The relationship between inflammatory markers and retinopathy of prematurity in extremely premature infants.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationships among blood parameters, clinical factors, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely premature (EP) infants. METHODS: This retrospective study included 153 EP infants who were categorized into two groups based on the presence of inflammatory diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and premature rupture of membranes. Complete blood count parameters, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio, platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic inflammatory index, and platelet mass index were recorded during the first week and first month after birth. The study analyzed the impact of parameters obtained through blood tests during the first week and first month on the development of ROP and the requirement for treatment. RESULTS: In this study, 96 infants were diagnosed with inflammatory diseases. After multivariate regression analyses, the duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.010) was found to be the only factor that led to ROP development. Moreover, lower gestational age (GA) (p = 0.006), higher NLR (p = 0.026), and lower PLR (p = 0.019) were observed in infants requiring treatment compared to infants with spontaneous resolution of ROP in this group. 57 infants did not have inflammatory diseases. Although the duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.041) and low levels of platelets (PLT) (p = 0.046) measured in the first month postnatally were significantly found to be associated with ROP developement, no parameter affecting the required treatment could be determined. CONCLUSION: EP infants with longer mechanical ventilation durations and lower PLT counts are vulnerable to ROP development. GA, PLR, and NLR are predictive factors for treatment.

Trends and seasonality in public interest in dental trauma: Insights from Google Trends.

AIM: To assess trends and seasonal variation of dental trauma by using the Google Trends data. DESIGN: Google Trends was used to obtain relative search volume (RSV) of search terms such as dental trauma, broken tooth, chipped tooth, knocked-out tooth, avulsed tooth, and gum trauma. The search strategy was set to the time period (January 2004 to December 2019), region (worldwide, the United States, the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, and Turkey), Web search, and all categories. Seasonal variation was evaluated using the cosinor analysis. RESULTS: The worldwide RSV values of broken tooth, chipped tooth, knocked-out tooth, and avulsed tooth have shown a general increase in recent years with an upward forecast line. The RSV values of dental trauma have shown a general increase in recent years with a plateau forecast line, and gum trauma has shown a stable trend with a plateau forecast line. Seasonal variation of chipped tooth, broken tooth, dental trauma, knocked-out tooth, avulsed tooth, and gum trauma was not found statistically significant in any of the countries (p > .025). The top related queries of chipped tooth and broken tooth were about pain, fix/repair, and cost. The top related topics for avulsed tooth and knocked-out tooth are about infant, child, toddler, and primary tooth. CONCLUSIONS: People's interest on dental trauma, broken tooth, chipped tooth, knocked-out tooth, and avulsed tooth has shown a general increase in recent years without showing a seasonal pattern. Healthcare professionals should pay more attention to people's concerns and informational needs.

Effect of Short-Term Morbidities, Risk Factors and Rate of Growth Failure in Very Low Birth Weight Preterms at Discharge.

BACKGROUND: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants often demonstrate postnatal growth failure (PGF). We aimed to analyze incidence and risk factors for PGF in surviving VLBW infants hospitalized more than 28 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fenton growth chart (2013) was used for Z-scores for birth weight (BW) and discharge weight. Infants with a decrease in their Z-scores at discharge >1 were considered as 'PGF group' and with a decrease >2 were considered as 'severe PGF group'. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-one of 148 (95.3%) infants had PGF, 88 of 141 (62.4%) had severe PGF. There were significant differences in gestational age, birth and discharge weight, and days to regain BW, age of first and full enteral feeding, duration of parenteral nutrition, lipid emulsions, intubation and hospitalization between groups (p < 0.05). Vasopressor treatment, nosocomial infection, patent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates were significantly higher in severe PGF group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PGF remains a serious problem in our unit. All VLBW preterm infants should be followed for PGF.

"How I whiten my teeth": YouTube™ as a patient information resource for teeth whitening.

