Tacrolimus-Eluting Disk within the Allograft Enables Vascularized Composite Allograft Survival with Site-Specific Immunosuppression without Systemic Toxicity.

AIM: Widespread clinical application of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has been limited by the need for lifelong systemic immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Our goal was to develop a site-specific immunosuppressive strategy that promotes VCA allograft survival and minimizes the risk of systemic side effects. METHODS: Tacrolimus loaded polycaprolactone (TAC-PCL) disks were prepared and tested for their efficacy in sustaining VCA allograft survival via site-specific immunosuppression. Brown Norway-to-Lewis rat hind limb transplantations were performed; animals received one TAC disk either in the transplanted (DTx) or in the contralateral non-transplanted (DnonTx) limbs. In another group, animals received DTx and lymphadenectomy on Tx side. Blood and allograft levels of TAC were measured using LC-MS/MS. Systemic toxicity was evaluated. RESULTS: Animals that received DTx achieved long-term allograft survival (> 200 days) without signs of metabolic and infectious complications. In these animals, TAC blood levels were low but stable between 2 to 5 ng/mL for nearly 100 days. High concentrations of TAC were achieved in the allografts and the draining lymph nodes (DLN). Animals that underwent lymphadenectomy rejected their allograft by 175 days. Animals that received DnonTx rejected their allografts by day 70. CONCLUSION: Controlled delivery of TAC directly within the allograft (with a single TAC disk) effectively inhibits rejection and prolongs VCA allograft survival, while mitigating the complications of systemic immunosuppression. There was a survival benefit of delivering TAC within the allograft as compared to a remote site. We believe this approach of local drug delivery has significant implications for drug administration in transplantation.

Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Tacrolimus after Topical Administration: Implications for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.

AIM: The high doses of oral tacrolimus (TAC) (1,2) necessary to prevent acute rejection (AR) after vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) are associated with systemic adverse effects. The skin is the most antigenic tissue in VCA and the primary target of AR. However, the short-term use of topical TAC (Protopic®), as an off-label adjunct to oral TAC, to treat AR episodes pro re nata (PRN), has yielded inconsistent results. There is lack of data on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of topical TAC in VCA, that hampers our understanding of the reasons for unreliable efficacy. Toward this goal, we evaluated the ability of topical TAC to achieve high local tissue concentrations at the site of application with low systemic concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of topical TAC (Protopic®, 0.03%) after single or repeated topical application in comparison to those after systemic delivery in rats. Animals received a single topical application of TAC ointment (Group 1) or an intravenous (IV) injection of TAC (Group 2) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. In another experiment, animals received daily topical application of TAC ointment (Group 3), or daily intraperitoneal (IP) injection of TAC (Group 4) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days. TAC concentrations in blood and tissues were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). RESULTS: Following single topical administration, TAC was absorbed slowly with a Tmax of 4 h and an absolute bioavailability of 11%. The concentrations of TAC in skin and muscle were several folds higher than whole blood concentrations. Systemic levels remained subtherapeutic (< 3 ng/ml) with repeated once daily applications. CONCLUSION: Topical application of TAC ointment (Protopic®, 0.03%) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day provided high concentrations in the local tissues with low systemic exposure. Repeated topical administration of TAC is well tolerated with no local or systemic adverse effects. This study confirms the feasibility of topical application of TAC for site specific graft immunosuppression and enables future applications in VCA.

Primary Closure of Wide Fasciotomy and Surgical Wounds Using Rubber Band-Assisted External Tissue Expansion: A Simple, Safe, and Cost-effective Technique.

