Serum leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein and calprotectin in children with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Serum leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein (LRG) and calprotectin have been studied as disease activity markers in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated them in pediatric IBD patients. METHODS: Subjects under 17 years old undergoing care at 11 Japanese pediatric centers were retrospectively assigned to 3 groups representing Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and normal controls (NC) with irritable bowel syndrome or no illness. Serum LRG and calprotectin were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: We enrolled 173 subjects, including 74 with CD, 77 with UC, and 22 NC. Serum LRG concentrations in active CD (median, 200 µg/mL) were significantly greater than in remission (81 µg/mL; P < 0.001) or NC (69 µg/mL; P < 0.001). Serum calprotectin concentrations in active CD (2941 ng/mL) also were significantly greater than in remission (962 ng/mL; P < 0.05) or NC (872 ng/mL; P < 0.05). Serum LRG concentrations in active UC (134 µg/mL) were significantly greater than in remission (65 µg/mL; P < 0.01) but not significantly greater than in NC (69 µg/mL); serum calprotectin concentrations in active UC (1058 ng/mL) were not significantly different from those in remission (671 ng/mL) or NC (872 ng/mL). In receiver operating characteristic analyses of LRG, calprotectin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for ability to distinguish active IBD from remission, CD and UC showed areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for LRG (0.77 and 0.70, respectively), exceeding those for calprotectin, C-reactive protein, or erythrocyte sedimentation rate. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric IBD, serum LRG may better reflect disease activity than serum calprotectin, particularly in CD.

Serum Zinc and Selenium in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multicenter Study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Reports of zinc and selenium deficiencies accompanying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mostly have originated from Western countries and concerned adult patients. Whether Japanese children with IBD have similar deficiencies remained unclear. AIM: We aimed to elucidate differences in serum zinc and selenium concentrations in Japanese children between types of IBD. METHODS: Children under 17 years old undergoing care at 12 Japanese pediatric centers were retrospectively enrolled between November 2016 and February 2018 to 3 groups representing Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), and normal controls (NC) with irritable bowel syndrome or no illnesses. Serum zinc and selenium were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc and selenium deficiencies were defined by serum concentrations < 70 µg/dL and < 9.5 µg/dL, respectively. RESULTS: Subjects included 98 patients with CD (median age, 13 years), 118 with UC (11 years), and 43 NC (11 years). Serum zinc and selenium were significantly lower in CD (median, 64 and 12.6 µg/dL respectively) than in UC (69 and 14.6; P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) or NC (77 and 15.7; P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). Zinc deficiency was significantly more prevalent in CD (60.2%) than in NC (37.2%; P < 0.05), but not than in UC (51.7%; P = 0.22). Selenium deficiency was significantly more prevalent in CD (15.3%) than in UC (5.9%; P < 0.05) or NC (0%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese children under 17 years old, serum zinc and selenium were significantly lower in CD than in UC or NC. Zinc and selenium should be monitored, and supplemented when deficient, in children with IBD, especially CD.

Clinical features of pediatric eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: No study has analyzed more than100 cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) in children in a single center. We aimed to describe the clinical features of pediatric EGE. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at a single center. Between April 2007 and December 2017, 860 children between the ages of 1 year and 15 years underwent endoscopy for gastrointestinal symptoms of unknown cause. Among them, 109 (12.7%) were diagnosed with EGE according to the diagnostic criteria for EGE developed by the research group of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan for eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder in 2015. We investigated their symptoms, comorbidities, endoscopic findings, pathological findings, treatments, and outcomes. RESULTS: Seventy-one boys (65.1%) and 38 girls (34.9%) were diagnosed with EGE. The median age at diagnosis was 11 years (range, 1-15 years). The chief complaints were abdominal pain in 83 (76.1%) and diarrhea in 26 (23.9%). Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies showed normal findings in 32 patients (29.4%). The most common treatment was a combination of elimination of foods suspected of causing EGE and anti-allergic agents in 50 cases (45.9%). The outcomes were symptom disappearance in 43 patients (39.4%) and symptom improvement in 53 patients (48.6%). CONCLUSIONS: For gastrointestinal symptoms of unknown cause in children, EGE should be considered as a differential diagnosis. Although the symptoms and endoscopic findings are nonspecific, cracked mucosa may be a specific endoscopic finding for pediatric EGE. An elimination diet and/or anti-allergic drugs were effective in most patients with pediatric EGE.

