Heterogeneity in regional changes in body composition induced by androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer patients: potential impact on bone health-the BLADE study.

BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether changes in body composition induced by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in prostate cancer (PC) patients are uniform or vary in the different body districts and whether regional lean body mass (LBM) and fat body mass (FBM) could have an impact on bone health. OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the regional changes in LBM and FBM in PC patients submitted to degarelix; to explore the relationship of regional body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: 29 consecutive non metastatic PC patients enrolled from 2017 to 2019. FBM, LBM and bone mineral density (BMD) evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and after 12-month of ADT. Alkaline phosphate (ALP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. INTERVENTION: All patients underwent degarelix administration. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: T-test or sign test and Pearson or Spearman test for continuous variables were used when indicated. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median percent increase in FBM ranged from + 14.5% in trunk to + 25.4% in the left leg after degarelix. LBM changes varied from + 2% in the trunk to - 4.9% in the right arm. LBM in both arms and legs and their variations after degarelix directly correlated with ALP and inversely correlated with CTX. Lean mass of limbs, trunk and legs significantly correlated with BMD of the hip, lean mass of the trunk significantly correlated with spine BMD. These are post-hoc analysis of a prospective study and this is the main limitation. CONCLUSIONS: an heterogeneous change in body composition among body district is observed after ADT and bone turnover is influenced by lean mass and its variation. A supervised physical activity is crucial to maintain general physical performance and preserving bone health.

DEVELOPMENT OF RETROBULBAR AND AURICULOPALPEBRAL NERVE BLOCKS IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS).

Eye lesions are commonly observed in pinnipeds. Clinical assessment is challenging because animals are often blepharospastic and under inhalant anesthesia the globe rotates ventrally, making observation difficult. Retrobulbar and auriculopalpebral nerve block techniques have been developed in other species to alleviate these difficulties and allow for a more thorough ophthalmic exam. Ocular nerve block techniques were developed for California sea lions (CSLs) (Zalophus californianus) using lidocaine hydrochloride 2%. To develop the retrobulbar block, a variety of needle sizes, anatomic approaches, and volumes of methylene blue were injected into the orbits of 10 CSL cadavers. An optimal technique, based on desired distribution of methylene blue dye into periocular muscles and tissues, was determined to be a two-point (ventrolateral and ventromedial) transpalpebral injection with a 20-ga, 1 1/2-inch needle. This technique was then tested using lidocaine on 26 anesthetized animals prior to euthanasia, and on one case with clinical ocular disease. A dose of 4 mg/kg of lidocaine was considered ideal, with positive results and minimal complications. The retrobulbar block had a 76.9% rate of success (using 4 mg/kg of lidocaine), which was defined as the globe returning at least halfway to its central orientation with mydriasis. No systemic adverse effects were noted with this technique. The auriculopalpebral nerve block was also adapted for CSLs from techniques described in dogs, cattle, and horses. Lidocaine was injected (2-3 ml) by subcutaneous infiltration lateral to the orbital rim, where the auriculopalpebral nerve branch courses over the zygomatic arch. This block was used in five blepharospastic animals that were anesthetized for ophthalmic examinations. The auriculopalpebral nerve block was successful in 60% of the cases, which was defined as reduction or elimination of blepharospasm for up to 3 hr. Success appeared to be dependent more on the location of injection rather than on the dose administered.

Could machine learning improve the prediction of pelvic nodal status of prostate cancer patients? Preliminary results of a pilot study.

We tested and compared performances of Roach formula, Partin tables and of three Machine Learning (ML) based algorithms based on decision trees in identifying N+ prostate cancer (PC). 1,555 cN0 and 50 cN+ PC were analyzed. Results were also verified on an independent population of 204 operated cN0 patients, with a known pN status (187 pN0, 17 pN1 patients). ML performed better, also when tested on the surgical population, with accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity ranging between 48-86%, 35-91%, and 17-79%, respectively. ML potentially allows better prediction of the nodal status of PC, potentially allowing a better tailoring of pelvic irradiation.

