Muscle Strength of Lower Limbs as a Postoperative Predictor in Bariatric Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess postoperative lower limbs muscle strength (MS) as a predictor of late surgical success (36 months). METHODS: Body composition analyses and isokinetic dynamometry evaluation were performed before (T0: n=123), six months (T1: n=123) and 36 months (T2: n=79) after Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Surgical success (SS) was defined as ≥ 50% excess weight loss (EWL) 36 months after surgery or ≤ 50% surgical failure (SF). RESULTS: There was no difference between relative MS extension (Ext) and flexion (Flex) in T1 and T2. There was also, no difference between relative MS Ext and Flex in T1 and T2 between patients with SS and SF. There was a difference in relative MS Ext (144.9 ± 39.8 Nm/kg x 125.5 ± 29.2 Nm/kg; p=0.04) and Flex (73.6 ± 21.8 Nm/kg x 60.4 ± 15.8 Nm/kg; p=0.02) between SS and SF patients only in T2. Patients with an increment in Ext and Flex MS ≥4 Nm/kg at T1 had approximately 76% of SS at 36 months. CONCLUSION: An increase of lower limbs MS ≥4 Nm/kg 6 months after RYGB predicts SS at 36 months. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ID: NCT04129801.

Effect of concurrent training in unilateral transtibial amputees using Paralympic athletes as a control group.

CONTEXT: Transtibial Amputation (TA) predisposes to a sedentary lifestyle. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficiency of a short-term (8-week) Concurrent Training (CT) program in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees (UTA) and to compare it with the physical condition of a group of Paralympic athletes in preparation for the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics. DESIGN: This was a longitudinal, prospective and controlled trial study. METHODS: Thirty-four male subjects with UTA and using prostheses for six months or more were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) ‒ 17 non-athlete and untrained UTA and Group 2 (G2) ‒ 17 paralympic athletes with active UTA in the training phase. G1 was evaluated before and after eight weeks of CT and G2 made a single evaluation for control. All were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a lower limb cycle ergometer, and isokinetic knee dynamometry. The CT of G1 included resistance exercise and aerobic interval training on a stationary bicycle and G2 followed the training of the Paralympic teams. RESULTS: Patients were retested by the same methods after CT. The two most important central dependent variables (maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength) increased by 22% and knee extensor and flexor strength by 106% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSION: After eight weeks of CT, there was an improvement in general functional condition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory performance improving protection against chronic diseases and quality of life.

Effect of concurrent training in unilateral transtibial amputees using Paralympic athletes as a control group

Abstract Context: Transtibial Amputation (TA) predisposes to a sedentary lifestyle. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of a short-term (8-week) Concurrent Training (CT) program in Unilateral Transtibial Amputees (UTA) and to compare it with the physical condition of a group of Paralympic athletes in preparation for the Rio de Janeiro Paralympics. Design: This was a longitudinal, prospective and controlled trial study. Methods: Thirty-four male subjects with UTA and using prostheses for six months or more were selected for this study. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - 17 non-athlete and untrained UTA and Group 2 (G2) - 17 paralympic athletes with active UTA in the training phase. G1 was evaluated before and after eight weeks of CT and G2 made a single evaluation for control. All were submitted to anamnesis, clinical evaluation (blood pressure, electrocardiogram, and heart rate) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a lower limb cycle ergometer, and isokinetic knee dynamometry. The CT of G1 included resistance exercise and aerobic interval training on a stationary bicycle and G2 followed the training of the Paralympic teams. Results: Patients were retested by the same methods after CT. The two most important central dependent variables (maximal oxygen uptake and muscular strength) increased by 22% and knee extensor and flexor strength by 106% and 97%, respectively. Conclusion: After eight weeks of CT, there was an improvement in general functional condition, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory performance improving protection against chronic diseases and quality of life.

Muscle strength and body composition in severe obesity.

OBJECTIVE:: The aim of our study was to evaluate associations between maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs and body composition for subjects with severe obesity. METHODS:: Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. One hundred thirty-two patients were enrolled (100 females and 32 males). Eighty-seven patients had a body mass index between 40 and 49.9 kg/m2 (the A group), and 45 patients had a body mass index between 50 and 59.9 kg/m2 (the B group). RESULTS:: Absolute extension and flexion torques had weak associations with fat-free mass but a moderate association with absolute extension torque and fat-free mass of the lower limbs. There were no significant differences between the A and B groups with respect to absolute extension and flexion torques. For the A group, absolute extension and flexion torques were moderately associated with fat-free mass and with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. For the B group, there were only moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. CONCLUSIONS:: Our findings demonstrate that both groups exhibited similar absolute torque values. There were weak to moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques and fat-free mass but a moderate association with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. Individuals with severe obesity should strive for greater absolute torques, fat-free mass and especially fat-free mass of the lower limbs to prevent functional limitations and physical incapacity.