Diagnostic accuracy of serum proteinase 3 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in children with ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Serologic markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) (MPO-ANCA) have been used to screen patients for ulcerative colitis (UC). However, MPO-ANCA shows limited accuracy in Asians. Proteinase 3 ANCA (PR3-ANCA) has performed better at UC diagnosis in Japanese adults than MPO-ANCA. The present study aimed to evaluate usefulness of PR3-ANCA for diagnosis of UC in Japanese pediatric practice. METHODS: Patients under 17 years old undergoing assessment at 12 Japanese pediatric centers between November 2016 and February 2018 were prospectively enrolled and divided into groups with UC, Crohn's disease (CD), intestinal disease control (IC), and healthy control (HC). Serum PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA were analyzed using chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay kits. RESULTS: Sera from 367 patients (148 with UC at a median age of 12 years; 120 with CD, 13 years; 56 with IC, 10.5 years; and 43 with HC, 10 years) were examined. Median PR3-ANCA values in UC (1.6 U/mL) were greater than in CD (0.2; P < 0.001), IC (0.15; P < 0.001), and HC (0.1; P < 0.001). In receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, the area under the curve for PR3-ANCA was 0.79, significantly greater than for MPO-ANCA (0.58; P < 0.001). Using a cut-off value of 0.8 U/mL determined from the receiver operating characteristic analyses, PR3-ANCA showed significantly greater sensitivity (64.9%) than MPO-ANCA (cut-off, 0.2 U/mL; sensitivity, 19.6%; P < 0.001) and good specificity (83.6%). CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese children and adolescents, PR3-ANCA performed better as a serologic marker for diagnosis of UC than MPO-ANCA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a comparison.

Loss of fibrocystin promotes interleukin-8-dependent proliferation and CTGF production of biliary epithelium.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a genetic liver disease resulting in abnormal proliferation of cholangiocytes and progressive hepatic fibrosis. CHF is caused by mutations in the PKHD1 gene and the subsequent dysfunction of the protein it encodes, fibrocystin. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of CHF, which is quite different from liver cirrhosis, remains unclear. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of CHF pathophysiology using a genetically engineered human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell model to aid the discovery of novel therapeutic agents for CHF. METHODS: PKHD1-knockout (PKHD1-KO) and heterozygously mutated PKHD1 iPS clones were established by RNA-guided genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The iPS clones were differentiated into cholangiocyte-like cells in cysts (cholangiocytic cysts [CCs]) in a 3D-culture system. RESULTS: The CCs were composed of a monolayer of cholangiocyte-like cells. The proliferation of PKHD1-KO CCs was significantly increased by interleukin-8 (IL-8) secreted in an autocrine manner. IL-8 production was significantly elevated in PKHD1-KO CCs due to mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation caused by fibrocystin deficiency. The production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was also increased in PKHD1-KO CCs in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, validation analysis demonstrated that both the serum IL-8 level and the expression of IL-8 and CTGF in the liver samples were significantly increased in patients with CHF, consistent with our in vitro human iPS-disease model of CHF. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of fibrocystin function promotes IL-8-dependent proliferation of, and CTGF production by, human cholangiocytes, suggesting that IL-8 and CTGF are essential for the pathogenesis of CHF. IL-8 and CTGF are candidate molecular targets for the treatment of CHF. LAY SUMMARY: Congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) is a genetic liver disease caused by mutations of the PKHD1 gene. Dysfunction of the protein it encodes, fibrocystin, is closely associated with CHF pathogenesis. Using an in vitro human induced pluripotent stem cell model and patient samples, we showed that the loss of fibrocystin function promotes proliferation of cholangiocytes and the production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in an interleukin 8 (IL-8)-dependent manner. These results suggest that IL-8 and CTGF are essential for the pathogenesis of CHF.

Long-term outcomes of pediatric-onset primary sclerosing cholangitis: A single-center experience in Japan.