[Medico legal considerations on prosthesis surgery of the erectile dysfunction in a La Peyronie disease case]. / Considerazioni medico legali sulla chirurgia protesica della disfunzione erettile in un caso di malattia di La Peyronie.

Peyronie's disease is characterized by the presence of an inelastic fibrous plaque of the penile tunica albuginea affecting 3-10% of the male population. The fibrous scar causes the curvature of the erect penis, which prevents the penetration. In the stabilization phase the plaque can cause a variable degree of erectile dysfunction (20-54%). In the treatment of the chronic disease, surgery is the gold standard and in case of concomitant erectile dysfunction the placement of a penile prosthesis is indicated. This surgery is loaded with an increase of the variables which can affect the outcome, such as individual clinical features and functionality of the device. The present case concerns a patient suffering from erectile dysfunction associated with Peyronie's disease who underwent surgery for implantation of hydraulic three-component penile prosthesis. After surgery a malfunction of the prosthesis was detected, which required unloading measures under sedation and a surgical revision of the scrotal pump. The latter was followed by the displacement of the prosthesis' cylinder and by a new surgical treatment for the reintegration of the prosthesis and the repair of the left corpus cavernosum. After two months a wrong positioning of the two cylinders inserted into the corpora cavernosa, with the left cranial extreme positioned 2 cm below the contralateral, was detected. In this case the failure of surgical treatment highlights a negligent behavior and the responsibility of the doctors by failing to examine adequately the variables, both clinical and not clinical, that might affect the outcome of the intervention.

Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy and Bilateral Pyelolithotomy in Ectopic Pelvic Kidneys.

OBJECTIVE: To show how to perform a robot-assisted partial nephrectomy and bilateral pyelolithotomy in ectopic pelvic kidneys. This is a congenital abnormality of position and rotation1 frequently associated with urolithiasis.2 Renal cell carcinoma is a very rare event in pelvic kidneys.3,4 These 2 findings in the same patient could be a surgical challenge and whenever possible a "one stage" treatment is preferred. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 44-year-old male with bilateral pelvic kidneys admitted because of left back pain. Abdominal CT scan showed a 17 mm stone in the left renal pelvis, a 12 mm stones in the right pelvis and a 34 × 27 mm right lower pole renal mass. A robotic surgery was indicated. Patient was placed in Trendelenburg position with ports configuration as for transperitoneal radical prostatectomy. The right kidney was firstly approached: after isolation of the ureter and suspension of the renal artery, a clampless partial nephrectomy was performed; then through a longitudinal pyelotomy the stone was extracted. To minimize the opening of the posterior peritoneum covering the left kidney, the site of the stone was identified by intraoperative ultrasound; then, through a longitudinal pyelotomy the stone was extracted. Given the watertight sutures and the lack of ureteral obstructions no pigtails ureteral catheters were inserted. A Jackson-Pratt drainage was placed through the inferior port. RESULTS: Consolle time was 190 minutes. Estimated Blood Loss (EBL) was 50 ml. No complications were reported. The drain was removed on the second postoperative day, assessed that creatinine dosage was equal to serum. The length of stay was 4 days. Histopathology showed a pT1a G2 clear cell renal cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins, while stones analysis was calcium oxalate. CONCLUSION: With the availability of robotic technology, the indications for minimally invasive surgery may be safely expanded to include concomitant morbidities in uncommon presentations.

Gene expression profile of prostate cancer cell lines: effect of nerve growth factor treatment.

A dysregulation of the nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated control of prostate cell growth is associated with the malignant progression of prostate epithelial cells. Exogenous NGF induced in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines DU145 and PC3 the expression of p75(NGFR), accompanied by a reduction of the cell malignancy. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of NGF-regulated genes the PCa cell line DU145 by using the cDNA microarray technique. NGF treatment of DU145 cells decreased the expression of 52 known genes, while the expression of 40 known genes was increased. NGF treatment of the DU145 cell line modified the expression profile of clusters of genes involved in invasion and metastasis, in cell proliferation and apoptosis, inflammation, cell metabolism and transcriptional activity. Interestingly, NGF induced the same pattern of gene modifications in both PCa cell lines. Data presented here may help to identify gene/proteins that dispose to PCa progression and to assess future markers that could allow the development of new clinic diagnostic and therapeutical approaches.

