students who described in a form five positive and five negative adjectives related to the image of Physical Education professionals. The positive adjectives that were most repeated were related to the physical aspect (willing, healthy, athletic, dynamic) and to the emotional aspect (cheerful, humorous, high astral). Negative adjectives were related to the cognitive aspect (lazy, disinterested, little studious, accommodated). In conclusion, it was possible to identify that most of the university students investigated reinforce the stereotypes applied to students and professionals of Physical Education.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizarlos estereotipos que los alumnos y profesionales de Educación Física reciben de otros profesionales. Participaron del estudio 117 universitarios que describieron en un formulario cinco adjetivos positivos y cinco negativos relacionados a la imagen de los profesionales de Educación Física. Los adjetivos positivos que más se repetían estaban relacionados al aspecto físico (dispuesto, saludable, atlético, dinámico) y al aspecto emocional (alegre, bien humorado, alto-astral), ya los adjetivos negativos estaban relacionados al aspecto cognitivo (perezoso, desinteresado, poco estudiosos, acomodados). En conclusión, fue posible identificar que la mayoría de los universitarios investigados refuerzan los estereotipos aplicados a los alumnos y profesionales de Educación Física.

Perinatal undernutrition stimulates seeking food reward.

Experiments in animals have revealed that perinatal nutritional restriction, which manifests in adulthood, increases food intake and preference for palatable foods. Considering this, we aimed to evaluate the effects of perinatal malnutrition on hedonic control of feeding behavior. In this study, we divided Wistar rats into two groups according to the diet provided to their mothers during pregnancy and lactation: the control group (diet with 17% casein) and low-protein group (diet with 8% casein). We assessed the animals' motivational behavior in adulthood by giving them a stimulus of food reward. We also assessed their neuronal activation triggered by the stimulus of palatable food using FOS protein labeling of neurons activated in the caudate putamen, paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and lateral hypothalamic nuclei and amygdala. Evaluation of body weight in malnourished animals showed reduction from the 6th day of life until adulthood. Analysis of feeding behavior revealed that these animals were more motivated by food reward, but they had delays during learning of the task. This finding correlated with the number of c-FOS-immunoreactive neurons, which indicated that malnourished animals had an increase in the number of neurons activated in response to the palatable diet, especially in the amygdala and caudate putamen. The study therefore confirmed our hypothesis that early nutritional insults promote changes in encephalic control mechanisms, especially those related to food intake and search for reward.

Effects of a westernized diet on the reflexes and physical maturation of male rat offspring during the perinatal period.

This study evaluates the effects of a westernized diet during the perinatal period on the maternal performance and growth and development of rat offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed with either a control (C) diet, with casein as the protein source or a westernized (W) diet, during pregnancy and lactation. The pups were divided, eight per group, into the same diet groups as their dams. During lactation, the body weight (day 1, W = 6.85 ± 0.62 g, C = 5.81 ± 0.49, p < 0.05; day 21, W = 55.42 ± 3.78, C = 47.75 ± 3.45, p < 0.001) and somatic growth (body length day 1, W = 53.24 ± 2.16, C = 50.641 ± 1.79, p < 0.05; day 21, W = 124.8, C = 119.903 ± 3.71, p < 0.001) in the male offspring showed significant differences among the groups. The physical appearance and reflex maturation showed differences between day 1 and day 3. With the westernized diet, during the perinatal period, no alterations in maternal weight gain, gestation or performance were observed; however, changes in the coefficients of feed efficiency and energy during lactation were noted. Besides, blood glucose was found to be elevated at the end of lactation (C = 3.67 ± 0.35 mmol/l, W = 5.2 0 ± 0.49 mmol/l). At 21 days, the male pups from the dams on the westernized diet were 15 % heavier, and the maturation of the neural reflexes and physical characteristics were found to occur earlier. Therefore, the consumption of a westernized diet during the perinatal period was independent of maternal energy intake, and influenced the growth and development of offspring.