AIM: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is very rare in Japan. Although a large-scale cohort study of 781 pediatric-onset PSC patients in Europe and North America showed that the 5-year survival with native liver was 88%, the long-term outcomes of pediatric-onset PSC in Japan are unknown. Here, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of pediatric-onset PSC in Japan. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study with a medical records review of pediatric PSC patients diagnosed between 1986 and 2017 at a single center. The PSC diagnoses were based on cholangiography, liver histology, and biochemical findings. The patients' survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: We identified 39 pediatric-onset PSC patients (22 boys, 17 girls). The median age at diagnosis was 9 years (interquartile range 6.0-13.5 years). The median follow-up period was 5.5 years (interquartile range 3.4-8.7 years). The phenotypes of PSC-autoimmune hepatitis, PSC-inflammatory bowel disease, and small-duct PSC were diagnosed in 13 (33.3%), 36 out of 38 (94.8%), and three (7.7%) patients, respectively. The 5-year liver transplantation-free survival of the whole cohort was 93.5%. Nine patients underwent liver transplantation, and four of these nine cases resulted in death. Both the univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the phenotype of "PSC-autoimmune hepatitis overlap" was an independent poor prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The overall survival of pediatric-onset PSC in Japan was comparable to those in Western countries. The phenotype of PSC-autoimmune hepatitis was identified as a prognostic factor associated with a poorer long-term outcome.

Usefulness of serum Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein in children with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-2 binding protein (WFA+ -M2BP) is a novel serum marker of hepatic fibrosis in adults with chronic hepatitis C. However, it remains unclear whether serum WFA+ -M2BP levels are associated with the progression of liver histology in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). METHODS: Twenty-eight children and adolescents with pediatric-onset PSC (male : female patient ratio, 20:8; median age at diagnosis, 9 years) were enrolled in this study. The relation between serum WFA+ -M2BP levels and clinical characteristics was retrospectively evaluated. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine whether serum WFA+ -M2BP levels could be a reliable marker to identify PSC patients with advanced liver histology. RESULTS: According to the Ludwig classification of liver histological stage, 28 patients were classified into the four stages. The WFA+ -M2BP level, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), and hyaluronic acid correlated significantly with liver histological stage. Moreover, WFA+ -M2BP showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with autoimmune hepatitis overlap, AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, immunoglobulin G, APRI, and hyaluronic acid. A ROC analysis was undertaken to distinguish the patients with advanced stage disease (stage 3-4) from those with early stage disease (stage 0-2). It showed that WFA+ -M2BP yielded the highest area under the ROC curve value (0.898) among four surrogate makers (APRI, 0.850; Fibrosis-4 index, 0.806; and AST/ALT ratio, 0.802). Moreover, WFA+ -M2BP yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value among the four markers. CONCLUSIONS: Serum WFA+ -M2BP levels are useful to identify patients with advanced liver histology in pediatric PSC.

Clinical features of pediatric autoimmune hepatitis in Japan: A nationwide survey.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in Japan. METHODS: Questionnaires that asked about patients newly diagnosed with AIH from 2009 to 2013 were sent to hospitals certified as training facilities for pediatrics in January 2015. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years (range, 3 months-15 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 2:3. Female patients were more prevalent among those older than 10 years and male patients were more prevalent in those younger than 10 years. Fifteen patients had jaundice as a subjective symptom, and 5 had hepatic coma grade II. Liver histology classified 20 as chronic hepatitis, 8 as acute hepatitis, and 4 as cirrhosis. Liver histology was not described in 4 patients. Among the 35 patients, 32 were treated with corticosteroids and 29 were initially treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Corticosteroid therapy was effective in 27 patients and ineffective in 1 patient. Plasma exchange with continuous i.v. infusion of cyclosporine A was given to 7 patients with acute hepatitis. Of these, 4 patients presented with fulminant hepatitis and received high-flow, continuous hemodiafiltration. CONCLUSIONS: This survey clarified that the clinical profile of pediatric AIH in Japan is not only different from that of adult AIH in Japan but is also different from that of pediatric AIH in other countries.

