[Clinical ethic dilemmas and difficulties in reporting child abuse].

The number of reported cases of child abuse has been rising steadily in Taiwan. Although child abuse reporting is mandatory for healthcare professionals, Taiwan-specific social norms and traditional cultural values make the decision to report such abuse more complex and difficult. We used Jonsen's four topics method to examine a suspected case of child abuse and to analyze its associated dilemmas and ethical difficulties. We then discussed the identified conflicts among the three aspects of cultural values, legal obligations, and personal values. Findings indicate that healthcare professionals experience dilemmas among these three aspects. Reporting suspected child abuse appears the best resolution after considering and balancing the principles of non-malfeasance, beneficence, fidelity and follow-up care. Once reported, resources can be provided to the affected child and his ÷ her family. This case analysis provides a reference for healthcare professionals to deal with child abuse cases.

Pharmacological Properties of Ginsenoside Re.

Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely "pharmacology," "pharmacokinetics," and "toxicology," in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.