RESUMEN
On 22 March 2023, the FDA approved rezafungin (Rezzayo) for the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis in adults with limited or no alternative treatment options. Rezafungin is an echinocandin that supports weekly dosing, enabling outpatient parenteral treatment that potentially avoids the need for a central venous catheter. Approval of rezafungin was based on a single adequate and well-controlled phase 3 study designed with a day 30 all-cause mortality primary end point and 20% noninferiority margin, which demonstrated that rezafungin is noninferior to the comparator echinocandin. Nonclinical studies of rezafungin in nonhuman primates identified a neurotoxicity safety signal; however, rezafungin's safety profile in the completed clinical studies was similar to other Food and Drug Administration-approved echinocandins. Here we describe the rationale for this approval and important considerations during the review process for a flexible development program intended to expedite the availability of antimicrobial therapies to treat serious infections in patients with limited treatment options. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02734862 and NCT03667690.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Candidemia , Candidiasis Invasiva , Aprobación de Drogas , Equinocandinas , Humanos , Equinocandinas/uso terapéutico , Candidiasis Invasiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candidemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , Animales , Ensayos Clínicos Fase III como AsuntoRESUMEN
ChimeriVax-WN02 is a novel live-attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine containing modified WNV premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) sequences inserted into the yellow fever 17D vaccine genome. We investigated the induction and evolution of CD8(+) T cell responses to a WNV envelope epitope, which is a dominant target in naturally infected HLA-A*02-positive individuals. WNV epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected by HLA tetramer staining in 22 of 23 donors tested, with peak frequencies occurring between days 14 and 28. WNV epitope-specific T cells evolved from an effector phenotype to a long-lived memory phenotype. In the majority of donors, CD8(+) T cells were able to lyse targets expressing WNV envelope protein and produced macrophage inflammatory protein 1ß, interferon γ, and/or tumor necrosis factor α following envelope peptide stimulation. WNV E-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were detected for up to 1 year after vaccination. The evolution of this WNV-specific T cell response is similar to that observed in established, highly immunogenic vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Virus del Nilo Occidental/inmunología , Virus del Nilo Occidental/inmunología , Quimiocina CCL4/metabolismo , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Experimentación Humana , Humanos , Memoria Inmunológica , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Placebos/administración & dosificación , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Vacunación , Vacunas Atenuadas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Virus del Nilo Occidental/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
There is a global shortage of equine-derived diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT) for diphtheria treatment. There are few existing data on serum antibody concentrations and neutralizing activity post-treatment to support development of new therapeutics. Antibody concentrations were quantified by ELISA and anti-toxin neutralizing activity by cytotoxicity assay in serum from 4 patients receiving DAT for suspected diphtheria. Using linear mixed effects modeling, estimated mean (SE) half-life was 78.2 (20.0) hours. Maximum serum neutralizing activity ranged from 28.42-38.64 AU/mL with an estimated mean AUC1-72 of 1396.7 (399.3) AU/mL*hr. These data provide a standard of comparison for development of novel anti-toxins to replace DAT.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Antitoxina Diftérica/inmunología , Difteria/terapia , Administración Intravenosa , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/biosíntesis , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Chlorocebus aethiops , Pruebas Inmunológicas de Citotoxicidad , Difteria/sangre , Difteria/inmunología , Antitoxina Diftérica/administración & dosificación , Antitoxina Diftérica/metabolismo , Antitoxina Diftérica/uso terapéutico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Semivida , Caballos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pruebas de Neutralización , Células VeroRESUMEN
Prompt administration of anti-toxin reduces mortality following Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. Current treatment relies upon equine diphtheria anti-toxin (DAT), with a 10% risk of serum sickness and rarely anaphylaxis. The global DAT supply is extremely limited; most manufacturers have ceased production. S315 is a neutralizing human IgG1 monoclonal antibody to diphtheria toxin that may provide a safe and effective alternative to equine DAT and address critical supply issues. To guide dose selection for IND-enabling pharmacology and toxicology studies, we dose-ranged S315 and DAT in a guinea pig model of diphtheria intoxication based on the NIH Minimum Requirements potency assay. Animals received a single injection of antibody premixed with toxin, were monitored for 30 days, and assigned a numeric score for clinical signs of disease. Animals receiving ≥ 27.5 µg of S315 or ≥ 1.75 IU of DAT survived whereas animals receiving ≤ 22.5 µg of S315 or ≤ 1.25 IU of DAT died, yielding a potency estimate of 17 µg S315/IU DAT (95% CI 16-21) for an endpoint of survival. Because some surviving animals exhibited transient limb weakness, likely a systemic sign of toxicity, DAT and S315 doses required to prevent hind limb paralysis were also determined, yielding a relative potency of 48 µg/IU (95% CI 38-59) for this alternate endpoint. To support advancement of S315 into clinical trials, potency estimates will be used to evaluate the efficacy of S315 versus DAT in an animal model with antibody administration after toxin exposure, more closely modeling anti-toxin therapy in humans.