Acute liver dysfunction not resulting from hepatitis virus in immunocompetent children.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to clarify the roles of cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in immunocompetent children with acute liver dysfunction not resulting from hepatitis virus. METHODS: Sixty-eight children (median age, 3 years) hospitalized as a result of acute liver dysfunction were enrolled in this study. Hepatitis A, B, and C were excluded. The prevalence of CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 and viral DNA load in whole blood was prospectively evaluated on multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Of the 68 children with acute liver dysfunction, multiplex real-time PCR was positive in 30 (44%). CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 DNA were detected in 13 (19%), 14 (21%), and seven (10%), respectively. Serum CMV immunoglobulin (Ig)G/IgM and EBV viral capsid antigen IgG/IgM were measured in 40 (CMV DNA positive, n = 10; negative, n = 30) and 45 (EBV DNA positive, n = 14; negative, n = 31) of the 68 children, respectively. Eighteen percent (CMV, 7/40) and 9% (EBV, 4/45) were positive for both PCR and viral-specific IgM. There was no significant difference in CMV and EBV viral load between IgM-positive and -negative children with viremia. CONCLUSIONS: CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 DNA were frequently detected in immunocompetent children with acute liver dysfunction, but primary CMV and EBV infection were confirmed in 10-20% of the children with acute liver dysfunction. The combination of PCR assay and serology is necessary to make a diagnosis of acute liver dysfunction due to primary CMV, EBV and/or HHV-6 infection in immunocompetent children.

Feasibility and safety of bowel cleansing using low-volume polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid before pediatric colonoscopy: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To assess the feasibility and safety of same-day regimen of low-volume polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid for bowel cleansing before colonoscopy in children. METHODS: Data on children who received polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid for bowel cleansing in our department were retrospectively analyzed. On the day before the procedure, patients ate a low-residue diet and received sodium picosulfate in the evening. The following day, patients took polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid in the morning; the procedure was carried out in the afternoon. Dosages of sodium picosulfate and polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid were adjusted based on bodyweight. Bowel cleansing efficacy was rated on a scale of 1-5 by the colonoscopist. RESULTS: Between July 2013 and November 2014, polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid was used in 112 cases (96 patients; male : female 73:39; median age 10.9 years, range 4-19 years). Ninety-one cases (81%) were able to orally ingest the prescribed amount of polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid. Satisfactory bowel cleansing (cleansing grade ≥3) was attained in 87% on intention-to-treat analysis and 85% on per-protocol analysis. Cleansing grade was significantly better in children who ingested polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid within 60 min (P < 0.05). There were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSION: Same-day regimen of polyethylene glycol solution with ascorbic acid is effective and safe for bowel cleansing in children.

Fibrinogen Gamma Chain Mutations Provoke Fibrinogen and Apolipoprotein B Plasma Deficiency and Liver Storage.

p.R375W (Fibrinogen Aguadilla) is one out of seven identified mutations (Brescia, Aguadilla, Angers, Al du Pont, Pisa, Beograd, and Ankara) causing hepatic storage of the mutant fibrinogen γ. The Aguadilla mutation has been reported in children from the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and China. All reported children presented with a variable degree of histologically proven chronic liver disease and low plasma fibrinogen levels. In addition, one Japanese and one Turkish child had concomitant hypo-APOB-lipoproteinemia of unknown origin. We report here on an additional child from Turkey with hypofibrinogenemia due to the Aguadilla mutation, massive hepatic storage of the mutant protein, and severe hypo-APOB-lipoproteinemia. The liver biopsy of the patient was studied by light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM), and immunohistochemistry. The investigation included the DNA sequencing of the three fibrinogen and APOB-lipoprotein regulatory genes and the analysis of the encoded protein structures. Six additional Fibrinogen Storage Disease (FSD) patients with either the Aguadilla, Ankara, or Brescia mutations were investigated with the same methodology. A molecular analysis revealed the fibrinogen gamma p.R375W mutation (Aguadilla) but no changes in the APOB and MTTP genes. APOB and MTTP genes showed no abnormalities in the other study cases. Light microscopy and EM studies of liver tissue samples from the child led to the demonstration of the simultaneous accumulation of both fibrinogen and APOB in the same inclusions. Interestingly enough, APOB-containing lipid droplets were entrapped within the fibrinogen inclusions in the hepatocytic Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). Similar histological, immunohistochemical, EM, and molecular genetics findings were found in the other six FSD cases associated with the Aguadilla, as well as with the Ankara and Brescia mutations. The simultaneous retention of fibrinogen and APOB-lipoproteins in FSD can be detected in routinely stained histological sections. The analysis of protein structures unraveled the pathomorphogenesis of this unexpected phenomenon. Fibrinogen gamma chain mutations provoke conformational changes in the region of the globular domain involved in the "end-to-end" interaction, thus impairing the D-dimer formation. Each monomeric fibrinogen gamma chain is left with an abnormal exposure of hydrophobic patches that become available for interactions with APOB and lipids, causing their intracellular retention and impairment of export as a secondary unavoidable phenomenon.

