RESUMEN
The use of T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells in adoptive cell transfer has had promising clinical success, but often, simple preclinical evaluation does not necessarily accurately predict treatment efficacy or safety. Preclinical studies generally evaluate one or a limited number of type 1 cytokines to assess antigen recognition. However, recent studies have implicated other "typed" T cells in effective anti-tumor/viral immunity, and limited functional evaluations may underestimate cross-reactivity. In this study, we use an altered peptide ligand (APL) model and multi-dimensional flow cytometry to evaluate polyfunctionality of TCR gene-modified T cells. Evaluating six cytokines and the lytic marker CD107a on a per cell basis revealed remarkably diverse polyfunctional phenotypes within a single T cell culture and among peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) donors. This polyfunctional assessment identified unexpected phenotypes, including cells producing both type 1 and type 2 cytokines, and highlighted interferon γneg (IFNγneg) antigen-reactive populations overlooked in our previous studies. Additionally, APLs skewed functional phenotypes to be less polyfunctional, which was not necessarily related to changes in TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) affinity. A better understanding of gene-modified T cell functional diversity may help identify optimal therapeutic phenotypes, predict clinical responses, anticipate off-target recognition, and improve the design and delivery of TCR gene-modified T cells.
Asunto(s)
Péptidos/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/genética , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/química , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/inmunología , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad/metabolismo , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Ligandos , Activación de Linfocitos , Modelos Moleculares , Péptidos/química , Unión Proteica , Conformación Proteica , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
T-cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC affinity has been generally accepted to be the most important factor dictating antigen recognition in gene-modified T-cells. As such, there is great interest in optimizing TCR-based immunotherapies by enhancing TCR affinity to augment the therapeutic benefit of TCR gene-modified T-cells in cancer patients. However, recent clinical trials using affinity-enhanced TCRs in adoptive cell transfer (ACT) have observed unintended and serious adverse events, including death, attributed to unpredicted off-tumor or off-target cross-reactivity. It is critical to re-evaluate the importance of other biophysical, structural, or cellular factors that drive the reactivity of TCR gene-modified T-cells. Using a model for altered antigen recognition, we determined how TCR-pMHC affinity influenced the reactivity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) TCR gene-modified T-cells against a panel of naturally occurring HCV peptides and HCV-expressing tumor targets. The impact of other factors, such as TCR-pMHC stabilization and signaling contributions by the CD8 co-receptor, as well as antigen and TCR density were also evaluated. We found that changes in TCR-pMHC affinity did not always predict or dictate IFNγ release or degranulation by TCR gene-modified T-cells, suggesting that less emphasis might need to be placed on TCR-pMHC affinity as a means of predicting or augmenting the therapeutic potential of TCR gene-modified T-cells used in ACT. A more complete understanding of antigen recognition by gene-modified T-cells and a more rational approach to improve the design and implementation of novel TCR-based immunotherapies is necessary to enhance efficacy and maximize safety in patients.
Asunto(s)
Traslado Adoptivo/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Animales , Unión Competitiva/inmunología , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Citometría de Flujo , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Interferón gamma/inmunología , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , Ratones , Péptidos/genética , Péptidos/inmunología , Péptidos/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genética , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/inmunología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tumor-associated myeloid cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are immune suppressive. This study demonstrates a novel mechanism involving FOXO3 and NF-κB RelA that controls myeloid cell signaling and impacts their immune-suppressive nature. We find that FOXO3 binds NF-κB RelA in the cytosol, impacting both proteins by preventing FOXO3 degradation and preventing NF-κB RelA nuclear translocation. The location of protein-protein interaction was determined to be near the FOXO3 transactivation domain. In turn, NF-κB RelA activation was restored upon deletion of the same sequence in FOXO3 containing the DNA binding domain. We have identified for the first time, to our knowledge, a direct protein-protein interaction between FOXO3 and NF-κB RelA in tumor-associated DCs. These detailed biochemical interactions provide the foundation for future studies to use the FOXO3-NF-κB RelA interaction as a target to enhance tumor-associated DC function to support or enhance antitumor immunity.