BACKGROUND: Although decompressive fasciotomy is a limb-saving procedure in the setting of acute compartment syndrome, it leaves a large wound defect with tissue edema and skin retraction that can preclude primary closure. Numerous techniques have been described to address the challenge of closing fasciotomy wounds. This study reports our experience with fasciotomy closure using rubber bands (RBs) for external tissue expansion. METHODS: Patients were informed about RB closure and split-thickness skin graft options. Only patients who opted for RB closure and had wounds that could not be approximated using the pinch test underwent the procedure. Starting from the apex and progressively advancing, the RBs were applied to the skin edges at 3 to 4 mm intervals using staples. The RBs were advanced by twisting back-and-forth to create a criss-cross pattern. One week after application, fasciotomy wounds were closed primarily or underwent further RB application, based on clinical assessment of adequacy of skin advancement, compartment tension, and perfusion. Review of a prospectively maintained database was performed, including demographics, comorbidities, etiology, wound and operative details, hospital stay, and complications. RESULTS: Seventeen consecutive patients with 25 wounds (22 fasciotomy and 3 other surgical wounds) were treated using the RB technique. Average wound length and width measured 15.7 cm (range, 5-32 cm) and 5.2 cm (range, 1-12 cm), respectively. Locations of wounds included forearm (n = 12, 48.0%), leg (n = 7, 28.0%), hand (n = 4, 16.0%), elbow (n = 1, 4.0%), and hip (n = 1, 4.0%). Eighteen of 25 wounds (72.0%) were closed primarily after 1 RB application. Additional RB application was required for 5 wounds to achieve primary closure. Between stages, patients were discharged home if they did not have other conditions requiring in-hospital stay. No complications were observed, and no revision surgeries were required. Patient satisfaction was 100%, and all indicated that they would choose the RB technique over skin grafting. CONCLUSIONS: The modified RB technique is a simple, safe, and cost-effective alternative for treating fasciotomy and other surgical defects resulting in high patient satisfaction and good cosmetic outcome, without the need for split-thickness skin graft or flap coverage.

Topical Tacrolimus and Mycophenolic Acid Therapy Synergizes with Low Dose Systemic Immunosuppression to Sustain Vascularized Composite Allograft Survival.

AIM: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether topical administration of tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) at the transplant site enables vascularized composite allograft (VCA) survival with significant minimization of the dose and adverse effects of systemic TAC (STAC) immunosuppression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lewis (Lew) rats received orthotopic hind limb allotransplants from fully mismatched Brown Norway (BN) donors. Group 1 (Controls) received no treatment. Other groups were treated with STAC at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days. On post-operative day (POD) 8, the STAC dose was dropped to 0.1 mg/kg/day for Group 2 and maintained at 1 mg/kg for Group 3. Group 4 received topical application of TAC and MPA on the transplanted (Tx) limb starting POD 8 without STAC. Group 5 received topical TAC and MPA on the contralateral non-Tx limb and Group 6 received topical TAC and MPA on the Tx limb starting POD 8 along with low dose STAC (0.1 mg/kg/day). Treatment was continued until the study end point was reached, defined as either grade 3 rejection or allograft survival exceeding 100 days. .We conducted sequential LC-MS/MS measurements to assess TAC and MPA concentrations in both blood/plasma and allograft tissues. Additionally, we evaluated markers indicative of organ toxicity associated with STAC immunosuppression. RESULTS: Compared to controls, topical therapy with TAC+MPA significantly prolonged allograft survival beyond 100 daysat very low dose STAC (0.1 mg/kg/day) (Group 6). The histopathological assessment of the grafts was consistent with the clinical outcomes. .Drug levels in blood/plasma remained low or undetectable, while allograft tissues showed higher drug concentrations compared to contralateral limb tissues (P<0.05). . Urinary creatinine clearance remained within the normal range at 2.5 mL/min. CONCLUSION: Combination therapy with topical TAC and MPA synergizes with a very low dose, corticosteroid- free-STAC regimen and facilitates rejection-free, prolonged VCA survival without morbidity.