Chronic hepatitis without hepatic steatosis caused by citrin deficiency in a child.

Citrin deficiency manifests as both neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD) during early infancy and adult-onset type II citrullinemia during adulthood. Hepatic steatosis is most frequently observed in patients with citrin deficiency. Thus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease that is unrelated to being overweight is considered one of the clinical features of citrin deficiency in children and adults. However, it remains unknown whether citrin deficiency is a cause of chronic hepatitis in the absence of fatty changes to the liver that occur during childhood. We encountered an 8-year-old girl who showed no clinical features of NICCD during infancy and had persistently elevated transaminase levels for several years. Liver biopsy showed widening of the portal tracts with intense mononuclear cell infiltration and mild fibrosis but no fatty changes. However, she had peculiar dietary habits similar to those that have been observed in many patients with citrin deficiency. In addition, a slightly elevated plasma citrulline level and a high pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor level were detected by blood examination, and she was diagnosed with citrin deficiency. Analysis of the SLC25A13 gene revealed the presence of the compound heterozygous mutations 851del4 and IVS13 + 1G > A. Thus, citrin deficiency should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic hepatitis in children, even in the absence of hepatic steatosis.

Neonatal liver failure owing to gestational alloimmune liver disease without iron overload.

Although neonatal hemochromatosis (NH) is a well-known cause of liver failure during the neonatal period and iron deposition in extrahepatic tissues is considered essential in the diagnosis of NH, there is no consensus regarding the pathology or diagnostic criteria of NH. Recent studies of immunohistochemical assays have shown that the C5b-9 complex (the terminal membrane attack complement complex) is strongly expressed in the liver of NH cases, suggesting that a gestational alloimmune mechanism is the cause of liver injury. The patient was a low birthweight primiparous male born at 37 weeks of gestation by vaginal delivery. Blood tests 3 h after birth showed signs of liver failure, including high transferrin saturation, resembling the clinical characteristics of NH. However, magnetic resonance imaging and a lip biopsy showed no obvious iron deposition outside the liver. The patient was refractory to exchange transfusion and immunoglobulin therapy but was successfully treated by liver transplantation. Histologically, the explanted liver showed established cirrhosis, with large amounts of human C5b-9 in the residual hepatocytes, suggesting the alloimmune mechanism of liver injury was the cause of his liver failure. Liver failure caused by a gestational alloimmune mechanism should be considered in patients with antenatal liver failure, even without obvious extrahepatic siderosis.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion is an important event in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to clarify the outcome of long-term follow-up of chronic HBV infection and the factors affecting HBeAg seroconversion in children in Japan. METHODS: Patients who were first examined at our institution between 1980 and 2012, who were <20 years of age at the time of this initial visit, and who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen for at least 6 months were identified retrospectively. Sex, age at diagnosis, HBV genotype, maximum serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, occurrence of hepatitis flare-ups (yes/no), and transmission route were evaluated to identify the predictors of HBeAg seroconversion. RESULTS: A total of 205 children with chronic HBV were enrolled. Among them, 192 were positive for HBeAg upon diagnosis of chronic HBV infection. Out of this group, 95 (49%) achieved HBeAg seroconversion and 43 (21%) received treatment during the follow-up period. Only the maximum serum ALT level was significantly associated with the achievement of HBeAg seroconversion by multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the median times to HBeAg seroconversion (50% achievement of HBeAg seroconversion) of the treated and untreated children were 10.2 and 12.0 years, respectively. The cumulative proportion of HBeAg seroconversion was significantly higher in the treated children than in the untreated children (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: A higher serum ALT level was a predictor for HBeAg seroconversion. Antiviral treatment could accelerate the achievement of HBeAg seroconversion in HBV-infected children.