Early weaning programs rats to have a dietary preference for fat and palatable foods in adulthood.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of early weaning on alimentary preference for the macronutrients protein, carbohydrate and fat in adult rats. Male Wistar rat pups were weaned by separation from the mother at 15 (D15) or 30 (D30) days old. Body weight and food intake were measured every 30 days until pups were 150 days old. At 110 days of age, the alimentary preference was evaluated for 1h on 3 consecutive days. At 120 days of age, the palatable diet test was conducted during 3 consecutive 24-h periods. Body weight and food intake were not altered, but early weaning in rats induced an alimentary preference to fat and hyperphagia of a palatable diet. In conclusion, early weaning, although did not modify body weight or basal food intake, promoted an increased preference for palatable and fatty foods. This demonstrates that early weaning is not capable of promoting perceptible alterations of alimentary behavior under normal laboratory conditions. However, in the presence of a stimulating factor such as a choice of nutrients or a palatable diet, a possible latent effect on dietary preferences may become apparent. Over the long term, this preference for foods with high caloric density can lead to obesity and metabolic perturbations.

Estereótipos de gênero aplicados a homens atletas praticantes de esportes culturalmente femininos: a percepção de leigos, profissionais da Educação Física e atletas profissionais / Gender stereotypes applied to male athletes in sports culturally feminine: A perception of ordinary people, Physical Education professionals and professional athletes

O intuito deste estudo foi avaliar se o biotipo de homens atletas praticantes de esportes culturalmente femininos desencadeia a aplicação de estereótipos sexuais. Foram avaliados três grupos que diferiam quanto ao envolvimento com o desporto: a) Grupo 1 ­ formado por alunos e profissionais de Educação Física, b) grupo 2 ­ formado por sedentários e/ou sujeitos não inseridos no ambiente esportivo e c) grupo 3 ­ formado por atletas praticantes de várias modalidades. Para a avaliação da percepção dos três grupos foi utilizado o Inventário dos Esquemas de Gênero do Autoconceito (IEGA). Análises de variância multivariada (One-Way MANOVA) foram realizadas correlacionando a variável independente "grupo" com os fatores das escalas masculina e feminina (variáveis dependentes) do instrumento e o teste t para amostras independentes para avaliar a diferença entre a percepção de homens e mulheres independentemente do nível de envolvimento do grupo. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos diferem em relação aos fatores da escala masculina (fator negligência) e que não há diferenças significativas com relação aos fatores da escala feminina Quanto ao sexo, observou-se haver diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres quanto as variáveis sensibilidade e negligência. Conclui-se que as características do desporto somadas ao biotipo das atletas contribuem para a aplicação de estereótipos, principalmente ao fator negligência. A mulher, independentemente de ser ou não atleta, apresenta ter menor preconceito com o homem atleta. Os homens por sua vez aplicam o estereotipo aquele atleta que pratica o esporte mais feminino ou neutro, principalmente avaliando este atleta como mais negligente. Esta característica traduz ser preguiçoso e descuidado e tem uma conotação de negatividade quando se trata de atletas. Os homens atletas tendem a não abandonar o que foi culturalmente apreendido e avaliam seus pares com maior preconceito do que as mulheres.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the biotype of men athletes in women's sports culturally triggers the application of gender stereotypes. Three groups that differed in the involvement with the sport were evaluated: a) Group 1 - formed by students and professionals of Physical Education, b) Group 2 - formed by sedentary and / or subjects not included in the sports environment and c) group 3 - formed by athletes in various sports. For the evaluation of the perception of three groups Inventory Gender Schemas of Self-Concept (IEGA) was used. Multivariate analyzes of variance (One-Way MANOVA) were performed to correlate the independent variable "group" with the factors of male and female scales (dependent variables) of the instrument and the t test for independent samples to assess the difference between the perceptions of men and women regardless of their level of involvement in the group. The results showed that the groups differ with respect to factors of male scale (negligence factor) and no significant differences regarding the factors of female scale Regarding gender, we observed no significant differences between men and women regarding the sensitivity variables and negligence. We conclude that the characteristics of the sport added to the biotype of athletes contribute to the application of stereotypes, especially the neglect factor. The woman, whether or not an athlete, presents have less prejudice against the man athlete. The men in turn apply the stereotype that athletes who practice sports more feminine or neutral, mainly evaluating this athlete as more negligent. This feature translates into being lazy and careless and has a connotation of negativity when it comes to athletes. Men athletes tend not to abandon what was culturally apprehended and evaluate their peers with greater prejudice than women.(AU)