BACKGROUND: YouTube™ is the world's second most popular website after Google on the Internet. The aim of this study was to assess the quality and content of information YouTube™ videos for patients seeking information about teeth whitening. METHODS: The keyword 'teeth whitening' was searched on YouTube™. YouTube™ was filtered by the relevance, and the first 100 videos that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. The included videos were analyzed for views, duration, time since video upload, likes/dislikes, number of comments, source, material types (dental, natural, and other). Also, video purpose was analyzed under nine categories (definition, material preparation, the procedure of application, material comparison, before/after comparison, symptoms, post-op experience, commercial, educational). Each video was classified according to the quality of information content as 'good', 'moderate', or 'poor'. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Fischer's Exact test and Spearman correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Most videos were uploaded by laypersons (60.0%). The definition of teeth whitening was the most commonly covered topic (74.0%), followed by the procedure of application (54.0%), and post-op experience (36.0%). Only 12% of videos were classified as having good information quality content, 53% moderate, and 35% were rated as poor information content. Poor-information content videos had a significantly higher number of viewing rates than the other groups (P = 0.002), besides the duration was significantly higher in poor-information content videos (P =0.002). There was a significant relationship between the quality of video information and material types (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube™ should not be used as a thoroughly reliable and accurate source for patient information about teeth whitening. More informative and reliable content YouTube™ videos about teeth whitening should be uploaded by professionals.

Comparison of the Flexural Strength of Three Different Aged and Nonaged 3D-Printed Permanent Crown Resins.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength properties of three different aged and nonaged 3D-printed resins built by different 3D printing systems used in dental applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bars (2 × 2 × 25 mm) were additively fabricated using a 3D printer and different dental crown resins (Saremco Crowntec, Senertek P-Crown V2, and Senertek P-Crown V3) per the manufacturers' recommendations. Each subgroup was divided into aged and nonaged subgroups (n = 10 bars per group). Thermocycling procedures (5° to 55°C; 5,000 cycles) were performed under favorable conditions for the aged subgroups from each material. Flexural strength (MPa) was measured in all samples using a universal test machine. RESULTS: When both aged and nonaged resins are compared, significant differences were found in flexural strength measurements (P < .001). The highest flexural strength was observed in the Saremco Crowntec group, while the lowest flexural strength was observed in the Senertek P Crown V2 group. The flexural strength measurements of Saremco Crowntec and Senertek P Crown V3 displayed no significant difference between their aged and nonaged groups (P > .05), while Senertek P Crown V2 (P = .039) showed significant differences between its aged and nonaged groups. CONCLUSIONS: Saremco Crowntec showed the highest flexural strength both in aged and nonaged groups, while Senertek P Crown V2 had the lowest strength. The artificial aging process decreased flexural strength values in all 3D-printed resin groups.

Color Alterations, Flexural Strength, and Microhardness of 3DPrinted Resins Treated in Different Coloring Agents.

Purpose This study evaluated the color alterations, flexural strength and microhardness properties of two different 3D-printed permanent crown resins. Materials and Methods Samples were produced from two different 3D Print permanent crown resins: Group 1 (Saremco Crowntec; Saremco, Switzerland), Group 2 (P-crown Version 2; Senertek, Turkey). Color changes (ΔE values), flexural strenght and vickers hardness number of the samples were calculated. Data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Independent-t test, and Mann Whitney-U tests. Significance level was accepted as P<0.05. Results ΔE values for red wine were found to be significantly higher in Group 1 (6.43Å}2.26; P<0.001). The flexural strength values (MPa) of Group 1 were significantly higher than Group 2 in all three solutions (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the VHN values of the samples kept in wine and coffee solutions (P= 0.271; 0.827). Conclusion 3D printing resins are affected at different levels by coloring solutions. Microhardness and flexural strength of 3D print samples kept in different coloring agents are different.In the use of 3D printing resins, product selection should be made by taking into account the individual factors such as the eating and drinking habits of the patients and the physical properties expected from the sample.