Hepatitis B (HB) immunoglobulin plus HB vaccine for intrauterine HB virus infection.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers using HB immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B (HB) vaccine was launched in Japan in 1985. Infants testing positive for HBsAg at 1 month of age are considered to have prenatally acquired the infection and are usually excluded from the prevention program. Infants born to HB e antigen (HBeAg)-positive mothers are at a high risk of perinatally acquiring the infection. In this study, long-term outcome was evaluated in children with prenatal HBV infection who received the HBIG and HB vaccine in Japan. METHODS: Newborns of both HBsAg- and HBeAg-positive carrier mothers received HBIG within 48 h of birth and at 2 months of age. Subsequently, three doses of recombinant HB vaccine were given at 2, 3, and 5 months of age. Outcome was compared between the following two groups: infants who completed the vaccination program, even if they were HBsAg positive at 1 month of age (n = 15), and infants who did not (n = 51). RESULTS: Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe antibody (HBeAb) before 3 years of age was observed in five children (33%) who completed the vaccination program and in two (4%) who did not (P = 0.005). In 2/5 children who completed the vaccination program and achieved HBeAb seroconversion, seroconversion from HBsAg to anti-HBs antibody was also noted. CONCLUSION: This specific vaccination program for children with prenatal HBV infection has the potential to alter immune tolerance to HBV.

Effects of pegylated interferon-α-2a monotherapy on growth in Japanese children with chronic hepatitis C.

AIM: The relationship between pegylated interferon (PEG IFN)-α-2a and growth of children with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) remains unclear. This study was to evaluate the effects of PEG IFN-α-2a on growth. METHODS: From 2003-2012, we prospectively analyzed the data of children with CHC through mother-to-infant transmission. They were all treatment naive and were treated with PEG IFN-α-2a monotherapy. RESULTS: Among 31 children (19 boys, 12 girls; median age, 6 years) treated with monotherapy during the study period, 21 children (13 boys, eight girls; median age, 7 years) were statistically analyzed. The median treatment period of the 21 children was 48 weeks (range, 48-72). Z-scores of height and weight before treatment, at the end of treatment and 1 year after treatment were -0.05, -0.24 and -0.12 (height), and +0.11, -0.23 and -0.05 (weight). Both Z-scores were significantly decreased at the end of the treatment. One year after treatment, Z-scores of height and bodyweight were significantly improved compared with that of end of treatment but were still lower than those before treatment, with statistical significance. Z-scores of height growth velocity was significantly increased after the treatment (+0.71), compared with that during treatment (-2.25). CONCLUSION: PEG IFN-α-2a has an inhibitory effect on children's growth, and Z-scores of height and bodyweight were decreased at the end of treatment. Although Z-scores improved after the treatment, they had not returned to the baseline level 1 year after the treatment.

Association between an IL-28B genetic polymorphism and the efficacy of the response-guided pegylated interferon therapy in children with chronic hepatic C infection.

AIM: The relation between interleukin-28B (IL-28B) genotypes and treatment-induced hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance in children is unknown. This was a retrospective study to evaluate the association between an IL-28B genotype (rs8099917) and pegylated (PEG) interferon (IFN) response. METHODS: Sixty-three children (median age, 7 years; range, 3-17 years; 22 with HCV genotype 1 and 41 with genotype non-1) with chronic HCV infection who were treated with response-guided PEG IFN on the basis of viral load were evaluated. RESULTS: The duration of treatment with PEG IFN was 24 weeks in one child (2%), 36 weeks in eight children (13%), 48 weeks in 36 children (57%), 60 weeks in 11 children (17%) and 72 weeks in seven children (11%). Of the total 63 children, 54 (86%) were initially treated with PEG IFN-α-2a monotherapy. The remaining nine (14%) received PEG IFN plus ribavirin as the initial therapy. Of the 54 children initially treated with monotherapy, 35 (65%) continued receiving monotherapy until the end of treatment. In the remaining 19 (35%), monotherapy was changed to PEG IFN plus ribavirin at 12 or 24 weeks of treatment. Of the total 63 children, 54 (86%) achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). In univariate analysis, rs8099917 genotype TT (P = 0.075) showed a weak association with SVR. However, the multivariate analysis revealed no predictive factors which had a significant association with SVR. CONCLUSION: The IL-28B genotype was not a strong pretreatment predictor for SVR in a mixed genotype cohort of children treated with response-guided PEG IFN therapy.