Cancer in kidney transplantation.

Cancer in the transplanted kidney is rare, and its clinical and surgical management can be controversial. We report 3 cases of cancer in renal transplantation (1 case of renal cell carcinoma and 2 cases of transitional cell carcinoma) and their treatment. Our data and those reported in the literature suggest that these cancers can be treated like a neoplasm in the general population. However, a higher number of cases and longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm our findings.

Predictive factors of overall and major postoperative complications after partial nephrectomy: Results from a multicenter prospective study (The RECORd 1 project).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze postoperative complications and to assess for significant predictive factors during partial nephrectomy (PN) using a large multicenter dataset. METHODS: Patients who underwent PN for clinical T1 renal tumors at 19 urological Italian centers (Registry of Conservative Renal Surgery [RECORd] project) were evaluated between 2009 and 2012. Anthropometric data, comorbidities and perioperative outcomes were analyzed. Complications were divided as intra- and postoperative, medical and surgical, as appropriate. The severity of postoperative complications was graded according to the modified Clavien classification system. Patients who experienced intraoperative complications were excluded from the analyses for the potential confounding effect in the evaluation of predicting factors for postoperative complications. RESULTS: Overall, 979 patients were analyzed: open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted (available since 2011) surgical approaches were used in 522 (56.4%), 286 (30.9%) and 117 (12.6%) cases, respectively. Surgical postoperative complications were reported in 121 (13.1%) cases (32 (3.5%) were Clavien 3), medical were reported in 52 (5.6%) cases (3 (0.3%) were Clavien 3). No Clavien 4 complications were reported. At multivariable analysis, ECOG score ≥1 (OR 1.98; p = 0.002), lower preoperative hemoglobin (OR 0.71; p < 0.0001) and open surgical approach (2.91; p = 0.02) were significant predictive factors of overall surgical postoperative complications, ECOG score ≥1 (OR 1.93; p = 0.04) and surgical approach (p = 0.05) were significant predictive factors of Clavien 3 either surgical or medical postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities and surgical approach should be considered in preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing PN, as they resulted to play a significant role in the occurrence of postoperative complications.

[Fluorescence endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of superficial bladder neoplasms]. / L'indagine fotodinamica nella diagnosi e nel trattamento della neoplasia vseicale superficiale.

AIM: The results of a clinical investigation on neoplasm and bladder dysplasia detection by 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced fluorescence are reported. In this paper the authors report their experience with 5-ALA in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of bladder neoplasms after chemotherapy and endocavitary immunotherapy. METHODS: The 5-ALA was instilled in the bladder 2 h before bladder transurethral resection. This method has been used since December 2000 on 163 patients and a total of 266 biopsies were histologically examined. RESULTS: One-hundred and four benign and 92 malignant/dysplastic areas were biopsied; 46 malignant/dysplastic lesions were not detected during routine white-light cystoscopy but were identified with fluorescence cystoscopy. Sensitivity was 99% but specificity was low (20%). CONCLUSIONS: ALA-based fluorescence cystoscopy is a safe and simple technique that enhances the detection of flat and papillary urothelial neoplasms.

A snapshot of nephron-sparing surgery in Italy: a prospective, multicenter report on clinical and perioperative outcomes (the RECORd 1 project).