Correlation between Body Composition and Walking Capacity in Severe Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with mobility reduction due to mechanical factors and excessive body fat. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been used to assess functional capacity in severe obesity. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of BMI, total and segmental body composition with distance walked (6MWD) during the six-minute walk test (6MWT) according to gender and obesity grade. SETTING: University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil; Public Practice. METHODS: Functional capacity was assessed by 6MWD and body composition (%) by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 90 patients. RESULTS: The mean 6MWD was 514.9 ± 50.3 m for both genders. The male group (M: 545.2 ± 46.9 m) showed a 6MWD higher (p = 0.002) than the female group (F: 505.6 ± 47.9 m). The morbid obese group (MO: 524.7 ± 44.0 m) also showed a 6MWD higher (p = 0.014) than the super obese group (SO: 494.2 ± 57.0 m). There was a positive relationship between 6MWD and fat free mass (FFM), FFM of upper limps (FFM_UL), trunk (FFM_TR) and lower limbs (FFM_LL). Female group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD and FFM, FFM_UL and FFM_LL and male group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD and FFM_TR. In morbid obese group there was a positive relationship between 6MWD with FFM, FFM_UL, FFM_TR and FFM_LL. The super obese group presented a positive relationship between 6MWD with FFM, FFM_TR and FFM_LL. CONCLUSIONS: Total and segmental FFM is associated with a better walking capacity than BMI.

Post-analysis methods for lactate threshold depend on training intensity and aerobic capacity in runners. An experimental laboratory study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate different mathematical post-analysis methods of determining lactate threshold in highly and lowly trained endurance runners. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental laboratory study, in a tertiary-level public university hospital. METHOD: Twenty-seven male endurance runners were divided into two training load groups: lowly trained (frequency < 4 times per week, < 6 consecutive months, training velocity ≥ 5.0 min/km) and highly trained (frequency ≥ 4 times per week, ≥ 6 consecutive months, training velocity < 5.0 min/km). The subjects performed an incremental treadmill protocol, with 1 km/h increases at each subsequent 4-minute stage. -Fingerprint -blood-lactate analysis was performed at the end of each stage. The lactate threshold (i.e. the running velocity at which blood lactate levels began to exponentially increase) was measured using three different methods: increase in blood lactate of 1 mmol/l at stages (DT1), absolute 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration (4 mmol), and the semi-log method (semi-log). ANOVA was used to compare different lactate threshold methods and training groups. RESULTS: Highly trained athletes showed significantly greater lactate thresholds than lowly trained runners, regardless of the calculation method used. When all the subject data were combined, DT1 and semi-log were not different, while 4 mmol was significantly lower than the other two methods. These same trends were observed when comparing lactate threshold methods in the lowly trained group. However, 4 mmol was only significantly lower than DT1 in the highly trained group. CONCLUSION: The 4 mmol protocol did not show lactate threshold measurements comparable with DT1 and semi-log protocols among lowly trained athletes.

Association between muscle strength and the cardiopulmonary status of individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare aerobic function [anaerobic threshold (%VO(2)-AT), respiratory compensation point (%VO(2)-RCP) and peak oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak)] between physically active patients with HIV/AIDS and matched controls and to examine associations between disease status, poor muscle strength, depression (as estimated by the profile of mood states questionnaire) and the aerobic performance of patients. METHODS: Progressive treadmill test data for %VO(2)-AT (V-slope method), RCP and (VO(2)peak) were compared between 39 male patients with HIV/AIDS (age 40.6 ± 1.4 years) and 28 male controls (age 44.4 ± 2.1 years) drawn from the same community and matched for habitual physical activity. Within-patient data were also examined in relation to CD4+ counts (nadir and current data) and peak isokinetic knee torque. RESULTS: AT, RCP and (VO(2)peak) values were generally similar for patients and controls.Within the patient sample, binary classification suggested that AT, RCP and (VO(2)peak) values were not associated with either the nadir or current CD4+ count, but treadmill test variables were positively associated with peak isokinetic knee torque. CONCLUSION: The aerobic performance of physically active patients with HIV/AIDS is generally well conserved. Nevertheless, poor muscle strength is observed in some HIV/AIDS patients, which is associated with lower anaerobic power and (VO(2)peak), suggesting the possibility of enhancing the aerobic performance of patients with weak muscles through appropriate muscle-strengthening activities.

Muscle strength and body composition in severe obesity

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate associations between maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs and body composition for subjects with severe obesity. METHODS: Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and maximum voluntary contraction torques of the lower limbs were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. One hundred thirty-two patients were enrolled (100 females and 32 males). Eighty-seven patients had a body mass index between 40 and 49.9 kg/m2 (the A group), and 45 patients had a body mass index between 50 and 59.9 kg/m2 (the B group). RESULTS: Absolute extension and flexion torques had weak associations with fat-free mass but a moderate association with absolute extension torque and fat-free mass of the lower limbs. There were no significant differences between the A and B groups with respect to absolute extension and flexion torques. For the A group, absolute extension and flexion torques were moderately associated with fat-free mass and with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. For the B group, there were only moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that both groups exhibited similar absolute torque values. There were weak to moderate associations between absolute extension and flexion torques and fat-free mass but a moderate association with fat-free mass of the lower limbs. Individuals with severe obesity should strive for greater absolute torques, fat-free mass and especially fat-free mass of the lower limbs to prevent functional limitations and physical incapacity.

