Fournier's Gangrene as an Adverse Event Following Treatment with Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors.

We present the case of a 51-year-old male with known congestive heart failure and acute myocarditis who presented to the emergency department (ED) with swollen testicles and urinary symptoms two weeks after the initiation of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan was consistent with the diagnosis of Fournier's gangrene (FG). Intravenous antibiotics were administered and surgical exploratory intervention and excision of necrotic tissue were performed, stopping the evolution of necrotizing fasciitis. FG, a reported adverse event, may rarely occur when SGLT2 inhibitors are administered in patients with diabetes. To our knowledge, there have been no reported cases of FG in Romania since SLGT2 inhibitors were approved. The distinguishing feature of this case is that the patient was not diabetic, which emphasizes that patients without diabetes who are treated for heart failure with SGLT2 inhibitors may also be at risk of developing genitourinary infections. The association of predisposing factors may have contributed to the development of FG in this case and even though the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors outweigh the risks, serious adverse events need to be voluntarily reported in order to intervene promptly, verify the relationship, and minimize the risk of bias.

6TiSCH on SCµM: Running a Synchronized Protocol Stack without Crystals.

We report the first time-synchronized protocol stack running on a crystal-free device. We use an early prototype of the Single-Chip micro Mote, SCµM, a single-chip 2×3 mm 2 mote-on-a-chip, which features an ARM Cortex-M0 micro-controller and an IEEE802.15.4 radio. This prototype consists of an FPGA version of the micro-controller, connected to the SCµM chip which implements the radio front-end. We port OpenWSN, a reference implementation of a synchronized protocol stack, onto SCµM. The challenge is that SCµM has only on-chip oscillators, with no absolute time reference such as a crystal. We use two calibration steps - receiving packets via the on-chip optical receiver and RF transceiver - to initially calibrate the oscillators on SCµM so that it can send frames to an off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 radio. We then use a digital trimming compensation algorithm based on tick skipping to turn a 567 ppm apparent drift into a 10 ppm drift. This allows us to run a full-featured standards-compliant 6TiSCH network between one SCµM and one OpenMote. This is a step towards realizing the smart dust vision of ultra-small and cheap ubiquitous wireless devices.

Histological Aspects and Quantitative Assessment of Ki67 as Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer Patients: Result from a Single-Center, Cross Sectional Study.

Background and objectives: Our aim is to explore the relationship between the levels of protein encoded by Ki67 and the histopathological aspects regarding the overall survival and progression-free survival in a single university center. A secondary objective was to examine other factors that can influence these endpoints. New approaches to the prognostic assessment of breast cancer have come from molecular profiling studies. Ki67 is a nuclear protein associated with cell proliferation. Together with the histological type and tumor grade, it is used to appreciate the aggressiveness of the breast tumors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-institution study, at Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, in which we enrolled women with stage I to III breast cancer. The protocol was amended to include the immunohistochemistry determination of Ki67 and the histological aspects. The methodology consisted in using a Kaplan-Meier analysis for the entire sample and restricted mean survival time up to 36 months. Results: Both lower Ki67 and low tumor grade are associated with better prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) for our patients' cohort. In our group, the histological type did not impact the time to progression or survival. Conclusions: Both overall survival and progression-free survival may be influenced by the higher value of Ki67 and less differentiated tumors. Further studies are needed in order to establish if the histologic type may impact breast cancer prognostic, probably together with other histologic and molecular markers.

Impact of Malocclusions on Periodontopathogenic Bacterial Load and Progression of Periodontal Disease: A Quantitative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: (1) Periodontal disease (PD) is a globally prevalent chronic inflammatory condition, exacerbated by the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. This study aims to evaluate the bacterial load of specific periodontopathogenic bacteria in patients with malocclusions (MAL) compared to those without. (2) Methods: Conducted at the "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, this pilot study involved two groups: patients with MAL and PD, and patients with PD but without MAL. We included 20 patients: 10 with MAL (9 with crowding and 1 with an open bite) and 10 without MAL. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected for bacterial DNA extraction and quantified bacterial load using real-time PCR, focusing on 12 periodontopathogenic bacteria across different complexity classes. (3) Results: The study identified significantly higher concentrations of Treponema denticola (p = 0.023, median = 4.32, IQR = 2.76-5.53 vs. median = 1.93, IQR = 0-3.19), Tannerella forsythia (p = 0.020, mean = 6.04 ± 0.72 vs. mean = 4.4 ± 1.89) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.002, median = 5.64, IQR = 4.94-5.98 vs. median = 2.48, IQR = 0-4.05) in patients with MAL compared to those without. This suggests that MAL contributes to an environment conducive to the proliferation of specific pathogens, potentially accelerating PD progression. Additionally, Eikenella corrodens (p = 0.040, mean = 4.55 ± 1.02 vs. mean = 3.23 ± 1.56), Campylobacter rectus (p < 0.001, mean = 4.2 ± 0.56 vs. mean = 1.8 ± 1.51), Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.043, median = 5.04, IQR = 0-5.49 vs. median = 0, IQR = 0-3.39), Capnocytophaga sputigena (p = 0.011, median = 5.91, IQR = 5.47-6.17 vs. median = 4.63, IQR = 3.83-5.64), and Capnocytophaga gingivalis (p = 0.007, median = 5.87, IQR = 5.34-6.03 vs. median = 4.4, IQR = 3.5-5.71) also showed elevated concentrations, indicating the broad impacts of MAL on oral microbial profiles. (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between MAL and increased bacterial loads, underscoring the need for its integration in managing PD. Future research should expand demographic diversity and employ longitudinal designs to better understand the causative mechanisms at play.