INTRODUCTION: Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) has become the standard of care for the surgical management of small and clinically localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The conservative management of those RCCs is increasing over time. Aim of this study was to report a snapshot of the clinical, perioperative and oncological results after NSS for RCC in Italy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated all patients who underwent conservative surgical treatment for renal tumours between January 2009 and December 2012 at 19 urological Italian Centers (RECORd project). Perioperative, radiological and histopathological data were recorded. Surgical eras (2009 vs 2012 and year periods 2009-2010 vs 2011-2012) were compared. RESULTS: Globally, 983 patients were evaluated. More recently, patients undergoing NSS were found to be significantly younger (p = 0.05) than those surgically treated in the first study period, with a significantly higher rate of NSS with relative and imperative indication (p < 0.001). More recently, a higher percentage of procedures for cT1b or cT2 renal tumours was observed (p = 0.02). Utilization rate of open partial nephrectomy (OPN) constantly decreased during years, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) remained almost constant while robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) increased. The rate of clampless NSS constantly increased over time. The use of at least one haemostatic agent has been significantly more adopted in the most recent surgical era (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The utilization rate of NSS in Italy is increasing, even in elective and more complex cases. RAPN has been progressively adopted, as well as the intraoperative utilization of haemostatic agents and the rate of clampless procedures.

[Urodynamic evaluation of replacement bladders (Mainz)]. / Valutazione urodinamica delle vesciche di sostituzione (M.A.I.N.Z.).

42 ileo-colonic orthotopic reservoirs (M.A.I.N.Z.) following radical cystectomy were evaluated with urodynamic studies. Long term results in 19 patients with a follow up longer than 36 months were compared to the findings of 23 patients with a shorter follow-up. Urodynamic evaluation showed a reservoir with large capacity and low pressure in both groups. Nocturnal incontinence occasionally occurred. Many factors may account for this problem. Instillation of hyperosmotic solution during cystometry resulted in increased amplitudes and frequency of intracavitary pressure waves: the nocturnal increase in urine osmolality could be in correlation with nocturnal incontinence.

[Retropubic adenectomy (Millin's technique). Our experience]. / Adenomectomia retropubica secondo Millin. Nostra esperienza.

From January 1983 to December 1993, on 1917 ptz who underwent to operations for BPH, 1532 pts (80%) had transurethral adenomectomy, and 385 pts (20%) had retropubic adenomectomy. The prostatic weight, obtained by ultrasound, is the factor which determines the kind of operations: transurethral adenomectomy if the prostate weight is lower than 50 gr, open surgery if it is more than 50 gr. In our experience about retropubic adenomectomy (Millin) we never had patient's death during operation or in the immediate post-operatively period. The early complications were 13.7%, and the late complications were 3.8%. The retropubic adenomectomy, when performed with right indications, is still valid.

Coronary artery disease in thrombotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta.

Even if the rupture is the most common cause of death of patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) and the risk increases with the presence and the size of IntraLuminal Thrombosis (ILT), there are cases in which death occurs for other causes. The Authors present an autoptic report of considerable size AAA with ILT in a patient who died by heart failure due to CAD thrombotic and ischemic heart disease. A protective role of approved in the literature and the role of products resulting from the thrombotic formation could explain the death event.

Simple enucleation versus standard partial nephrectomy for clinical T1 renal masses: perioperative outcomes based on a matched-pair comparison of 396 patients (RECORd project).

OBJECTIVES: To compare simple enucleation (SE) and standard partial nephrectomy (SPN) in terms of surgical results in a multicenter dataset (RECORd Project). MATERIALS AND METHODS: patients treated with nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for clinical T1 renal tumors between January 2009 and January 2011 were evaluated. Overall, 198 patients who underwent SE were retrospectively matched to 198 patients who underwent SPN. The SPN and SE groups were compared regarding intraoperative, early post-operative and pathologic outcome variables. Multivariable analysis was applied to analyze predictors of positive surgical margin (PSM) status. RESULTS: SE was associated with similar WIT (18 vs 17.8 min), lower intraoperative blood loss (177 vs 221 cc, p = 0.02) and shorter operative time (121 vs 147 min; p < 0.0001). Surgical approach (laparoscopic vs. open), tumor size and type of indication (elective/relative vs absolute) were associated with WIT >20 min. The incidence of PSM was significantly lower in patients treated with SE (1.4% vs 6.9%; p = 0.02). At multivariable analysis, PSM was related to the surgical technique, with a 4.7-fold increased risk of PSM for SPN compared to SE. The incidence of overall, medical and surgical complications was similar between SE and SPN. CONCLUSIONS: Type of NSS technique (SE vs SPN) adopted has a negligible impact on WIT and postoperative morbidity but SE seems protective against PSM occurrence.