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Células Mieloides/inmunología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/inmunología , Animales , Proteína Forkhead Box O3 , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Unión Proteica , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Transducción de Señal , Activación TranscripcionalRESUMEN
The success in recent clinical trials using T cell receptor (TCR)-genetically engineered T cells to treat melanoma has encouraged the use of this approach toward other malignancies and viral infections. Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is being treated with a new set of successful direct anti-viral agents, potential for virologic breakthrough or relapse by immune escape variants remains. Additionally, many HCV+ patients have HCV-associated disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which does not respond to these novel drugs. Further exploration of other approaches to address HCV infection and its associated disease are highly warranted. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of PBL-derived T cells genetically engineered with a high-affinity, HLA-A2-restricted, HCV NS3:1406-1415-reactive TCR. HCV1406 TCR-transduced T cells can recognize naturally processed antigen and elicit CD8-independent recognition of both peptide-loaded targets and HCV+ human HCC cell lines. Furthermore, these cells can mediate regression of established HCV+ HCC in vivo. Our results suggest that HCV TCR-engineered antigen-reactive T cells may be a plausible immunotherapy option to treat HCV-associated malignancies, such as HCC.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Genes Codificadores de los Receptores de Linfocitos T/fisiología , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/etiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ingeniería Genética , Antígeno HLA-A2/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/etiología , Ratones , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Though immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized lung cancer therapy in recent years, there are several factors limiting the therapeutic efficacy of ICI-based immunotherapy in lung cancer. Recent evidence suggests that one such mechanism is the phenotypic shift of tumor-infiltrating macrophages away from an anti-tumor M1 phenotype and towards an anti-inflammatory and tumor-permissive M2 phenotype. Though this phenomenon is well documented, the means through which the lung tumor microenvironment (TME) usurps macrophage function are poorly described. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a known driver of both lung cancer pathobiology as well as M2 polarization, and its signaling is antagonized by the tumor suppressor gene HAI-1 (SPINT1). Using a combination of genomic databases, primary NSCLC specimens, and in vitro models, we determined that patients with loss of HAI-1 have a particularly poor prognosis, hallmarked by increased HGF expression and an M2-dominant immune infiltrate. Similarly, conditioned media from HAI-1-deficient tumor cells led to a loss of M1 and increased M2 polarization in vitro, and patient NSCLC tissues with loss of HAI-1 showed a similar loss of M1 macrophages. Combined, these results suggest that loss of HAI-1 is a potential means through which tumors acquire an immunosuppressive, M2-dominated TME, potentially through impaired M1 macrophage polarization. Hence, HAI-1 status may be informative when stratifying patients that may benefit from therapies targeting the HGF pathway, particularly as an adjuvant to ICI-based immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Proteínas Inhibidoras de Proteinasas Secretoras/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Activación de Macrófagos/fisiología , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Células THP-1 , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Although EGFR mutant-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are clinically effective, acquired resistance can occur by reactivating ERK. We show using in vitro models of acquired EGFR TKI resistance with a mesenchymal phenotype that CXCR7, an atypical G protein-coupled receptor, activates the MAPK-ERK pathway via ß-arrestin. Depletion of CXCR7 inhibited the MAPK pathway, significantly attenuated EGFR TKI resistance, and resulted in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. CXCR7 overexpression was essential in reactivation of ERK1/2 for the generation of EGFR TKI-resistant persister cells. Many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring an EGFR kinase domain mutation, who progressed on EGFR inhibitors, demonstrated increased CXCR7 expression. These data suggest that CXCR7 inhibition could considerably delay and prevent the emergence of acquired EGFR TKI resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 constitutes a mechanism of resistance to EGFR TKI in patients with non-small cell lung cancer through reactivation of ERK signaling.