Silicone arthroplasty for nonrheumatic metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) arthroplasty for nonrheumatic arthritis. We hypothesized that MCP arthroplasty would produce significant improvement in objective measures of hand function, pain relief, and overall patient satisfaction. METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 30 patients with 38 MCP arthroplasties for nonrheumatic arthritis over a 12-year period. Follow-up assessment was completed at an average of 56 months after surgery. Objective measures included range of motion; grip and pinch strength; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score; and visual analog pain score. A subjective patient questionnaire was used to assess patient satisfaction. RESULTS: There was marked improvement between preoperative and follow-up range of motion, DASH, and pain. Linear regression showed strong correlations between preoperative measurements and improvement at follow-up. No difference was detected for grip or pinch strength. Results of the questionnaire showed that 73% were very satisfied, 87% would definitely do it again, and 70% experienced rare or no pain. Follow-up x-rays showed 5° mean angulation and 2-mm mean subsidence compared with immediate postoperative x-rays. Four arthroplasties (11%) required revision. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed improved range of motion and DASH score, excellent pain relief, and excellent patient satisfaction in patients undergoing MCP arthroplasty for nonrheumatic arthritis. Patients with more severe range of motion limitation, DASH score, and pain score experienced a greater improvement of these measures at follow-up. Strength improvement was limited although it remained comparable to the nonoperated hand. Angulation, subsidence, and complications in the study population were consistent with those reported in the literature. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

Surgical Treatment of Intercostal Brachial Nerve Pain after Mastectomy and Axillary Dissection.

Postmastectomy chronic pain describes chronic pain in the anterior aspect of the thorax, axilla, and/or upper half of the arm present after surgical treatment of breast cancer and persistent for more than 3 months. The most common cause of this syndrome is damage to the intercostal brachial nerve. Current methods of treatment include medications, physical therapy, and peripheral nerve blocks. The literature lacks data regarding surgical interventions for intercostal brachial nerve pain in the postmastectomy and axillary dissection breast cancer patient. We discuss a case of a 47-year-old woman with left breast cancer status post-nipple-sparing mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy complicated by refractory dysesthesias in the intercostal brachial nerve distribution. Axillary exploration demonstrated a surgical clip with an associated neuroma of a branch of the intercostal brachial nerve. Excision and repair resulted in immediate pain relief in the postoperative period. We propose a comprehensive treatment algorithm to address postmastectomy pain attributed to intercostal brachial nerve pathology.

Surgical Management of Hand Deformity in Epidermolysis Bullosa: Initial Experience and Technique.

Epidermolysis bullosa describes a rare group of genetic mucocutaneous disorders characterized by excessive epithelial fragility resulting in mechanically induced blistering and abnormal wound healing.1,2 Its prevalence and incidence are 8.2 and 19.6 per 1,000,000 live births, respectively.2 Gene therapy, protein replacement, and cell therapy strategies have been investigated, but there is currently no cure.2.

Long-gap peripheral nerve repair through sustained release of a neurotrophic factor in nonhuman primates.

Severe injuries to peripheral nerves are challenging to repair. Standard-of-care treatment for nerve gaps >2 to 3 centimeters is autografting; however, autografting can result in neuroma formation, loss of sensory function at the donor site, and increased operative time. To address the need for a synthetic nerve conduit to treat large nerve gaps, we investigated a biodegradable poly(caprolactone) (PCL) conduit with embedded double-walled polymeric microspheres encapsulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) capable of providing a sustained release of GDNF for >50 days in a 5-centimeter nerve defect in a rhesus macaque model. The GDNF-eluting conduit (PCL/GDNF) was compared to a median nerve autograft and a PCL conduit containing empty microspheres (PCL/Empty). Functional testing demonstrated similar functional recovery between the PCL/GDNF-treated group (75.64 ± 10.28%) and the autograft-treated group (77.49 ± 19.28%); both groups were statistically improved compared to PCL/Empty-treated group (44.95 ± 26.94%). Nerve conduction velocity 1 year after surgery was increased in the PCL/GDNF-treated macaques (31.41 ± 15.34 meters/second) compared to autograft (25.45 ± 3.96 meters/second) and PCL/Empty (12.60 ± 3.89 meters/second) treatment. Histological analyses included assessment of Schwann cell presence, myelination of axons, nerve fiber density, and g-ratio. PCL/GDNF group exhibited a statistically greater average area occupied by individual Schwann cells at the distal nerve (11.60 ± 33.01 µm2) compared to autograft (4.62 ± 3.99 µm2) and PCL/Empty (4.52 ± 5.16 µm2) treatment groups. This study demonstrates the efficacious bridging of a long peripheral nerve gap in a nonhuman primate model using an acellular, biodegradable nerve conduit.