Post-analysis methods for lactate threshold depend on training intensity and aerobic capacity in runners. An experimental laboratory study / Métodos de pós-análise do limiar do lactato dependem da intensidade de treinamento e da capacidade aeróbica dos corredores. Um estudo laboratorial experimental

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate different mathematical post-analysis methods of determining lactate threshold in highly and lowly trained endurance runners. DESIGN AND SETTING: Experimental laboratory study, in a tertiary-level public university hospital. METHOD: Twenty-seven male endurance runners were divided into two training load groups: lowly trained (frequency < 4 times per week, < 6 consecutive months, training velocity ≥ 5.0 min/km) and highly trained (frequency ≥ 4 times per week, ≥ 6 consecutive months, training velocity < 5.0 min/km). The subjects performed an incremental treadmill protocol, with 1 km/h increases at each subsequent 4-minute stage. ­Fingerprint ­blood-lactate analysis was performed at the end of each stage. The lactate threshold (i.e. the running velocity at which blood lactate levels began to exponentially increase) was measured using three different methods: increase in blood lactate of 1 mmol/l at stages (DT1), absolute 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentration (4 mmol), and the semi-log method (semi-log). ANOVA was used to compare different lactate threshold methods and training groups. RESULTS: Highly trained athletes showed significantly greater lactate thresholds than lowly trained runners, regardless of the calculation method used. When all the subject data were combined, DT1 and semi-log were not different, while 4 mmol was significantly lower than the other two methods. These same trends were observed when comparing lactate threshold methods in the lowly trained group. However, 4 mmol was only significantly lower than DT1 in the highly trained group. CONCLUSION: The 4 mmol protocol did not show lactate threshold measurements comparable with DT1 and semi-log protocols among lowly trained athletes.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar modelos matemáticos de pós-análise do limiar de lactato em grupos de corredores de longa distância muito ou pouco treinados. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo laboratorial experimental. Hospital Público Universitário Terciário. MÉTODO: Vinte e sete corredores homens foram divididos em: pouco treinados (frequência < 4 vezes por semana, < 6 meses, velocidade ≥ 5,0 minutos/km) e muito treinados (frequência ≥ 4 vezes por semana, ≥ 6 meses, velocidade < 5,0 minutos/km). Os participantes foram submetidos a protocolo de esteira escalonado (1% inclinação) = 1 km/h por fase (4 minutos). Ao fim de cada estágio, análise da "impressão digital" metabolômica foi realizada. O limiar do lactato (i.e. velocidade em que o lactato sanguíneo aumenta exponencialmente) foi medido utilizando-se três métodos: aumento de 1 mmol/l da concentração, concentração absoluta de 4 mmol e método semi-log. ANOVA foi utilizada para comparar os diferentes limiares de lactato e grupos. RESULTADO: Atletas muito treinados apresentaram limiares de lactato maiores que os corredores pouco treinados, independentemente do método de cálculo utilizado. Comparando todos os corredores juntos, as análises de aumento de 1 mmol/l e semi-log não foram diferentes, enquanto a concentração absoluta de 4 mmol/l foi significativamente mais baixa que as dos dois outros métodos. Essas mesmas tendências foram observadas ao se compararem os métodos de limiar de lactato no grupo menos treinado. Entretanto, a análise absoluta de 4 mmol/l foi menor do que a do aumento de 1 mmol/l no grupo muito treinado. CONCLUSÃO: O método concentração absoluta de 4 mmol não mostrou mensurações comparáveis de limiar do lactato quando comparado com os protocolos aumento de 1 mmol/l e semi-log nos atletas pouco treinados.

Association between muscle strength and the cardiopulmonary status of individuals living with HIV/AIDS

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare aerobic function [anaerobic threshold (%VO2-AT), respiratory compensation point (%VO2-RCP) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)] between physically active patients with HIV/AIDS and matched controls and to examine associations between disease status, poor muscle strength, depression (as estimated by the profile of mood states questionnaire) and the aerobic performance of patients. METHODS: Progressive treadmill test data for %VO2-AT (V-slope method), RCP and (VO2peak) were compared between 39 male patients with HIV/AIDS (age 40.6±1.4 years) and 28 male controls (age 44.4±2.1 years) drawn from the same community and matched for habitual physical activity. Within-patient data were also examined in relation to CD4+ counts (nadir and current data) and peak isokinetic knee torque. RESULTS: AT, RCP and (VO2peak) values were generally similar for patients and controls.Within the patient sample, binary classification suggested that AT, RCP and (VO2peak) values were not associated with either the nadir or current CD4+ count, but treadmill test variables were positively associated with peak isokinetic knee torque. CONCLUSION: The aerobic performance of physically active patients with HIV/AIDS is generally well conserved. Nevertheless, poor muscle strength is observed in some HIV/AIDS patients, which is associated with lower anaerobic power and (VO2peak), suggesting the possibility of enhancing the aerobic performance of patients with weak muscles through appropriate muscle-strengthening activities.