Analysis of radical cystectomy and urinary diversion complications with the Clavien classification system in an Italian real life cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Standardized methods of reporting complications after radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary diversions (UD) are necessary to evaluate the morbidity associated with this operation to evaluate the modified Clavien classification system (CCS) in grading perioperative complications of RC and UD in a real life cohort of patients with bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of patients treated with RC and UD from April 2011 to March 2012 at 19 centers in Italy was evaluated. Complications were recorded according to the modified CCS. Results were presented as complication rates per grade. Univariate and binary logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: 467 patients were enrolled. Median age was 70 years (range 35-89). UD consisted in orthotopic neobladder in 112 patients, ileal conduit in 217 patients and cutaneous ureterostomy in 138 patients. 415 complications were observed in 302 patients and were classified as Clavien type I (109 patients) or II (220 patients); Clavien type IIIa (45 patients), IIIb (22 patients); IV (11 patients) and V (8 patients). Patients with cutaneous ureterostomy presented a lower rate (8%) of CCS type ≥IIIa (p = 0.03). A longer operative time was an independent risk factor of CCS ≥III (OR: 1.005; CI: 1.002-1.007 per minute; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In our study, RC is associated with a significant morbidity (65%) and a reduced mortality (1.7%) when compared to previous experiences. The modified CCS represents an easily applicable tool to classify the complications of RC and UD in a more objective and detailed way.

[Appropriateness prescribing and doctor's professional responsibility]. / Appropriatezza prescrittiva e responsabilità professionale del medico.

The public health spending has now reached very significant levels, in this sense, the responsibility of the medical doctor assumes a significant importance in medical law. The aim of this paper is to analyze the profile of responsibilities of the medical doctor in the light of recent case law. The appropriateness of prescribing and risk assessment are, according to the authors, the real test on which to test the skill, prudence and diligence which are called prescribers. Guidelines can be a valuable tool for the professional help, knowing, however, limits application of the recommendations where to be reconciling with the prevailing protection of personal rights of the user.

Predicting prostate cancer at rebiopsies in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a study on 546 patients.

The aim of this study was to analyse the factors that predict the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) after high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Data from 546 patients with HGPIN submitted up to a 6-month series of three rebiopsies, according to an institutional protocol, were reviewed. PCa has been found in 174 cases (31.8%), in 116 cases at the first and in 58 cases at a further rebiopsy. The risk of finding PCa at the first rebiopsy was correlated with the PSA value and with an anomalous digital rectal examination (DRE) at the time of the initial biopsy; the risk at a subsequent rebiopsy was correlated to the number of cores with HGPIN, with a cutoff of four, and to the ratio with the total number of cores ('PIN density'), with a cutoff of 50%, at the time of initial biopsy. A tailored protocol of controls can be suggested: (a) higher PSA value and/or anomalous DRE: early extended or saturation rebiopsy; (b) number of cores with HGPIN ≥4 and/or PIN density ≥50%: delayed rebiopsy; and (c) no risk factors: PSA and DRE controls.

[Immunity and cancer: the role of PSA IgM Immune complexes for prostate cancer]. / Immunità e cancro: ruolo degli immunocomplessi PSA-IGM nel cancro della prostata.

Immunoediting is a new concept in cancer surveillance. Immunity is involved in detecting cellular waste, and taking off transformed cells. In particular, natural IgM antibodies play an important role in immunosurveillance mechanisms against transformed cells in humans.? Scientific evidence indicates that biomarkers for different types of cancer, such as liver and colorectal cancer, circulate in blood associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) to form complexes that improve diagnosis in comparison to circulating free biomarkers. In prostate cancer it has been demonstrated that testing for serum levels of the PSA-IgM immune complex improves the diagnostic performance of total PSA. Preliminary reports indicate that the combination of PSA-IgM with total PSA is the best approach to reduce the number of negative prostatic mapping thus improving the diagnosis of prostate cancer.