The Past Informs the Present, Academic New Media Pitfalls: A Primer for Plastic Surgeons.

Mass communication has undergone a "new media" revolution, which includes the rise of digital, online, and social media. The impact of new media on academic processes, however, has been underappreciated. The rise of Web-based virtual platforms has profoundly impacted the way plastic surgeons publish, store, exchange, and analyze scholarly biomedical information. This new media academic phenomenon refers to electronic mechanisms with the capacity to supplant traditional publication methods, which typically rely on printed documents in the physical domain. Although such tools can be efficient and user-friendly, they also make users vulnerable to exploitation. Notable examples reveal a relative lack of regulation, oversight, reliable rating scales, user authentication, and ethical accountability in the virtual space. As with any new technique, education is key and knowledge is power. In this article, online resources related to healthcare and the practice of plastic surgery are reviewed and summarized, including open access, mega-indices, whitelists, and electronic alerts. New media provides powerful knowledge-sharing tools that can help execute scholarly endeavors, communicate between professionals, and educate the public. However, it is essential for plastic surgeons to appreciate the caveats of new media academic processes to avoid unscrupulous practices of those that may seek to manipulate these Web-based systems. This article outlines the key pitfalls associated with online information streams to better inform plastic surgeons how to navigate new media-based scholarly processes.

Milestones in Plastic Surgery: Attending Assessment versus Resident Assessment.

BACKGROUND: The Plastic Surgery Milestones Project was jointly conceived by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Plastic Surgery as a tool to improve granularity in resident feedback. Resident self-evaluations were compared to attending clinical competency committee evaluations to gauge resident self-perceptions and understanding of the milestones framework. METHODS: Semiannual evaluations from June of 2014 to 2017 were analyzed and compared with corresponding resident self-evaluations from the 2015 to 2017 academic year at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Evaluations were analyzed for overall trends in performance. The presence of systemic differences between each type of evaluation were determined using Student's t tests. Subgroup analysis using the chi-square test was performed to determine factors that may contribute to major assessment disparity (≥1). RESULTS: Six thousand two hundred seven milestones across 187 faculty evaluations and 3139 milestones across 106 resident self-evaluations were available for review. With the exception of postgraduate year-2 residents, residents rated themselves at a significantly lower level in the competencies of medical education and patient care. Postgraduate year, academic year timing, and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency were associated with major assessment discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, resident and faculty evaluations at the authors' program were concordant, which demonstrates that residents are capable of accurately assessing their own abilities and understanding the milestones framework. Areas of discordance between resident and faculty evaluations fostered discussion between residents and faculty and have led to multiple changes in the authors' program. The introduction of self-evaluation tools at other programs may provide them with similar benefits.

Lateral Branch of the Thoracodorsal Nerve (LaT Branch) Transfer for Biceps Reinnervation.

In cases of significant upper extremity trauma, the thoracodorsal nerve is a reliable secondary option for the restoration of elbow flexion. In all previous descriptions, however, the entire nerve is transferred. We describe a case utilizing the lateral thoracodorsal nerve (LaT) branch for biceps reinnervation with an associated cadaver study. Transfer of the LaT branch to the biceps branch was performed on a patient who had sustained a traumatic brachial plexus injury that left him without elbow flexion. Also, 4 cadavers (8 upper extremities) were dissected to identify the bifurcation of the thoracodorsal nerve and confirm the feasibility of transferring the LaT branch to the biceps motor branch. Axon counts of the thoracodorsal proper, LaT branch, musculocutaneous proper, and the biceps branch were also obtained. A bifurcation of the thoracodorsal nerve was present in all cadaver specimens, with an average distance of 7.5 cm (range, 6.2-9.8 cm) from the insertion of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Axon counts revealed a donor-to-recipient ratio of 0.85:1. Follow-up of our patient at 1 year showed improvement of elbow flexion manual muscle testing grade from 0 to 4/5. Furthermore, electromyography at 1 year confirmed biceps reinnervation and showed normal readings of the latissimus compared with preoperative electromyography. Transfer of the LaT branch is a viable and minimally morbid option for biceps reinnervation after traumatic branchial plexus injury. Further follow-up of our patient and larger prospective studies are needed to understand the true potential of this nerve transfer.