Efeito do treinamento físico específico nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas em repouso e no exercício máximo em jogadores de futebol profissional / Effect of specific exercise training in metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses at rest and maximum exercise in professional soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações provocadas pelo treinamento físico específico (TFE) nas respostas cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas de 16 jogadores de futebol profissional, com média de idade de 24,2 ± 3,6 anos. Todos os atletas foram avaliados antes e depois de quinze semanas de um programa de TFE, durante período competitivo. Os futebolistas foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira rolante, utilizando-se o protocolo de Ellestad20. A resposta de freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada por meio de um eletrocardiógrafo de 3 derivações simultâneas e a pressão arterial (PA), por meio de método auscultatório. A ventilação pulmonar (V E), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e a razão de troca respiratória (RER) foram calculados a partir de valores medidos por um sistema espirométrico computadorizado (Beckman) e a capacidade anaeróbia máxima, por meio da concentração sanguínea de ácido lático, utilizando-se analisador automático. O TFE não modificou significativamente a FC máxima (192 ± 8 vs. 186 ± 6bpm) e a PA sistólica máxima (196 ± 10 vs. 198 ± 8mmHg). A resposta ventilatória máxima foi significativamente aumentada (129 ± 19 vs. 140 ± 16L.min_1 [p< 0.05]), enquanto a capacidade aeróbia máxima não foi significativamente modificada (50,0 ± 6,0 vs. 53,0 ± 5,0ml.kg._1min_1) por esse treinamento. Ao contrário, a capacidade anaeróbia máxima aumentou significativamente (8,3 ± 0,2 vs. 9,8 ± 2,4mmol.L_1 [p< 0,05]). Concluiu-se: 1) o TFE não modificou as respostas de FC e PA no repouso e no exercício máximo; 2) a maior V E no exercício máximo associada a elevada concentração sanguínea de ácido lático demonstraram que o TFE utilizado nesse estudo foi caracterizado por exercícios predominantemente intensos; e 3) o TFE não representou estímulo adequado para aumentar a capacidade aeróbia máxima dos futebolistas.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of specific training on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in sixteen male professional soccer players, aged 24.2 ± 3.6 years old. They were evaluated before and after fifteen weeks of specific training. All subjects were submitted to an exercise test on treadmill, using Ellestad's protocol. The heart rate was recorded by means of ECG, and the arterial blood pressure by auscultatory measurement. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and pulmonary ventilation were measured by a Measurement Metabolic Cart (Beckman). Maximum anaerobic capacity was evaluated by blood lactate concentration, using an automated analyzer. Specific training did not modify the maximum heart rate (192 ± 8 vs. 186 ± 6 beats.min_1) and the maximum systolic blood pressure (196 ± 10 vs. 198 ± 8 mmHg). Maximum respiratory ventilation was significantly increased by specific training (129 ± 19 vs. 140 ± 16 L.min_1), whereas maximum aerobic capacity was not significantly increased (50 ± 6 vs. 53 ± 5 ml.kg._1 min_1 ofO2). On the other hand, maximum aerobic capacity improved significantly (8.3 ± 0.2 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4 mmol.L_1). Conclusion: 1) the specific training used in the present study did not modify heart rate and arterial blood pressure responses at rest and during maximum exercises; 2) improvement of maximum pulmonary ventilation and higher lactic acid concentrations during maximum exercise showed that the exercise training used in this study was predominantly characterized by intense exercise, and 3) specific training was not an adequate stimulus to improve maximum aerobic capacity of the soccer players.

Resposta cronotrópica e pressórica nas miocardiopatias em portadores de insuficiência cardíaca durante prova ergométrica. Correlação das variáveis espirométricas ao esforço / Chronotropic and Pressoric Response in Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Heart Failure During Stress Testing. Correlation of Spyroergometric Variables According to Effort

PURPOSE--To correlate the variables heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and double product (DP) during the ergometric test with the variables oxygen consumption (VO2) and pulmonary ventilation (VE) of spiroergometry. METHODS--A study was carried out with 40 male patients suffering from cardiomyopathy with heart failure (functional class II-IV of NYHA)-of ischemic (IS), Chagas' disease (CH) and idiopathic (ID) etiology. These three groups were compared to a group of 10 normal individuals (N). The 4 groups were evaluated under 4 different conditions: rest (RES), anaerobic threshold (LA), power peak of exercise (P) and in the fourth minute recovery (REC). The investigation was carried out with the data obtained through spiroergometry (using a treadmill and spiroergometric equipment specific for the effort), as well as data related to HR, BP, DP, VO2 and VE. RESULTS--There were significant differences observed in the ergometric evaluate of the HR, BP and DP responses in the IS, CH and ID groups as compared with the N group. There were significant difference observed in the spirometric evaluation to the VO2 and VE efforts in the IS, CH and ID groups as compared with the N group. CONCLUSION--The HR, BP and DP variables studies, obtained by means of classic ergometry, unaided by direct methodology (spiroergometry) enabled them to infer valuable data for the control and evaluation of cardiomyopathies with IC, taking into consideration the low chronotropic and pressoric responses in the various phases of evaluation during this study, corresponding to the concomitant low performance of O2 consumption and pulmonary ventilation.