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Antitoxina Diftérica/uso terapéutico , Toxina Diftérica/inmunología , Difteria/terapia , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Afinidad de Anticuerpos , Difteria/complicaciones , Difteria/inmunología , Antitoxina Diftérica/administración & dosificación , Toxina Diftérica/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Cobayas , Caballos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/administración & dosificación , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/uso terapéutico , Parálisis/etiología , Parálisis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Antibodies targeting the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein (EBOV GP) are implicated in protection against lethal disease, but the characteristics of the human antibody response to EBOV GP remain poorly understood. We isolated and characterized 349 GP-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the peripheral B cells of a convalescent donor who survived the 2014 EBOV Zaire outbreak. Remarkably, 77% of the mAbs neutralize live EBOV, and several mAbs exhibit unprecedented potency. Structures of selected mAbs in complex with GP reveal a site of vulnerability located in the GP stalk region proximal to the viral membrane. Neutralizing antibodies targeting this site show potent therapeutic efficacy against lethal EBOV challenge in mice. The results provide a framework for the design of new EBOV vaccine candidates and immunotherapies.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Ebolavirus/inmunología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/inmunología , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/química , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/química , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Antivirales/química , Anticuerpos Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Formación de Anticuerpos , Complejo Antígeno-Anticuerpo/química , República Democrática del Congo/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Vacunas contra el Virus del Ébola/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Virus del Ébola/uso terapéutico , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/epidemiología , Fiebre Hemorrágica Ebola/terapia , Humanos , Inmunización Pasiva , Ratones , Sobrevivientes , Donantes de Tejidos , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Virión/inmunologíaRESUMEN
This study's goals were (a) to provide convergent validity for the Anticipated Life History measure (ALH), an instrument prompting participants to describe their future life course from their 21st birthday until their death, and (b) to assess the impact of early experience and early memories on the ALH. The ALH narratives were coded for the presence and/or absence of future life events and for five clinical features (Narrative Integrity, Depression, Fantasy Distortion, Impulsivity, and Malevolence) using a detailed scoring manuaL A sample of 285 young adults completed the ALH and a battery of cognitive, mood, and life events measures. The results confirm the utility of this new instrument: Participants whose ALH scored high on the clinical measures also had higher levels of current depression, lower quality-of-life satisfaction, reported more negative early life experiences, and recounted negative early memories.
Asunto(s)
Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Salud Mental , Técnicas Proyectivas , Adolescente , Adulto , Depresión/psicología , Fantasía , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease, often leading to liver transplantation, in which case circulating virions typically infect the transplanted liver within hours and viral concentrations can quickly exceed pre-transplant levels. MBL-HCV1 is a fully human monoclonal antibody recognizing a linear epitope of the HCV E2 envelope glycoprotein (amino acids 412-423). The ability of MBL-HCV1 to prevent HCV recurrence after liver transplantation was investigated in a phase 2 randomized clinical trial evaluating six MBL-HCV1-treated subjects and five placebo-treated subjects. MBL-HCV1 treatment significantly delayed time to viral rebound compared with placebo treatment. Here we report results from high-throughput sequencing on the serum of each of the eleven enrolled subjects prior to liver transplantation and after viral rebound. We further sequenced the sera of the MBL-HCV1-treated subjects at various interim time points to study the evolution of antibody-resistant viral variants. We detected mutations at one of two positions within the antibody epitope--mutations of N at position 415 to D, K or S, or mutation of N at position 417 to S. It has been previously reported that N415 is not glycosylated in the wild-type E2 protein, but N417S can lead to glycosylation at position 415. Thus N415 is a key position for antibody recognition and the only routes we identified for viral escape, within the constraints of HCV fitness in vivo, involve mutating or glycosylating this position. Evaluation of mutations along the entire E1 and E2 proteins revealed additional positions that changed moderately before and after MBL-HCV1 treatment for subsets of the six subjects, yet underscored the relative importance of position 415 in MBL-HCV1 resistance.