Drosophila females have an acoustic preference for symmetric males.

SignificanceTheoretically, symmetry in bilateral animals is subject to sexual selection, since it can serve as a proxy for genetic quality of competing mates during mate choice. Here, we report female preference for symmetric males in Drosophila, using a mate-choice paradigm where males with environmentally or genetically induced wing asymmetry were competed. Analysis of courtship songs revealed that males with asymmetric wings produced songs with asymmetric features that served as acoustic cues, facilitating this female preference. Females experimentally evolved in the absence of mate choice lost this preference for symmetry, suggesting that it is maintained by sexual selection.

TGFß1 increases microglia-mediated engulfment of apoptotic cells via upregulation of the milk fat globule-EGF factor 8.

Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8 (Mfge8) has been described as an essential molecule during microglia-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells via binding to phosphatidylserine residues and subsequent phagocytosis. Impaired uptake of apoptotic cells by microglia results in prolonged inflammatory responses and damage of healthy cells. Although the mechanisms of Mfge8-mediated engulfment of apoptotic cells are well understood, endogenous or exogenous factors that regulate Mfge8 expression remain elusive. Here, we describe that TGFß1 increases the expression of Mfge8 and enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells by primary mouse microglia in a Mfge8-dependent manner. Further, apoptotic cells are capable of increasing microglial TGFß expression and release and shift the microglia phenotype toward alternative activation. Moreover, we provide evidence that Mfge8 expression is differentially regulated in microglia after classical and alternative activation and that Mfge8 is not able to exert direct antiinflammatory effects on LPS-treated primary microglia. Together, these results underline the importance of TGFß1 as a regulatory factor for microglia and suggest that increased TGFß1 expression in models of neurodegeneration might be involved in clearance of apoptotic cells via regulation of Mfge8 expression.

Fast and accurate annotation of acoustic signals with deep neural networks.

Acoustic signals serve communication within and across species throughout the animal kingdom. Studying the genetics, evolution, and neurobiology of acoustic communication requires annotating acoustic signals: segmenting and identifying individual acoustic elements like syllables or sound pulses. To be useful, annotations need to be accurate, robust to noise, and fast.We here introduce DeepAudioSegmenter (DAS), a method that annotates acoustic signals across species based on a deep-learning derived hierarchical presentation of sound. We demonstrate the accuracy, robustness, and speed of DAS using acoustic signals with diverse characteristics from insects, birds, and mammals. DAS comes with a graphical user interface for annotating song, training the network, and for generating and proofreading annotations. The method can be trained to annotate signals from new species with little manual annotation and can be combined with unsupervised methods to discover novel signal types. DAS annotates song with high throughput and low latency for experimental interventions in realtime. Overall, DAS is a universal, versatile, and accessible tool for annotating acoustic communication signals.