Mycophenolic Acid for Topical Immunosuppression in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation: Optimizing Formulation and Preliminary Evaluation of Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA), is the active form of the ester prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). MMF is an FDA approved immunosuppressive drug that has been successfully used in systemic therapy in combination with other agents for the prevention of acute rejection (AR) following solid organ transplantation (SOT) as well as in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Systemic use of MMF is associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects. Topical delivery of the prodrug could thus provide graft-targeted immunosuppression while minimizing systemic drug exposure. Our goal was to develop a topical formulation of MPA with optimal in vitro/in vivo characteristics such as release, permeation, and tissue bioavailability to enable safety and efficacy evaluation in clinical VCA. Permeation studies were performed with a solution of MPA (10 mg/ml). In vitro release and permeation studies were performed for different semisolid formulations (Aladerm, Lipoderm, emollient, and VersaBase) of MPA (1% w/w) using a Franz Diffusion Cell System (FDCS). In vivo pharmacokinetic characterization of MPA release from Lipoderm was performed in rats. MPA in solution exhibited a steady state flux (3.8 ± 0.1 µg/cm2/h) and permeability (1.1 × 10-7 ± 3.2 × 10-9 cm/s). MPA in Lipoderm exhibited a steady state flux of 1.12 ± 0.24 µg/cm2/h, and permeability of 6.2 × 10-09 ± 1.3 × 10-9 cm/s across the biomimetic membrane. The cumulative release of MPA from Lipoderm, showed a linear single-phase profile with a R2 of 0.969. In vivo studies with MPA in Lipoderm showed markedly higher local tissue MPA levels and lower systemic MPA exposure as compared to values obtained after intravenous delivery of the same dose of drug (p < 0.05). We successfully developed for the first time, a topical formulation of MPA in Lipoderm with optimal in vitro/in vivo permeability characteristics and no undesirable local or systemic adverse effects in vivo. Our study provides key preliminary groundwork for translational efficacy studies of topical MPA in pre-clinical large animal VCA models and for effectiveness evaluation in patients receiving VCA.

Medial epicondylectomy.

Cubital tunnel syndrome is a common but complicated ulnar neuropathy that needs to be carefully evaluated and classified before developing a cohesive plan of attack. In situ decompression/with medial epicondylectomy (ISD/ME) can be a viable treatment option for all preoperative grades of cubital tunnel syndrome, but may not necessarily be the treatment of choice, based on information gathered from the patient's preoperative evaluation. We outline a comprehensive list of indications for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome by ISD/ME. If one adheres to these indications, and abides by the technique of a partial medial epicondylar excision, as advocated by O'Driscoll, Amako, and others, the results indicate that patients should have an acceptable outcome.

Deltoid Compartment Syndrome: A Rare Complication after Humeral Intraosseous Access.

We present a case of a 65-year-old woman who developed a delayed deltoid compartment syndrome after resuscitation via humeral intraosseous access. Initially she was treated conservatively but then was taken emergently for a fasciotomy. After confirming the diagnosis with compartment pressures, a 2-incision approach was employed and a large hematoma was evacuated from the inferior margin of the anterior deltoid. The rest of the deltoid was inspected and debrided to healthy bleeding tissue. Her fasciotomy wounds were left open to heal on their own due to her tenuous clinical condition. At most recent follow-up, she had full range of motion in her shoulder and no residual pain. Our unique case study is the first documented incidence of upper extremity compartment syndrome after intraosseous access. Additionally, our case supports using humeral access only as a second-line option if lower extremity access is not available and prolonged vigilant monitoring after discontinuing intraosseous access to prevent disastrous late complications.

Hand Surgery Fellowship Selection Criteria: A National Fellowship Director Survey.