Perfil de limiares ventilatórios durante o exercício e o consumo de oxigênio de pico verificado em jogadores de futebol / Ventilatory threshold profile during exercise and peak oxygen uptake verified in female soccer players

Foram avaliadas 37 jogadoras de futebol, com média de idade de 21,5 +- 5,9 anos, peso de 57,0 +- 8,3Kg, estatura de 161 +- 7cm e índice de massa corpórea de 21,8 +- 2,1Kg/m². Todas as atletas foram submetidas à avaliação espirométrica e metabólica, por meio de um sistema computadorizado de análise de gases expirados (modelo Vmax 29c, Sensor Medics, EUA). A resposta cardiovascular foi verificada por meio de um eletrocardigráfo computadorizado (modelo au

A importância da avaliação nutricional no controle da dieta de uma equipe de jogadores de futebol juniores / Importence of nutritional evaluation for diet control in a team of junior soccer players

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar por meio de questionário alimentar (recordatório de 24 horas) a adequação da ingestão calórica diária de macronutrientes em 19 jogadores de futebol juniores, com média de idade de 18,6 +- 1,1 anos (16-20). Todos os atletas eram pertencentes ao Departemento de Futebol Amador da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos de São Paulo. Os futebolistas foram submetidos a inquérito alimentar por meio de entrevista individualiada. O peso ideal dos atletas foi calculado por meio da média do índice de massa corpórea (IMC) = 22,5kg. m2 multiplicado pela estatura em metros ao quadrado. A partir do resultado foi calculada a taxa metabólica basal utilizando-se a tabela da FAO/OMS/ONU. A seguir, por anamnese, realizada junto ao setor de preparação atlética, quanificou-se o volume de atividade física, que possibilitou determinar o valor calórico mínimo, médio e máximo adequado aos atletas. Além disso, todos os futebolistas foram submetidos a exames laboratoriais. Os seguintes resultados e parâmetros foram verificados: o cálculo das necessidades calóricas diária de acordo com o volume de treinamento foi: mínimo = 3.298 +- 177Kcal.dia-1; médio = 3.689 +- Kcal.dia-1 e máximo = 3.991 +- 225Kcal.dia-1. O consumo calórico médio do jogadores era de 2.584 +-421Kcal.dia-1. Quando se comparou o resultado da ingestão média consumida pelos atletas com os valores mínimo, médio e máximo necessários, a deficiência calórica percentual apresentada, de 22%, 30% e 35%, respectivamente, foi altamente significante (p<0,05). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram, em um atleta, anemia estabelecida, com Hb de 11,1g% e hematócrito de 35%. O resultado deste estudo permite concluir que não somente a educação nutricional visando corrigir desordens de comportamento alimentares, como também um controle rigoroso das necessidades calóricas, constituem procedimentos de importância fundamental para uma dieta adequada em jogadores de futebol

Estudo descritivo sobre a importância da avaliação funcional como procedimento prévio no controlo fisiológico do treinamento físico de futebolistas realizado em pré-temporada / Descriptive study of the importance of functional evaluation as a previous procedure for physiological control of physical training in soccer players carried out in a pre-season period

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar a importância da avaliação funcional como procedimento utilizado no controle fisiológico do treinamento físico de futebolistas profissionais em pré-temporada. Foram avaliados e posteriormente concentrados na cidade de Águas de Lindóia, Estado de São Paulo, por 16 dias, 23 jogadores pertencentes ao Departamento de Futebol Profissional da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, em preparação para o Campeonato Paulista, edição 1999. Todos foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes que constou de avaliação: cardiorrespiratória e metabólica, odontológica, isocinética de membro inferiores, percentagem de gordura corpórea, da potência anaeróbia pelo teste de Wingate e testes de campo. Os seguintes resultados e os parâmetros avaliados foram: no limiar ventilatório 2 (LV2): VO2 = 49,09 +- 4,83ml. Kg-1.min-1;%VO2=82,7+-5,8; velociade de corrida = 12,8 +- 0,9Km.h-1; FC = 174+- 9bpm; no exercírcio máximo: VE BTPS = 137,3 +- 11,3L.min-1; velocidade de corrida = 17,6 +- 0,7Km.h-1; FC = (191 +- 8bpm); VO2 pico = 59,28 +- 3,52ml.Kg-1.min-1; lactato = 10,5 +- 1,5mM. Teste de Wingate: potência pico = 13,5 +- 1,1w.Kg-1; potência média = 10,1 +- 0,6w.Kg-1; índice de fadiga = 53,0 +- 7,7%. Teste isocinético: velocidade angular da articulação do joelho de perna direita na extensão e flexão a 60ºS-1 = 298 +- 72 e 198 +-44Nm, respectivamente; a 300ºS-1 extensão e flexão = 138 +- 28 e 122 +- 27Nm, respectivamente. A intensidade dos treinamentos aeróbio e anaeróbio foi controlada em campo por medidas de lactato, utilizando-se lactômetro portátil. O reinamento de musculação foi realizado a 60% da carga máxima para cada exercício. Os exercícios de alongamento e na piscina (hidroginástica) foram exaustivamente realizados pelos jogadores. Em média, cada sessão (manhã e tarde) dorou 120 minutos. Portanto, pelo pouco tempo destinado a essa fase de preparação, a importância da avaliação funcional multidisciplinar justifica-se ainda mais, pois, a partir dos resultados, é possível detectar e corrigir possíveis deficiências, direcionando com objetividade o treinamento dos futebolistas

