Adolescent Cannabis Use and Perceived Social Norm Trends Pre- and Post-Implementation of Washington State's Liberalized Recreational Cannabis Policy: Healthy Youth Survey, 2008-2018.

This study examined trends in adolescent perceptions of social norms pertaining to adolescent cannabis use, in relation to past 30-day adolescent cannabis use, and was interpreted in light of Washington State's liberalized recreational cannabis policy (LRCP: 2012). Data come from Washington's Healthy Youth Survey (HYS), collected during even-numbered years between 2008 and 2018, with methods-stabilized surveys of school-attending youths in grades 8, 10, and 12. This study used an aggregate state census sample of n = 325,723. Year-specific social norms and cannabis use proportions were estimated, stratified by grade. Regression analyses assessed associations between social norms and recent cannabis use. The proportion of recent adolescent cannabis use during the initial years post-LRCP in Washington State remained relatively stable or trended downward slightly; however, 2018 data may indicate a slight upward trend for 10th and 8th graders. Cannabis use by a close friend consistently paralleled adolescent cannabis use trends. The proportion of youth reporting parental acceptance of, and overall community acceptance of, adolescent cannabis use trended slightly upward in 2014 (post-LRCP implementation) but, since, has remained stable or declined slightly. Adolescent self-acceptance of youth cannabis use increased steadily for high school students between 2008 and 2014, edged downward in 2016, and then trended back upward for 8th and 10th graders in 2018. Perceived parental acceptance remained statistically associated with adolescent cannabis use across grades and years, with the strength of associations edging up. Ongoing monitoring of substance use and related risk factor trends will be needed to understand the impacts of LRCPs.

Workplace Racial Discrimination, Negative Emotions Based on Treatment Due to Race, and Substance Use.

BACKGROUND: Experiencing racial discrimination may be associated with poor health outcomes including negative emotional states and substance use. The workplace is a setting where people may experience discriminatory treatment. Objectives: This study examined associations, between negative emotions due to treatment based on race (NE), workplace racial discrimination (WRD), and substance use outcomes (drinking and smoking), stratified by race. Methods: Data from the cross-sectional 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Minnesota and New Mexico sub-samples, were analyzed. This study excluded non-Hispanic white participants, resulting in a sample of n = 3098 adult, U.S. residents. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to examine the associations, and possible interactions, between WRD, NE, and substance use (alcohol and tobacco). Results: Prior to stratification, WRD was not associated with drinking or smoking after controlling for NE and other sociodemographic variables, however, NE was associated with heavy drinking. NE appeared to account for some of the observed bivariate associations between WRD and heavy drinking and daily smoking. Post-stratification, WRD was associated with heavy drinking for non-Hispanic other respondents, even after controlling for NE. For non-Hispanic black participants, NE was associated with smoking after controlling for WRD. A stratified interaction analysis of WRD*NE revealed that there was only an association between NE and heavy drinking for Hispanic participants who did not experience WRD. Conclusions: The relationship between WRD and substance use may be in part accounted for by NE. Further exploration is needed to more fully understand why associations exist for some race/ethnicity groups but not others.

Racial bullying and adolescent substance use: An examination of school-attending young adolescents in the United States.

This article examines the association between race and racial bullying (bullying due to one's race), in relation to youth substance use in school attending young adolescents in the United States. Weighted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were run to assess if racial bullying involvement was associated with youth substance use. Data for this study come from the Health Behaviors in School-Aged Children survey (n = 7,585). An association between racial bullying status (not involve, bullying victim, bullying perpetrator, or mixed bullying victim/perpetrator) and youth substance was identified in this study. Racial bully perpetrators were most likely to have used cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana, followed by youth in the mixed victim/perpetrator group. When analyses were stratified by race, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic youth experienced an increased risk of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use if in the perpetrator or mixed group (compared to those not involved with racial bullying). Non-Hispanic White and Asian youth were also more likely to report marijuana use if in the victim group. Non-Hispanic Black youth were more likely to use alcohol and marijuana if they were a perpetrator or in the mixed group, but they were not more likely to use cigarettes. Differences appear to exist in relation to racial bullying experience and substance across racial/ethnic group among youth in grades 7-10. Implications for prevention and educational professionals are discussed.

Correction to: Examining Race/Ethnicity Differences in the Association between the Experience of Workplace Racial Discrimination and Depression or Negative Emotions.

Please note that the name of coauthor Shauna Carlisle was presented incorrectly in this article as published: The correct rendering of her name is Carlisle, S.K. (instead of the incorrect rendering of Carlisle, S.E., which incorrectly notes E. [surname] as her middle initial).

Examining Race/Ethnicity Differences in the Association Between the Experience of Workplace Racial Discrimination and Depression or Negative Emotions.

This study examines associations and potential interactions between race/ethnicity, workplace racial discrimination, depression, and negative emotional symptoms experienced due to treatment based on race. Data for this study come from the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual telephone survey of US residents, aged 18 and older. Respondents from MN and NM (n = 13,655) completed a module titled Reactions to Race, which contained items assessing workplace racial discrimination and negative emotions experienced based on treatment due to race, as well as standard BRFSS items assessing a diagnosis of depression. Results support previous research concluding that non-Hispanic White survey respondents are less likely to experience racial discrimination in the workplace than other race/ethnicity groups, but were more likely to report both depression and negative emotions. Analyses stratified by race/ethnic group suggest that, after controlling for gender, marital status, education, and income, there was an association between experiencing workplace racial discrimination and reporting negative emotions due to treatment based on race (all p values < 0.001). Of note, this association was strongest for non-Hispanic White respondents.