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Receptores CXCR/metabolismo , Animales , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/mortalidad , Línea Celular Tumoral , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidad , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/genética , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación , Neoplasias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentales/genética , Receptores CXCR/genética , beta-Arrestinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Purpose: HER2-positive breast cancer is driven by cells possessing stem-like properties of self-renewal and differentiation, referred to as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are implicated in radiotherapy, chemotherapy resistance, and tumor recurrence. NOTCH promotes breast CSC survival and self-renewal, and overexpression of NOTCH1 and the NOTCH ligand JAGGED1 predict poor outcome. Resistance to anti-HER2 therapy in HER2+ breast cancer requires NOTCH1, and that combination of trastuzumab and a gamma secretase inhibitor (GSI) prevents tumor relapse in xenograft models.Experimental Design: The current study investigates mechanisms by which HER2 tyrosine kinase activity regulates NOTCH-dependent CSC survival and tumor initiation.Results: Lapatinib-mediated HER2 inhibition shifts the population of HER2+ breast cancer cells from low membrane JAGGED1 expression to higher levels, independent of sensitivity to anti-HER2 treatment within the bulk cell population. This increase in membrane JAGGED1 is associated with higher NOTCH receptor expression, activation, and enrichment of CSCs in vitro and in vivo Importantly, lapatinib treatment results in growth arrest and cell death of JAGGED1 low-expressing cells while the JAGGED1 high-expressing cells continue to cycle. High membrane JAGGED1 protein expression predicts poor overall cumulative survival in women with HER2+ breast cancer.Conclusions: These results indicate that higher membrane JAGGED1 expression may be used to either predict response to anti-HER2 therapy or for detection of NOTCH-sensitive CSCs posttherapy. Sequential blockade of HER2 followed by JAGGED1 or NOTCH could be more effective than simultaneous blockade to prevent drug resistance and tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4566-78. ©2018 AACR.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteína Jagged-1/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptor Notch1/genética , Animales , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Lapatinib/farmacología , Ratones , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Receptor ErbB-2/genéticaRESUMEN
Advancement in flow cytometry reagents and instrumentation has allowed for simultaneous analysis of large numbers of lineage/functional immune cell markers. Highly complex datasets generated by polychromatic flow cytometry require proper analytical software to answer investigators' questions. A problem among many investigators and flow cytometry Shared Resource Laboratories (SRLs), including our own, is a lack of access to a flow cytometry-knowledgeable bioinformatics team, making it difficult to learn and choose appropriate analysis tool(s). Here, we comparatively assess various multidimensional flow cytometry software packages for their ability to answer a specific biologic question and provide graphical representation output suitable for publication, as well as their ease of use and cost. We assessed polyfunctional potential of TCR-transduced T cells, serving as a model evaluation, using multidimensional flow cytometry to analyze 6 intracellular cytokines and degranulation on a per-cell basis. Analysis of 7 parameters resulted in 128 possible combinations of positivity/negativity, far too complex for basic flow cytometry software to analyze fully. Various software packages were used, analysis methods used in each described, and representative output displayed. Of the tools investigated, automated classification of cellular expression by nonlinear stochastic embedding (ACCENSE) and coupled analysis in Pestle/simplified presentation of incredibly complex evaluations (SPICE) provided the most user-friendly manipulations and readable output, evaluating effects of altered antigen-specific stimulation on T cell polyfunctionality. This detailed approach may serve as a model for other investigators/SRLs in selecting the most appropriate software to analyze complex flow cytometry datasets. Further development and awareness of available tools will help guide proper data analysis to answer difficult biologic questions arising from incredibly complex datasets.