Effect of the Presence of Silicone Oil in the Anterior Chamber After Complicated Retinal Detachment Surgery on Corneal Morphology by In Vivo Confocal Microscopy.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the corneal endothelium, stromal keratocytes, subbasal nerve number and density in patients with silicone oil transferred to the anterior camera after pseudophakic complicated retinal detachment surgery by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (IVLSCM). METHODS: Sequential measurements were made by IVLSCM between 3-6 months after surgery in two groups of patients: a) with silicon oil migration (Group 1) and without silicone oil migration (Group 2). RESULTS: A total of 63 cases (Group 1: 32 and Group 2: 31) were examined. The mean ages of patients were 65 ± 12 and 61 ± 11 and M/F ratio was 18/14 and 17/14, respectively. Mean intraocular pressures were 16.60 ± 4.60 and 15.75 ± 5.70 mm Hg, respectively. Changes were detected by IVLSCM mostly on the superior part of the cornea. A significant decrease in endothelial cell density and the number was detected in group 1 (2072 ± 116.2 cells/mm2 vs 2752 ± 512.3 cells/mm2; p < 0.001). Significant increases in posterior keratocyte density and stromal hyperreflective deposits were observed in group 1 (887 ± 45.8 cells/mm2 vs 725 ± 65.8 cells/mm2; p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between the size of stromal deposits and endothelial cell density (r=-0.758; p < 0.001). The number and density of corneal subbasal nerves were significantly lower in group 1 (1.8 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 1.2 vs 420 ± 101 and 701 ± 112 µm/square; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: IVLSCM is a useful tool for the early detection of corneal abnormalities caused by silicone oil injection. This study verified silicone oil's detrimental effect on the corneal endothelium and revealed stromal changes in the anterior chamber, which we believe can be also been associated with the presence of silicone oil.

The iridocorneal angle and related anterior segment structures in pediatric anisohyperopic amblyopic eyes.

Objectives: We aimed at investigating the iridocorneal angle, anterior segment structural differences, and their relationship in pediatric anisohyperopic amblyopic eyes. Methods: This study was designed as an observational case-control study. We prospectively evaluated the pediatric patients who were newly diagnosed with hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. Iridocorrneal angle in four sectors, axial length, and anterior segment structures were compared to emmetropic fellow and control eyes using Pentacam and IOLMaster 700 devices. The anisohyperopia and iridocorneal angle related factors were determined in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopic eyes. Results: Forty-three hyperopic anisometropic amblyopic eyes, 43 fellow eyes, and 44 control eyes were included. The mean axial length, anterior chamber volume, and anterior chamber depth were significantly reduced in the study eyes compared to the fellow (p < 0.001, p = 0.021, and p = 0.045, respectively) and control eyes (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). The average iridocorneal angle was significantly lower in the study eyes than in the fellow and control eyes (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). The iridocorneal angle correlated with anterior chamber depth (r = 0.49, p = 0.013), anterior chamber volume (r = 0.42, p = 0.038), the anterior radius of curvature (r =-0.54, p = 0.005), the posterior radius of curvature (r =-0.58, p = 0.002), and lens thickness (Rho =-0.41, p = 0.033) in the study eyes. Anisohyperopia was related to the interocular difference in axial length (Rho = 0.53, p = 0.005), anterior chamber depth (Rho = 0.53, p = 0.005), and anterior chamber volume (Rho = 0.42, p = 0.031). Conclusion: Pentacam and IOLMaster 700 are suitable for non-contact imaging of iridocorneal angle and anterior segment structures in the pediatric age. These biometric differences and their relationship should be kept in mind whenever anterior or posterior segment surgery is planned for pediatric anisohyperopic amblyopic eyes.

Premature Infants have no Higher Risk of Atopy and Respiratory Functions Compared to Control at 4-6 Years of Age.

AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the respiratory functions and atopy conditions of preterm infants treated with aminophylline or caffeine for apnea in NICU in early childhood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study. In this study, 27 patients aged 4 to 6 years hospitalized in NICU for prematurity and 26 healthy children were included. The subjects were evaluated for fx5, phadiatope, total IgE levels, skin tests, and respiratory function tests. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference among groups in terms of fx5, phadiatope, total IgE levels, and skin test results. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was found among the groups in terms of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/ FVC, PEF, MEF75, MEF50, MEF25, and MEF25-75 values in respiratory function tests. Preterm neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) had higher FEV1 values compared to ones without BPD (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Preterm infants treated with aminophylline or caffeine did not have a higher risk of atopy and had similar respiratory function tests compared to healthy infants at 4-6 years old. However, FEV1 values were higher in infants with BPD. These results suggested that respiratory functions could be affected in the long-term follow-up of premature infants with BPD.

The effect of different intravenous lipids on free bilirubin levels in premature infants.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous lipid emulsions are commonly used as a part of parenteral nutrition in premature infants. The potential bilirubin-displacing effects of high free fatty acid (FFA) levels during lipid infusions are known. Levels of free bilirubin (FB) predict the risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity more accurately than indirect serum bilirubin levels. In the present study, we decided to compare the effect of two different lipid solutions on free bilirubin and free fatty acids levels in premature infants. METHODS: Infants were grouped into two groups according to intravenous lipid preparations: Infants in Group 1 received lipid emulsion containing olive oil + soybean oil and Group 2 received containing olive oil + soybean oil + fish oil. The blood samples were gained when lipid intake was 3.5 g/kg/day and FFA and FB levels were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum FFA and FB levels were similar in groups (p = 0.26 and 0.69 respectively). There were significant correlation between serum FFA and FB levels in Group 1 (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and in Group 2 (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both lipid preparations seem to have similar effects on free bilirubin and free fatty acid levels in premature newborns.

YouTube™ as a source of information on oral habits.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of oral habit videos on YouTube™. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The four keywords "Oral Habits," "Thumb Sucking," "Tongue Thrust", and "Finger Sucking" relevant terms oral habits were searched on YouTube™. The videos sorted by view count were screened and evaluated. The following exclusion criteria were defined as; non-English videos, unrelated to a topic, poor audio-video quality, and duplication. A hundred videos were analyzed for general video characteristics (number of views, likes, dislikes, number of comments, and uploaded date) the purpose of the video, information content, audio-visual quality, and viewers' interaction index. RESULTS: The top hundred videos have been viewed an average of 26,870.83 times. Most videos were uploaded by dentists (n = 29; 29.0%). Most of the videos (44.0%) were classified as having moderate general information content and 38.0% were rated as good, and 18.0% were rated as poor. Videos generally involved information about oral habits (82.0%), followed by personal experience (12.0%). The viewers' interaction index of all evaluated YouTube™ videos was 0.59. Good content videos had a significantly higher interaction index than the other groups (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: YouTube™ videos about the oral habits are generally inadequate and patients must be recommended to view them with caution. High quality and more informative videos about oral habits in dentistry should be uploaded to YouTube™ by professionals.

An Observational, Prospective, Multicenter, Registry-Based Cohort Study Comparing Conservative and Medical Management for Patent Ductus Arteriosus.