BACKGROUND: Candidate characteristics for hand surgery fellowship training remains unknown, as very little data is available in the literature. This study aims to provide information on the criteria that are employed to select candidates for the hand surgery fellowship match. METHODS: A 38-question survey was sent in April 2015 to all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education recognized hand surgery fellowship program directors (n=81) involved in the U.S. match. The survey investigated factors used for the selection of applicants, including medical school, residency training, research experience, fellowship interview, and candidate characteristics. A 5-point Likert scale was used to grade 33 factors from "not at all important" (1) to "essential in making my decision" (5); or for five controversial factors from "very negative impact" (1) to "very positive impact in making my decision" (5). RESULTS: A total of 52% (42 out of 81) of responses were received from hand surgery fellowship program directors. The most important influential factors were interactions with faculty during interview and visit (4.6±0.6), interpersonal skills (4.6±0.5), overall interview performance in the selection process (4.6±0.6), professionalism and ethics (4.6±0.7), and letters of recommendation from hand surgeons (4.5±0.7). Factors that have a negative impact on the selection process include visa requirement (2.1±1.2), graduate of non-plastic surgery residency program (2.4±1.3), and graduate of a foreign medical school (2.4±1.1). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data on hand surgery fellowship directors' perception on the criteria important for fellowship applicant selection, and showed that interview-related criteria and letters of recommendation are the important factors.

Seroconversion rates among health care workers exposed to hepatitis C virus-contaminated body fluids: The University of Pittsburgh 13-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission to health care personnel (HCP) after exposure to a HCV-positive source has been reported to occur at an average rate of 1.8% (range, 0%-10%). We aimed to determine the seroconversion rate after exposure to HCV-contaminated body fluid in a major U.S. academic medical center. METHODS: A longitudinal analysis of a prospectively maintained database of reported occupational injuries occurring between 2002 and 2015 at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center was performed. Data collected include type of injury and fluid, injured body part, contamination of sharps, resident physicians' involvement, and patients' hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV status. RESULTS: A total of 1,361 cases were included in the study. Most exposures were caused by percutaneous injuries (65.0%), followed by mucocutaneous injuries (33.7%). Most (63.3%) were injuries to the hand, followed by the face and neck (27.6%). Blood exposure accounted for 72.7%, and blood-containing saliva accounted for 3.4%. A total of 6.9% and 3.7% of source patients were coinfected with HIV and HBV, respectively. The HCV seroconversion rate was 0.1% (n = 2) because of blood exposure secondary to percutaneous injuries. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the largest and most recent cohort from a major U.S. academic medical center. The seroconversion rates among HCP exposed to HCV-contaminated body fluids was found to be lower than most of the data found in the literature.

Seroconversion rate among health care workers exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids: The University of Pittsburgh 13-year experience.

BACKGROUND: The studies enumerating the risk of HIV transmission to health care workers (HCWs) as 0.3% after percutaneous exposure to HIV-positive blood, and 0.09% after a mucous membrane exposure, are weakened by dated literature. Our study aims to demonstrate the seroconversion rate after exposure to HIV-contaminated body fluids in a major academic center in the United States. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of reported occupational injuries occurring between 2002 and 2015 at an academic medical center was analyzed. Data collected included the type of injury, injured body part, type of fluid, contamination of sharps, involvement of resident physicians, use of postexposure prophylaxis, and patients' HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus status. RESULTS: A total of 266 cases were included in the study. Most exposures were caused by percutaneous injuries (52.6%), followed by 43.2% mucocutaneous injuries. Of the injuries, 52.6% were to the hand and 33.5% to the face and neck. Blood exposure accounted for 64.3% of all cases. Of the patients, 21.1% received postexposure prophylaxis. None of the HCWs exposed to HIV-contaminated body fluids seroconverted (seroconversion rate, 0%). CONCLUSIONS: HIV does not seem to be as easily transmitted by needlestick, laceration, or splash injuries as previously surmised. Further large-scale and multicenter studies are needed for a more accurate estimation of the risk of transmission of HIV in U.S. health care workers.

Single Implantable FK506 Disk Prevents Rejection in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.