Asunto(s)
Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Programas Informáticos , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Biología Computacional/métodos , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , HumanosRESUMEN
Exosomes, small (30-150 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) carry leukemia-associated antigens and multiple inhibitory molecules. Circulating exosomes can deliver suppressive cargos to immune recipient cells, inhibiting anti-tumor activities. Pre-therapy plasma of refractory/relapsed AML patients contains elevated levels of immunosuppressive exosomes which interfere with anti-leukemia functions of activated immune cells. We show that exosomes isolated from pre-therapy plasma of the AML patients receiving adoptive NK-92 cell therapy block anti-leukemia cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells and other NK-92 cell functions. NK-92 cells do not internalize AML exosomes. Instead, signaling via surface receptors expressed on NK-92 cells, AML exosomes simultaneously deliver multiple inhibitory ligands to the cognate receptors. The signals are processed downstream and activate multiple suppressive pathways in NK-92 cells. AML exosomes reprogram NK-92 cells, interfering with their anti-leukemia functions and reducing the therapeutic potential of adoptive cell transfers. Plasma-derived exosomes interfere with immune cells used for adoptive cell therapy and may limit expected therapeutic benefits of adoptive cell therapy.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Exosomas/metabolismo , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Plasma/metabolismo , Células A549 , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Circulación Sanguínea , Proliferación Celular , Reprogramación Celular , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Femenino , Humanos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Células Asesinas Naturales/trasplante , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/inmunología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are ubiquitously present in the tumor microenvironment and plasma of cancer patients. TEX carry a cargo of multiple stimulatory and inhibitory molecules and deliver them to recipient cells, serving as a communication network for the tumor. The mechanisms TEX use for delivering messages to recipient cells were evaluated using PKH26-labeled TEX produced by cultured human tumor cells, exosomes produced by dendritic cells-derived exosomes (DEX), or exosomes isolated from plasma of cancer patients (EXO). Human T-cell subsets, B cells, NK cells, and monocytes were co-incubated with TEX, DEX, or EXO and binding or internalization of labeled vesicles was evaluated by confocal microscopy and/or Amnis-based flow cytometry. Vesicle-induced Ca2+ influx in recipient T cells was monitored, and TEX-induced inosine production in Treg was determined by mass spectrometry. In contrast to B cells, NK cells or monocytes, conventional T cells did not internalize labeled vesicles. Minimal exosome uptake was only evident in Treg following prolonged co-incubation with TEX. All exosomes induced Ca2+ influx in T cells, with TEX and EXO isolated from cancer patients' plasma delivering the strongest, sustained signaling to Treg. Such sustained signaling resulted in the significant upregulation of the conversion of extracellular ATP to inosine (adenosine metabolite) by Treg, suggesting that TEX signaling could have functional consequences in these recipient cells. Thus, modulation of Treg suppressor functions by TEX is mediated by mechanisms dependent on cell surface signaling and does not require TEX internalization by recipient cells.
RESUMEN
Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEX) suppress functions of immune cells. Here, changes in the gene profiles of primary human T lymphocytes exposed in vitro to exosomes were evaluated. CD4(+) Tconv, CD8(+) T or CD4(+) CD39(+) Treg were isolated from normal donors' peripheral blood and co-incubated with TEX or exosomes isolated from supernatants of cultured dendritic cells (DEX). Expression levels of 24-27 immune response-related genes in these T cells were quantified by qRT-PCR. In activated T cells, TEX and DEX up-regulated mRNA expression levels of multiple genes. Multifactorial data analysis of ΔCt values identified T cell activation and the immune cell type, but not exosome source, as factors regulating gene expression by exosomes. Treg were more sensitive to TEX-mediated effects than other T cell subsets. In Treg, TEX-mediated down-regulation of genes regulating the adenosine pathway translated into high expression of CD39 and increased adenosine production. TEX also induced up-regulation of inhibitory genes in CD4(+) Tconv, which translated into a loss of CD69 on their surface and a functional decline. Exosomes are not internalized by T cells, but signals they carry and deliver to cell surface receptors modulate gene expression and functions of human T lymphocytes.
Asunto(s)
Exosomas/metabolismo , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Adenosina/metabolismo , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Apirasa/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/citología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/citología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Medios de Cultivo Condicionados/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Microscopía Fluorescente , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/citología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Although adoptive transfer of autologous tumor antigen-specific T-cell immunotherapy can produce remarkable clinical efficacy, most patients do not achieve durable complete responses. We hypothesized that reducing susceptibility of T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD), which increases during the rapid in vitro expansion of therapeutic T cells before their infusion, might improve the persistence of adoptively transferred cells. Our investigations revealed that repetitive stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) induced AICD, as a result of activating the DNA damage response pathway through ATM-mediated Ser15 phosphorylation of p53. Activation of this DNA damage response pathway also occurred upon antigen-specific restimulation in TCR-transduced TIL1383I T cells prepared for adoptive transfer to patients as part of a clinical trial. Notably, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly reduced upregulation of the DNA damage marker γH2AX, subsequent ATM activation, and cell death. In the Pmel mouse model of melanoma, the presence of NAC during ex vivo T-cell expansion improved the persistence of adoptively transferred cells, reduced tumor growth, and increased survival. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the addition of NAC to current therapeutic T-cell expansion protocols, offering immediate potential to improve the quality and therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapeutics infused into patients. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6006-16. ©2016 AACR.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Activación de Linfocitos , Neoplasias Experimentales/terapia , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Daño del ADN , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Neoplasias Experimentales/inmunología , Fosforilación , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/fisiología , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
A major obstacle hindering the development of effective immunity against viral infections, their associated disease, and certain cancers is their inherent genomic instability. Accumulation of mutations can alter processing and presentation of antigens recognized by antibodies and T cells that can lead to immune escape variants. Use of an agent that can intrinsically combat rapidly mutating viral or cancer-associated antigens would be quite advantageous in developing effective immunity against such disease. We propose that T cells harboring cross-reactive TCRs could serve as a therapeutic agent in these instances. With the use of hepatitis C virus, known for its genomic instability as a model for mutated antigen recognition, we demonstrate cross-reactivity against immunogenic and mutagenic nonstructural protein 3:1406-1415 and nonstructural protein 3:1073-1081 epitopes in PBL-derived, TCR-gene-modified T cells. These single TCR-engineered T cells can CD8-independently recognize naturally occurring and epidemiologically relevant mutant variants. TCR-peptide MHC modeling data allow us to rationalize how TCR structural properties accommodate recognition of certain mutated epitopes and how these substitutions impact the requirement of CD8 affinity enhancement for recognition. A better understanding of such TCRs' promiscuous behavior may allow for exploitation of these properties to develop novel, adoptive T cell-based therapies for viral infections and cancers exhibiting similar genomic instability.
Asunto(s)
Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Inestabilidad Genómica , Hepacivirus/inmunología , Hepatitis C/prevención & control , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/inmunología , Inmunoterapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatitis C/etiología , HumanosRESUMEN
Bladder tumors represent a special therapeutic challenge as they have a high recurrence rate requiring repeated interventions and may progress to invasive or metastatic disease. Exosomes carry proteins implicated in bladder cancer progression and have been implicated in bladder cancer cell survival. Here, we characterized exosome uptake and internalization by human bladder cancer cells using Amnis ImageStreamX, an image cytometer. Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation from bladder cancer culture conditioned supernatant, labeled with PKH-26, and analyzed on the ImageStreamX with an internal standard added to determine concentration. Exosomes were cocultured with bladder cancer cells and analyzed for internalization. Using the IDEAS software, we determined exosome uptake based on the number of PKH-26+ spots and overall PKH-26 fluorescence intensity. Using unlabeled beads of a known concentration and size, we were able to determine concentrations of exosomes isolated from bladder cancer cells. We measured exosome uptake by recipient bladder cancer cells, and we demonstrated that uptake is dose and time dependent. Finally, we found that uptake is active and specific, which can be partially blocked by heparin treatment. The characterization of cellular uptake and internalization by bladder cancer cells may shed light on the role of exosomes on bladder cancer recurrence and progression.
Asunto(s)
Endocitosis/genética , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular , Exosomas , Humanos , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/genética , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patologíaRESUMEN
Ex vivo-expanded CD8(+) T cells used for adoptive immunotherapy generally acquire an effector memory-like phenotype (TEM cells). With regard to therapeutic applications, two undesired features of this phenotype in vivo are limited persistence and reduced antitumor efficacy, relative to CD8(+) T cells with a central memory-like phenotype (TCM cells). Furthermore, there is incomplete knowledge about all the differences between TEM and TCM cells that may influence tumor treatment outcomes. Given that TCM cells survive relatively longer in oxidative tumor microenvironments, we investigated the hypothesis that TCM cells possess relatively greater antioxidative capacity than TEM cells. Here, we report that TCM cells exhibit a relative increase compared with TEM cells in the expression of cell surface thiols, a key target of cellular redox controls, along with other antioxidant molecules. Increased expression of redox regulators in TCM cells inversely correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, proliferative capacity, and glycolytic enzyme levels. Notably, T-cell receptor-transduced T cells pretreated with thiol donors, such as N-acetyl cysteine or rapamycin, upregulated thiol levels and antioxidant genes. A comparison of antitumor CD8(+) T-cell populations on the basis of surface thiol expression showed that thiol-high cells persisted longer in vivo and exerted superior tumor control. Our results suggest that higher levels of reduced cell surface thiols are a key characteristic of T cells that can control tumor growth and that profiling this biomarker may have benefits to adoptive T-cell immunotherapy protocols.