Successful use of saliva without DNA extraction for detection of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA in children using LNA probe-based real-time PCR.

It is not known that saliva is useful to diagnose Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) infection by PCR. We evaluated prospectively whether crude saliva samples without the DNA extraction process were useful for the detection of M. pneumoniae DNA in a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe-based real-time PCR assay. Fifty-one clinical specimens (29 sputum, 22 saliva) that were positive by conventional M. pneumoniae-specific PCR were evaluated in this study. We designed an LNA probe-based real-time PCR that could discriminate the mutant strain (A2063G mutation) from the wild-type strain. All the 51 samples treated with DNA extraction were positive using the LNA probe-based real-time PCR. The results of the real-time PCR with DNA extraction were consistent with the sequence analysis. Of the 51 samples without DNA extraction, on the other hand, 41 (80.4%) were positive by real-time PCR. Of 29 sputum samples without DNA extraction, 23 (79.3%) were positive by real-time PCR; of the 22 saliva samples without DNA extraction, 18 (81.8%) were positive by real-time PCR. There was a statistically significant difference in the amplified DNA levels with extraction between the direct real-time PCR-positive samples (mean ± SD, 7.5 ± 1.6 log copies/ml) and PCR-negative samples (4.2 ± 0.8 log copies/ml) (P < 0.001). Saliva was useful for a template for PCR as well as sputum. In addition, crude samples were useful for real-time PCR when the samples had medium or high DNA levels. However, samples with low DNA levels sometimes showed false-negative results in direct real-time PCR.

Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for a 7-year-old girl with choledocholithiasis.

A 7-year-old girl was referred to our hospital for severe abdominal pain and elevated serum levels of amylase and aminotransferase. Radiological examinations revealed choledocholithiasis. EPBD was performed under intravenous anesthesia using midazolam and ketamine chloride. After fluoroscopic confirmation of a bile duct stone, a dilation balloon (30 mm-long, 8 mm-diameter) was passed over the guidewire and placed across the papilla. The balloon was gradually inflated until the notch created by the papillary sphincter disappeared. At 4 atm, the notch disappeared and the pressure was maintained for 15 s. Stone extraction was performed by using a retrieval balloon catheter. Abdominal pain disappeared immediately after EPBD, and she resumed oral intake 2 days after EPBD. In conclusion, EPBD may be a safe and effective technique for the treatment of choledocholithiasis in pediatric patients. EPDB should be selected as a treatment for pediatric choledocholithiasis in view of its advantages of preserving papillary function.

Tears from children with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are infectious vehicles of HBV transmission: experimental transmission of HBV by tears, using mice with chimeric human livers.

BACKGROUND: Body fluids such as saliva, urine, sweat, and tears from hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers are potential sources of HBV transmission. METHODS: Thirty-nine children and 8 adults who were chronically infected with HBV were enrolled. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the quantification of HBV DNA. RESULTS: HBV DNA was detected in 73.7% of urine samples (14 of 19), 86.8% of saliva samples (33 of 38), 100% of tear samples (11 of 11), and 100% of sweat samples (9 of 9). Mean HBV DNA levels (±SD) in urine, saliva, tears, and sweat were 4.3 ± 1.1 log copies/mL, 5.9 ± 1.2 log copies/mL, 6.2 ± 0.7 log copies/mL, and 5.2 ± 0.6 log copies/mL, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the HBV DNA level in serum specimens and HBV DNA levels in saliva and tear specimens (r = 0.88; P < .001). Tear specimens from a child were injected intravenously into 2 human hepatocyte-transplanted chimeric mice. One week after inoculation, both chimeric mice had serum positive for HBV DNA. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of HBV DNA in tear specimens from young children were high. Tears were confirmed to be infectious, using chimeric mice. Strict precautions should be taken against direct contact with body fluids from HBV carriers with high-level viremia.