No consensus has been reached on which patent ductus arteriosus (PDAs) in preterm infants require treatment and if so, how, and when they should be treated. A prospective, multicenter, cohort study was conducted to compare the effects of conservative approaches and medical treatment options on ductal closure at discharge, surgical ligation, prematurity-related morbidities, and mortality. Infants between 240/7 and 286/7 weeks of gestation from 24 neonatal intensive care units were enrolled. Data on PDA management and patients' clinical characteristics were recorded prospectively. Patients with moderate-to-large PDA were compared. Among the 1,193 enrolled infants (26.7 ± 1.4 weeks and 926 ± 243 g), 649 (54%) had no or small PDA, whereas 544 (46%) had moderate-to-large PDA. One hundred thirty (24%) infants with moderate-to-large PDA were managed conservatively, in contrast to 414 (76%) who received medical treatment. Eighty (62%) of 130 infants who were managed conservatively did not receive any rescue treatment and the PDA closure rate was 53% at discharge. There were no differences in the rates of late-onset sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage (≥Grade 3), surgical ligation, and presence of PDA at discharge between conservatively-managed and medically-treated infants (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis including perinatal factors showed that medical treatment was associated with increased risk for mortality (OR 1.68, 95% Cl 1.01-2.80, p = 0.046), but decreased risk for BPD or death (BPD/death) (OR 0.59, 95%Cl 0.37-0.92, p = 0.022). The preferred treatment options were ibuprofen (intravenous 36%, oral 31%), and paracetamol (intravenous 26%, oral 7%). Infants who were treated with oral paracetamol had higher rates of NEC and mortality in comparison to other treatment options. Infants treated before postnatal day 7 had higher rates of mortality and BPD/death than infants who were conservatively managed or treated beyond day 7 (p = 0.009 and 0.007, respectively). In preterm infants born at <29 weeks of gestation with moderate-to-large PDA, medical treatment did not show any reduction in the rates of open PDA at discharge, surgical or prematurity-related secondary outcomes. In addition to the high incidence of spontaneous closure of PDA in the first week of life, early treatment (<7 days) was associated with higher rates of mortality and BPD/death.

Analysis of facial soft tissue values and cranial skeletal widths in different body mass index percentile adolescent subjects.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze facial soft tissue thickness and cranial skeletal transverse widths in adolescent subjects with different body mass index (BMI) percentiles. METHODS: The 80 subjects were divided into three groups according to BMI percentile: normal-weight, overweight, and obese adolescent subjects. Facial soft tissue linear and cranial skeletal transversal width measurements were performed on lateral and postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs. RESULTS: Glabella, nasion, pogonion, and gnathion soft tissue thicknesses were significantly different among normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects (p < 0.05). However, other facial soft tissue thickness parameters were not statistically significantly different among the groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in cranial skeletal transversal widths among groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nasion soft tissue thickness was thicker in overweight subjects; whereas, glabella, pogonion and gnathion soft tissue thickness was thicker in obese subjects. All measured cranial skeletal widths were similar in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects.

Peritoneal dialysis in neonates: six years of single center experience

Background/aim: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is generally considered the practical dialysis modality for neonates in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) and metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications, complications, and outcomes of PD between January 2011 and December 2016. Materials and methods: This study included all 56 neonates that underwent PD over six years in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients in our institution. Results: The incidence of PD was 1.32% (56/4230 patients) during this period. Mean birth weight of the patients was 2267.77 ± 1060.63 (540­5050) g. Thirty-four (60.7%) patients were premature. Fourteen patients (25%) were in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery due to congenital cardiac defects, fourteen patients (25%) were diagnosed with metabolic diseases, one patient had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and another patient had severe pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion: In the acute setting of a neonatal intensive care unit, PD performed in a neonate provides a technically simple method of steady fluid, solute removal, and correction of electrolyte abnormalities. A trocar catheter appears safe even in premature babies, and closed three-way stopcock system seems to be reliable at the bedside in NICUs.

Evaluation of palatal rugae pattern in different sagittal skeletal relationship adolescent subjects.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological structure of palatal rugae in Turkish orthodontic subjects with different sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Orthodontic dental casts of 105 patients (Class I [23 females, 12 males]; 35, Class II [18 females, 17 males]; and 35, Class III [14 females, 21 males] 10-22 years old) were analyzed for rugae patterns. Palatal rugae pattern and number, direction of rugae alignment, shape of incisive papilla were analyzed. Modified Thomas and Kotze classification was performed to analyze palatal rugae characteristics. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Wavy and curved types were the most common types of rugae pattern in all groups (Class I, Class II, Class III). As regards to the number of primary and secondary rugae on the left and right sides, there was no statistically significant difference among subjects with different skeletal malocclusions. Droplet-shaped incisive papilla was the most common form of incisive papillae among different skeletal malocclusion groups. The most common palatal rugae were direction type arranged in the horizontal direction. All rugae patterns were unique for each individual. The use of antemortem or postmortem palatal rugae records may facilitate identification of the suspects in forensic investigations by enabling facial reconstruction through skeletal malocclusions.