Efeito do tempo de intervalo da amostra ventilatória na variabilidade do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) em jogadores de futebol profissional / Effect of time intervals of ventilatory sampling in the variability of maximum oxygen uptake in professional soccer players

O propósito deste estudo foi verificar, em futebolistas profissionais, o impacto de sete intervalos de tempo sobre a variável fisiológica consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx). Dezoito jogadores de futebol com média de idade de 24 +- 4 anos (18ð31), peso de 72,5 +- 5,9kg (62ð83) e estatura de 176,5 +- 7,0cm (164ð188) foram submetidos a teste ergométrico máximo em esteira rolante, utilizandoðse protocolo escalonado contínuo. A resposta de freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada por meio de um eletrocardiógrafo computadorizado de 12 derivações simultâneas. A ventilação pulmonar (Ve), o consumo de oxigênio (VO2), a produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e a razão de troca respiratória (RER) foram calculadas a partir de valores medidos por um sistema espirométrico computadorizado. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que houve variabilidade significante do VO2 máx (p < 0,05) somente quando se comparou a resposta instantânea respiração-a-respiração (breath-by-breath) em relação aos outros intervalos de tempos analisados (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 segundos), respectivamente. Concluindo, durante o exercício de intensidade progressiva, observouðse que o aumento do VO2 foi proporcional à diminuição do intervalo de tempo da coleta ventilatória. O tempo de intervalo maior subestimou esse aumento. Assim, sugereðse que o avaliador utilize intervalos médios na faixa de tempo entre 10 e 60 segundos, pois não foi verificada diferença estatística significante entre esses intervalos.

The purpose of this investigation was to verify the impact of seven ventilatory time intervals on the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) in professional soccer players. Eighteen male soccer players aged 24.4 ± 4 (18-31), weight 72.5 ± 5.9 kg (62-83) and height 176.5 ± 7 cm (164-188) were submitted to a maximum exercise test on treadmill, using the continuous protocol. The heart rate response was recorded by means of computerized ECG with 12 leads, simultaneously. The respiratory exchange ratio, carbon dioxide production, oxygen uptake and pulmonary ventilation were calculated by means of the spirometric computerized system. The results of this study demonstrated that there was significant variability (p < 0.05) in VO2 max only when it was compared instantaneously and by breath-by-breath response, in relation to other intervals analyzed (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively). In conclusion, the authors observed that VO2 max increases were proportional to those found in the ventilatory sample intervals during the progressive intensity exercise. However, the higher time interval underestimated its increase. Thus, the authors suggest that the investigator should utilize mean intervals in a range between 10 and 60 seconds, since no significant statistic difference was verified among these intervals.

Perfil de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e metabólica em bailarinos profissionais / Cardiorespiratory and metabolic profile in professional ballet dancers

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar aspectos cardiorrespiratórios e metabólicos e as alterações provocadas pelo treinamento específico de dança em um grupo de 16 bailarinos de balé profissional, modalidade clássico, sendo oito mulheres e oito homens, com média de idade de 18,2 - 3,8 anos e 26,2 - 4,5 anos, respectivamente. Todos foram submetidos a teste máximo em esteira rolante utilizandoðse o protocolo de Bruce. Foi utilizado, na análise das respostas respiratórias e metabólicas, o sistema computadorizado Metabolic Measurement Cart da Beckman. Os seguintes resultados foram obtidos entre o grupo de balé vs. o grupo controle masculino: VO2 máx. - 46 +- 4 vs.43 +- 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 194 +- 12 vs. 202 +- 11bpm; VE máx. - 112 +- 16 vs. 123 +- 18L.min-1; VO2-LA - 35 +- 4 vs. 26 +- 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1(p < 0,01); FC-LA-169 +- 18 vs. 163 +- 15 bpm. Grupo de balé vs. grupo controle feminino: VO2 máx. - 39 +- 6 vs. 35 +- 6mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC máx. - 197 +- 10 vs. 201 +- 6bpm; VE máx. - 72 +- 9 vs. 81 +- 6L.min-1; VO2-LA - 26 +- 4 vs. 27 - 4mlO2.kg.-1min-1; FC-LA - 164 +- 10 vs. 176 +- 17bpm. Conclusões: 1) a rotina específica de dança parece não gerar estímulo suficiente para aprimorar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e metabólica dos bailarinos e 2) sugereðse condicionamento físico adicional ao treinamento de balé

Índices de aptidão funcional em jogadores de futebol da Seleção Nacional da Jamaica / Functional aptitude indices in soccer players of the Jamaican all-star team