Força muscular isocinética em idosas: comparações entre perfis psicológicos de gênero / Isokinetic muscle strength in elderly: comparisons between psychological profile of gender

Este artigo teve como objetivo verificar se há diferenças na força de extensores e flexores do joelho, durante ações musculares isocinéticas em diferentes velocidades (60°/s e 180°/s). A amostra foi constituída por 42 mulheres idosas ativas com idade média igual a 68,8 (± 6,0) anos, subdivididas em três grupos segundo o perfil psicológico de gênero. Para a avaliação de força muscular de membros inferiores, foi utilizado o dinamômetro isocinético. Foram analisados o pico de torque, a potência, o trabalho total e a razão entre extensores e flexores de joelho (I/Q) dominante e não dominante, no modo isocinético, nas velocidades de 60º/s e 180º/s. Os resultados demonstraram haver diferença significativa entre os grupos 1 e 3 para a variável Pico de Torque nos movimentos de flexão e extensão de joelho dominante, nas velocidades de 60°/s e 180°/s. Quando avaliados trabalho total e potência foram encontradas, novamente, diferenças significativas entre os grupos 1e 3 para os flexores nas duas velocidades testadas. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para a variável Razão I/Q nos joelhos dominante e não dominante. Assim, pôde-se concluir que o trabalho e o pico de torque de mulheres heteroesquemáticas masculinas são maiores dos que das heteroesquemáticas femininas, indicando que o perfil psicológico de gênero do individuo pode influenciar nas variáveis fisiológicas como a força, não havendo diferenças destes para o grupo isoesquemático.

This study aimed to analyze if there are differences in the strength of leg extensor and flexor muscles during isokinetic muscular actions at different velocities (60°/s and 180°/s). The sample comprised 42 active elderly women aged 68.8 (± 6,0) years, divided into three groups according to their psychological gender profile. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess lower limb muscle strength. Peak torque, power, total work and the ratio between leg extensors and flexors (I/Q) of dominant and non-dominant limbs were analyzed in an isokinetic mode at the velocities of 60º/s and 180º/s. The results indicated a significant difference in peak torque between groups 1 and 3 during the flexion and extension actions of the dominant knee at the velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s. Significant differences were also found for total work and power between groups 1 and 3 regarding the flexor muscles at the two velocities. There were no significant differences in I/Q ratio for both the dominant and non--dominant limbs. Thus, it can be concluded that total work and peak torque of masculine heteroschematic women are greater than that of feminine heteroschematic women, indicating that the individual´s gender psychological profile may influence physiological variables such as strength, with no differences between for groups if compared to the isochematic group.

Tratramento neonatal com inibidor seletivo da recaptação de noradrenalina altera o consumo alimentar e a ingestão hídrica na vida adulta em ratos / Neonatal treatment with selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor alter the food and water intake in adult life in rats

RESUMO: Durante o período crítico de desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, o organismo é vulnerável a agressões de diversas naturezas, que podem acarretar transtornos morfofuncionais na vida adulta. A construção do comportamento alimentar é vulnerável a estas agressões, sendo importante para a sobrevivência da espécie e, portanto, alvo de estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito da manipulação farmacológica do sistema noradrenérgico, através da inibição da recaptação de noradrenalina, durante o período neonatal e as repercussões dessa agressão sobre o consumo alimentar, na vida adulta. Os animais foram tratados diariamente, durante os 21ºdias de vida com reboxetina (20mg/Kg de peso), um inibidor seletivo da recaptação de noradrenalina (NARI) ou solução salina (NaCI 0,9por cento). Aos 60 dias foi avaliado o consumo alimentar e a ingestão hídrica. Os animais tratados com salina. Concluímos que a agressão farmacológica do sistema noradrenérgico durante o perídoso neonatal, pode alterar de forma duradoura o consumo alimentar e a ingestão hídrica. Essas alterações sugerem que o tratamento pode alterar morfofucionalmente estruturas relacionadas a regulação do comportamento alimentar e da ingestão hídrica, levando a alterações comportamentais na vida adulta