Who is becoming hallucinogen dependent soon after hallucinogen use starts?

This study, based upon epidemiological survey data from the United States (U.S.) National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) from 2000 to 2001, presents new estimates for the risk of developing a hallucinogen dependence syndrome within 24 months after first use of any hallucinogen (median elapsed time approximately 12 months). Subgroup variations in risk of becoming hallucinogen dependent also are explored. Estimates are derived from the NHSDA representative samples of non-institutionalized U.S. residents ages 12 and older (n=114,241). A total of 2035 respondents had used hallucinogens for the first time within 24 months prior to assessment. An estimated 2-3% of these recent-onset hallucinogen users had become dependent on hallucinogens, according to the NHSDA DSM-IV computerized diagnostic algorithm. Controlling for sociodemographic and other drug use covariates, very early first use of hallucinogens (age 10-11 years) is associated with increased risk of hallucinogen dependence (p<0.01). Excess risk of developing hallucinogen dependence was found in association with recent-onset use of mescaline; excess risk also was found for recent-onset users of ecstasy and of PCP. This study's evidence is consistent with prior evidence on a tangible but quite infrequent dependence syndrome soon after the start of hallucinogen use; it offers leads that can be confirmed or disconfirmed in future investigations.

Effects of Perceived Discrimination and Length of Residency on the Health of Foreign-Born Populations.

This study explores the relationship between chronic conditions, perceived discrimination, and length of residency among three racial groups of foreign-born respondents: Afro-Caribbean, Asian, and Latino Americans. Analysis utilized Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) merged data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) and the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Afro-Caribbean subgroups were more likely than Asian and Latino American subgroups to report perceived discrimination. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine which groups within the model were more likely to report chronic health conditions. Perceived discrimination was found to vary by race and was inversely associated with chronic respiratory conditions for Afro-Caribbeans. In general, years of US residency were associated with health across all chronic conditions where those in the USA longer were more likely to experience health-related problems. Perceived discrimination revealed mixed results.

Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents with substance use disorders.

The authors examined gender differences in rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders among adolescents with I or more psychoactive substance use disorders. Baseline diagnostic data were obtained from 135 adolescents, ages 12 to 19, and their parents-guardians, who participated in a study to develop and efficacy test Integrated Family and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder were higher among drug-abusing male adolescents compared with drug-abusing female adolescents. However, high rates of disruptive behavior disorders also characterized drug-abusing female adolescents. Similarly, drug-abusing female adolescents exhibited a higher rate of major depression compared with drug-abusing male adolescents. However, rates of dysthymia, double depression (i.e., major depression and dysthymia), and bipolar disorder were equivalent between genders.

Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood.

This review examines the evidence for longitudinal predictors of substance use and abuse in emerging adulthood. Nationally representative data from the 2007 National Survey on Drug use and Health suggest that many substance use problems reach their peak prevalence during emerging adulthood (usually defined as the period from age 18 to age 26). This stage of development is characterized by rapid transitions into new social contexts that involve greater freedom and less social control than experienced during adolescence. Concurrent with this newfound independence is an increase in rates of substance use and abuse. Understanding the risk and protective factors associated with emerging adult substance use problems is an important step in developing interventions targeting those problems. While multiple reviews have examined risk and protective factors for substance use during adolescence, and many of these earlier predictors may predict emerging adult substance use, few studies have focused primarily on the emerging adult outcomes examining predictors from both adolescence and emerging adulthood. This review used the databases PubMed and PsycInfo to identify articles pertaining to longitudinal predictors of substance use problems in emerging adulthood, building from the conceptual framework presented in a review on risk and protective factors for adolescent substance abuse by Hawkins and colleagues (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Predictors identified as predictors of substance use in adolescence, sometimes decreased in strength and in one case reversed direction. Unique predictors in emerging adulthood were also identified. Implications for prevention science during adolescence and emerging adulthood are discussed as well as suggestions for future research.

Adolescent substance use assessment: concordance between tools using self-administered and interview formats.

The present study evaluates the agreement between adolescent self-report of substance use frequencies obtained from a self-administered questionnaire vs. face-to-face interview formats. Participants were 108 adolescents (82 males, 26 females), aged 11 to 19 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.17), who were referred for a chemical dependence assessment between June of 1999 and June of 2000 in Minnesota. The adolescent battery included the self-administered Personal Experience Inventory and the face-to-face interviewer-administered Drug Use History Interview to assess substance use frequency. A urine sample was also collected to validate self-report of recent substance use. Bivariate correlations between adolescent self-report on the self-administered and interviewer-administered formats were strong for alcohol (average r = 0.72) and marijuana (average r = 0.81) use frequencies during the 3 months and 12 months preceding the baseline assessment. However, adolescents were generally more likely to report greater frequencies of alcohol and marijuana use during the interview-administered protocol when compared to the self-administered format. Study implications and limitations are discussed.