BACKGROUND: In vascularized composite allotransplantation, medication nonadherence leads to increased acute rejections. Improving medication adherence would improve overall allograft survival. Regionally delivered immunosuppression, targeted to sites of allorecognition, may reduce or eliminate the need for daily systemic immunosuppression. METHODS: The authors developed biodegradable FK disks containing FK506-loaded double-walled microspheres and tested their efficacy at preventing rejection in a Brown-Norway-to-Lewis rat hindlimb transplantation model. In some experimental group animals, one FK disk was implanted subcutaneously either in native nontransplanted leg or in a transplanted allograft. Regular blood FK506 levels were measured. The endpoint was 180-day allograft survival or grade 3 rejection. At the endpoint, tissue FK506 levels were measured and mixed lymphocytic reaction was performed. RESULTS: A single FK disk maintained systemic blood FK506 levels between 5 and 15 ng/ml for 146 ± 11.1 days. After that, the levels declined to less than 5 ng/ml through the endpoint. There was significantly increased FK506 concentration in groin lymph nodes draining the implanted FK disk. Compared with other groups, animals with an FK disk in the transplanted allograft had 100 percent allograft survival to more than 180 days despite subtherapeutic levels below 5 ng/ml. In these animals, significant T-cell hyporesponsiveness was seen in groin lymph nodes draining the FK disk compared with robust splenic T-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Sustained regional immunosuppression (with a single FK506 disk) maintained the allograft by means of a high regional concentration of FK506. Notably, this was achieved at subtherapeutic blood concentrations of FK506, without any further systemic FK506 administration.

Diagnosis of Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Arcade of Struthers with Electromyography and Ultrasound.

Ulnar neuropathy is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve in the upper extremity, frequently occurring at the level of the elbow or wrist. Rarely, ulnar nerve entrapment may be seen proximal to the elbow. This report details a case of ulnar neuropathy diagnosed and localized to the arcade of Struthers with electromyography (EMG) and ultrasound (US) imaging and confirmed at time of operative release. US imaging and EMG findings were used to preoperatively localize the level of compression in a patient presenting with left ulnar neuropathy. In this case, ulnar entrapment 8 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle was diagnosed. Surgical release was performed and verified the level of entrapment at the arcade of Struthers in the upper arm. Alleviation of symptoms was noted at 8-week follow-up; no complications occurred. US imaging can be used in complement with EMG studies to properly diagnose and localize the level of ulnar nerve entrapment. This facilitates full release of the nerve and may prevent the need for revision surgery.

Decellularized Matrix and Supplemental Fat Grafting Leads to Regeneration following Traumatic Fingertip Amputation.

Decellularized scaffold materials are capable of regenerating missing tissues when utilized under appropriate conditions. Fat grafting also has reported advantages in revitalizing damaged tissue beds. This report details a case of traumatic fingertip amputation treated with a combination of decellularized materials in conjunction with fat grafting, resulting in a supple and functional reconstruction of the affected digit. After traumatic fingertip amputation, a patient was initially treated with decellularized porcine urinary bladder matrix powder. As a second stage, the healed tip scar tissue was reexcised, and a second application of powder was applied. As a third stage, the tip scar tissue was reexcised and a decellularized bilayer was sewn into the soft tissues of the debrided tip, resulting in an improved soft tissue envelope. As a final stage, the restored fingertip soft tissue envelope was fat grafted for additional bulk. Patient underwent treatment every other day with decellularized porcine urinary bladder matrix (powder and bilayer) and was able to reasonably regenerate the traumatic fingertip soft tissue envelope. This resulted in an envelope that was further enhanced with fat grafting. The resulting digit was sensate with maintained length, and possessed a more normal appearance than would be achieved by healing by secondary intention, or local flap or graft coverage. Decellularized materials can be utilized in conjunction with fat grafting to treat traumatic fingertip amputations in select patients. This combination approach is able to achieve a sensate fingertip and regain length lost in the affected digit. Additionally, we describe a novel technique that can be employed to maximize the amount of soft tissue regenerated by the decellularized products.