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi mostrar alguns índices de aptidão funcional em 24 jogadores de futebol da Seleção Nacional da Jamaica, com média de idade de 23,9 +- 3,7 anos, equipe pré-classificada para a Copa do Mundo da França. Todos os atletas foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes que constou de: 1) avaliação da potência, resistência muscular e o índice de fadiga no teste de Wingate, realizado numa bicicleta computadorizada da marca Cybex, modelo Bike; 2) teste isocinético computadorizado de membros inferiores no equipamento da marca Cybex, modelo 1200; 3) avaliação da flexibilidade pelo teste de Wells e Dillon; 4) exames laboratoriais; 5) avaliação odontológica, realizada através de exames clínicos num consultório da marca Funk modelo MLX Plus. Os seguintes parâmetros e os resultados encontrados foram: Wingate: potência pico corrigida pelo peso = 11,8 +- 1,8w.kg-1; potência média = 9,1 +- 1,2w.kg-1; índice de fadiga = 46,2 +- 15,2 por cento; Flexibilidade = 19,8 +- 4,6cm; Exames laboratoriais: urina tipo I; fezes; hemoglobina = 14,3 +- 1,0g por cento; ferro = 104 +- 29ng/dI; ferritina = 81,8 +-41,7ng/dI; transferrina = 502,5 +- 113,5ug/dI; hematócrito = 43,5 +- 2,9 por cento; eritrócitos = 4,95 +- 0,40 milhões/m3; glicose = 91,0 +- 8,5mg/dI; Avaliação odontológica: tártaro em 5 (21 por cento); cáries em 24 (100 por cento); gengivites em 10 (42 por cento); endodontia em 3 (12,5 por cento); pulpites em 1 (4 por cento); diastema em 2 (8 por cento); heterotópicos em 13 (54 por cento); extrações realizadas em 14 (58 por cento); extrações não realizadas em 4 (17 por cento); obturações em 4 (17 por cento); próteses em 16 (67 por cento); a profilaxia estava sendo feita em 17 (71 por cento) dos atletas examinados; Desempenho isocinético: torque de MMII direito a 60ºS-1 na extensão = 290,4 +- 95,6Nm; na flexão = 216,1 +- 31,4Nm; torque de MMII esquerdo a 60ºS-1 na extensão = 291,6 +- 62,5Nm; na flexão = 205,8 +- 35,8Nm. Conclusão: Apesar da falta de estrutura tecnológica do futebol jamaicano, os resultados demonstraram que os índices de aptidão funcional dos futebolistas avaliados neste estudo foram semelhantes aos de jogadores verificados no Centro de Medicina Integrada da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos

Estudo descritivo de alterações odontológicas verificadas em 400 jogadores de futebol / Descriptive study of odontological alterations verified in four hundred soccer players

O principal objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as alterações odontológicas mais freqüentes encontradas em jogadores de futebol. Num levantamento realizado pela Seção de Odontologia da Associação Portuguesa de Desportos-SP, 400 prontuários de futebolistas, correspondentes a um período de seis anos, foram avaliados. Todos eram do sexo masculino, sendo 353 amadores e 47 profissionais, com média de idade de 16,5 - 2,1 anos (variação de 9 a 20) e 24,7 - 3,6 anos ( variação de 21 a 34), respectivamente, pertencentes ao quadro de atletas do Departamento de Futebol. Os equipamentos utilizados durante os procedimentos foram: espelho clínico e explorador n§ 5 da marca Duflex em um consultório modelo MLX Plus da marca Funk. As radiografias oclusais foram realizadas com filmes da marca Kodak no equipamento de raios-X modelo Spectro II da marca Dabi Atlante. As seguintes alterações e os resultados encontrados nos futebolistas amadores foram: 199 casos (56 por cento) de tartarectomia, 283 de cáries (71 por cento), 61 de gengivites (17 por cento), 51 de endodontias (14 por cento), 51 de pulpites (14 por cento), 33 de abscessos (9 por cento), 21 de fístulas (6 por cento) e 10 aftas (3 por cento). Nos casos de ortodontia foram verificados: diastema em 12 atletas (3,5 por cento), apinhados em 35 (10 por cento), heterotópicos em 36 (10,2 por cento) e empactados em 4 (1 por cento). Foram realizadas 78 exodontias (22 por cento), 41 obturações (11,5 por cento) e 72 próteses (20 por cento). A profilaxia realizada atingiu 148 casos (42 por cento). Os jogadores profissionais apresentaram os seguintes resultados: 17 casos de tartarectomia (36 por cento), 32 cáries (68 por cento)...

The main purpose of this study was to verify the most frequent dental alterations found in soccer players. In a survey carried out by the dentistry department of this Association, the case histories of 400 soccer players were evaluated over a period of 6 years. The players _ 353 amateurs and 47 professionals _ aged 16.5 ± 2.1 (ranging from 9 to 20) and 24.7 ± 3.6 (ranging from 21 to 34), respectively, were all male members of the team of athletes in the soccer department. The tools used during the procedures were clinical mirror and explorer no. 5 (Duflex) in a model office (MLX Plus-Funk Trademark). The occlusion radiographs were obtained with Kodak films in the X-ray equipment (Spectro 11 model-Dabi Atlante Trademark). These were the alterations and results found in the amateur soccer players: 199 cases of tartarectomy (56 percent), 283 of caries (71 percent), 61 of gingivitis (17 percent), 51 of endodontics (14 percent), 33 of abscesses (9 percent), 21 of fistulas (6 percent) and 10 of aphthae (3 percent). In the orthodontic cases, the following alterations were found: diastema in 12 athletes (3.5 percent), crowded teeth in 35 (10 percent), heterotopic in 36 (10.2 percent), and impacted in 14 (1 percent). Seventy-eight extractions (22 percent), 41 fillings (11.5 percent) and 72 tooth replacements (20 percent) were carried out, while prophylactic measures covered 148 cases (42 percent). The professional soccer players presented the following results: 17 cases of tartarectomy (36 percent), 32 of caries (68 percent), 14 of gingivitis (30 percent), 11 of endodontics (23 percent), 6 of pulpitis (13 percent), absence of abscesses, 2 of fistulas and aphthae (4 percent), respectively. Six cases of orthodontics were verified, subdivided into 3 crowded and heterotopic teeth (6 percent), respectively. There were 78 extractions (51 percent), 6 fillings (13 percent), and 23 replacements of teeth (49 percent). Conclusion: results verified in this investigation have shown the importance of dentistry for both preventive and/or corrective measures. It is also important to stress that an inadequate teething process may cause gastrointestinal alterations and even musculoskeletal changes, thus making it difficult for athletes to participate in training and contests.