Evaluation of Mineral Content and Photon Interaction Parameters of Dental Enamel After Phosphoric Acid and Er:YAG Laser Treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of laser and acid etching on the mineral content and photon interaction parameters of dental enamel in human teeth. BACKGROUND DATA: The composition of dental enamel may vary, especially at the surface, depending on the reactions that occur during dental treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty maxillary premolars were divided randomly into 2 groups of 20 teeth. In the first group, half of teeth crowns were etched by using 37% phosphoric acid; in the second group, half of teeth crowns were etched by using an erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser. The remaining half crowns in each group were used as untreated controls. We characterized the calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) contents in each specimen by using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The total atomic cross-section ([Formula: see text]), effective atomic number ([Formula: see text]), and electron density (Ne) of the tooth samples were determined at photon energies of 22.1, 25, 59.5, and 88 keV by using a narrow beam transmission method. Data were analyzed statistically by using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The mineral contents after Er:YAG laser and phosphoric acid etching did not differ significantly (p > 0.05), and no significant variation in [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], or Ne was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we conclude that the Er:YAG laser and phosphoric acid systems used in this study did not affect mineral composition or photon interaction parameters of dental enamel.

Twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome in a monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy.

Yapicioglu-Yildizdas H, Ece Ü, Sucu M, Yurdakul G, Simsek H, Özlü F. Twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome in a monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 724-727. Twin reversed arterial perfusion syndrome is mostly seen in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies with an estimated incidence of 1/9500-11000 pregnancies. One of the twins is acardiac with various abnormalities especially with upper part of the body, and mortality is 100%. The other twin functions as a pump twin and mostly has polyhydramnios and heart failure; and mortality rate is high due to prematurity and heart failure. Herein we report a TRAP syndrome and the prognosis of pump twin who was born at 30 weeks gestational age.

In Vitro Comparative Analysis of Fracture Resistance in Inlay Restoration Prepared with CAD-CAM and Different Systems in the Primary Teeth.

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare to fracture resistance test of inlay restorations prepared using direct inlay technique (Gradia® Direct Composite) and Indirect Restoration System® (Gradia Indirect Composite) and CAD/CAD system (Vita Enamic® Block). Study Design. 48 noncarious extracted maxillary second primary molars were randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 in each group. All the teeth were prepared based on inlay class II preparations except for the control group. Other groups were restored with Gradia Direct Composite, Gradia Indirect Composite, and Vita Enamic Block, respectively. All restorations were cemented self-adhesive dual cure resin (3M Espe, RelyX™ Unicem Aplicap). A fracture test was performed using a compressive load. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). Results. Vita Enamic Block and Gradia Indirect Composite showed significantly higher fracture resistance than Gradia Direct Composite (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference fracture resistance between Vita Enamic Block and Gradia Indirect Composite (p > 0.05). All restorations tested led to a significant reduction in fracture resistance (p < 0.05). Conclusion. In inlay restorations, Indirect Restoration Systems and CAD/CAM systems were applied successfully together with the self-adhesive dual cure resin cements in primary molars.

A comparison of latanoprost monotherapy with a combination therapy of timolol/dorzolamide in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.

We compared latanoprost monotherapy therapy with timolol/ dorzolamide in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma to evaluate the effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and occurrence of adverse events. IOP and topical side effects were evaluated at the beginning, first, and third months. Mean IOP was decreased at the third month. The most common side effect was hyperemia (43.6%). We concluded that latanoprost reduces IOP better than fixed combination and its topical side effects are tolerable.