Características fisiológicas, músculo-esqueléticas, antropométricas e oftalmológicas em jogadoras de futebol feminino consideradas de elite / Ophthalmologic, anthropometric, musculo-skeletal and physiological characteristics in female elite soccer players

O futebol feminino tem crescido acentuadamente em nosso país. Quinze jogadoras de futebol com média de idade de 22,3 +- 6,2 anos, peso 58,2 +- 8,3kg e estatura 162,5 +- 6,1cm foram submetidas à avaliação de vários parâmetros considerados importantes para o rendimento atlético das futebolistas. Além disso, compararam-se alguns índices funcionais encontrados na literatura com os de jogadoras de outros países com mais experiência na prática dessa modalidade. Os seguintes parâmetros e resultados foram: Cardiorrespiratório e metabólico em repouso e no exercício: FC = 87 +- 8bpm; PAS = 100,6 +- 4,5mmHg; PAD = 62,6 +- 4,5mmHg; FCmax. = 194 +- 7bpm; Borg = 19,5 +- 0,8; veloc. max. = 13,4 +- 0,9km.h-1; LV1 = 8,5km.h-1; LV2 = 11,2km.h-1; VEmax = 93,9 +- 16,5L.min-1; VO2pico = 47,3 +- 4,5mlO2.kg-1.min-1; Cybex: força isocinética de MMII direito a 60º Sðû na extensão = 198,5 +- 44,1Nm; na flexão 133,3 +- 30,5Nm; MMII esquerdo a 60º S-1 na extensão = 203,6 +- 38,1Nm; na flexão 116,5 +- 18,8Nm; Wingate: potência de pico corrigida pelo peso = 9,5 +- 0,9w.kg-1; potência média = 7,5 +- 0,5w.kg-1; índice de fadiga = 56,7 +- 7,3 por cento; por cento de gordura = 17,4 +- 2,3 por cento; Avaliação oftalmológica: acuidade visual para longe dos olhos direito e esquerdo foi de 97,5 +- 5,8 por cento, pressão intraocular do olho direito e esquerdo = 13,7 +- 2,7 e 13,1 +- 2,4mmHg, respectivamente. Os resultados das variáveis cuja comparação foi possível com os das futebolistas internacionais mostraram que nossas atletas estavam com os índices equivalentes e, em alguns casos, até superiores. Entretanto, pela escassez de informações, ainda não há condições de estabelecer a quantificação dos índices mais adequados para prática desta modalidade esportiva pelas mulheres. É necessária a realização de um volume maior de estudos, enfocando vários aspectos do futebol feminino.

Female soccer has grown substantially in our country. Fifteen female soccer players aged 22.3 ± 6.2, weight 58.2 ± 8.3 kg and height 162.5 ± 61 cm were submitted to an evaluation of several parameters which are considered important to their physical capacity and athletic fitness. Moreover, we compared some functional rates in the literature showing the results of players from other countries with more practical experience in this game. The parameters and results were: Metabolic and cardiorespiratory during rest and during exercise: HR = 87 ± 8 bpm; SBP = 100.6 ± 4.5 mmHg; DBP = 62.6 ± 4.5 mmHg; HRmax. = 194 ± 7 bpm; Borg Scale = 19.5 ± 0.8; running velocity max. = 13.4 ± 0.9 km.h-1; VT1 = 8.5 km.h-1; VT2 = 11.2 km.h-1; VO2 peak = 47.3 ± 4.5 mlO2.kg-1.min-1; Cybex: right isokinetic torque of knee extensor at 60º S-1 = 198.5 ± 44.1 Nm; in flexors = 116.5 ± 18.8 Nm; left = 203.6 ± 38.1 Nm; 116.5 ± 18.8 Nm; Wingate: peak power corrected by weight = 9.5 ± 0.9 w.kg-1; mean power = 7.5 ± 0.5 w.kg-1; fatigue rate = 56.7 ± 7.3%; body fat % = 17.4 ± 2.3%; Ophthalmologic evaluation: long-range visual acuity in the right and left eye = 97.5 ± 5.8%, respectively; intraocular pressure in the right and left eye = 13.7 ± 2.7 and 13.1 ± 2.4 mmHg, respectively. The variable which could be compared to international female soccer results pointed our athletes had equivalent rates and rather superior, in some cases. Nevertheless, because of lack of information, the most adequate rates for the practice of this modality by women could not be quantified. In the author's opinion, a greater volume of investigation is needed focusing various female soccer features.