Influence of Direct Coronal Restoration Materials on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Premolars: An In Vitro Study.

(1) Background: The long-term survival of an endodontically treated tooth depends on a successful root canal treatment as well as an adequate definitive coronal restoration. This study aimed to evaluate the strength of endodontically treated premolars with mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavity preparation restored with different direct coronal restoration materials but from the same manufacturer against fracture. (2) Methods: sixty intact premolars were selected and placed into five groups (n = 12): G1-intact teeth, G2-endodontic treatment and unrestored MOD cavities, G3-endodontic treatment and MOD cavities restored with Tetric PowerFlow and Tetric EvoCeram, G4-endodontic treatment and MOD cavities restored with Multicore Flow and Tetric EvoCeram, and G5-endodontic treatment and MOD cavities restored with Multicore Flow. The specimens were subjected to an axial compression load at a speed of 1.6 mm/min and optically inspected before and after with a stereomicroscope. For each premolars group, the following data were recorded: the compression resistance, the compressive strength, and the maximum force supported. The microstructure of the samples after the compression test was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). (3) Results: statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that there was a statistically significant difference between G1 and the other groups. Even though there was no statistically significant difference between the restored groups, a better mechanical behavior was registered within the G3. (4) Conclusions: this in vitro study indicated that none of the materials used can lead to a higher or at least similar fracture resistance as the intact teeth. The coronal restoration only with nano-hybrid composites may lead to a higher therapeutic benefit for the fracture-susceptible premolars.

Microscopic and statistical evaluation of the marginal defects of composite restorations: in vitro studies.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of dental restorations using laboratory microscopic techniques, focusing on the positioning of restorations relative to cavity edges and identifying common errors, such as incomplete or excessive coronal restorations. A total of 41 extracted lateral teeth, previously treated in vivo with Class I or II composites, were analyzed. Thirty-three of these teeth were sectioned medio-distally or buccal-orally and examined under a research laboratory microscope. Marginal areas were measured using eyepieces with a graduated scale and calibration slide, and a frequency statistical analysis was conducted. The analysis revealed that the teeth had fractious edges, deficient marginal closure, excess composite, incorrectly restored occlusal cusps, and marginal adaptation errors, with approximately half of these errors involving excess material. It was observed that restoration procedures in distal areas are particularly challenging, and clinical errors with excess material occur more frequently than those with a deficit. These findings underscore the need for improved techniques and precision in dental restorations to minimize such errors.

Optical microscopy evaluation of root canal filling removal by beginner operators in posterior teeth.

This study analyzed the effectiveness of root canal filling removal in lower molars performed by beginner operators using optical microscopy. A total of 55 mandibular first and second molars with mesial roots exhibiting an average curvature of 10-20° were selected based on preoperative radiographs. Instrumentation was done with ProTaper Gold (Dentsply Sirona) up to F2 (25/.08), using 2ml of 2.5% NaOCl irrigation solution after each file. Root canal obturation was performed using gutta-percha points with cold lateral condensation and Sealapex (Kerr Dental). Coronal fillings were made with composite resin and stored in distilled water for two years. Removal of the root canal fillings was performed with AF Retreatment Rotary (AFRR) and AF Blue R3 (AFBR3) (Fanta Dental Materials) under reciprocating motion with 2.5% NaOCl irrigation. Cross-sections of the coronal, middle, and apical thirds were analyzed at 40x magnification using a STEINDORFF POL microscope with a digital camera. Image analysis was conducted using Image J software, version 1.54, to determine the efficiency of root canal filling removal by percentage. Statistical analysis via one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between distal and mesial roots (P < 0.05). Specifically, for mesial roots, the removal efficiency was 70.65% in the coronal third, 54.66% in the middle third, and 21.32% in the apical third. Significant difficulties were noted due to fractured files, calcifications, and debris accumulation in the isthmuses. The study concluded that the protocol using Fanta files demonstrated significant differences in removal efficiency correlated with root curvature, compounded by the inexperience of beginner operators. The findings highlight the challenges faced by novice practitioners in achieving effective root canal filling removal.

The Effectiveness of the Association of Chlorhexidine with Mechanical Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis.

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefit of combining chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis. (2) Methods: Articles from 2016 to 2021 included in the PubMed and Scopus databases were analyzed, following the PICOS criteria and the randomized controlled study model that used chlorhexidine in various forms in the treatment of peri-mucositis. According to the established criteria, a limited number of studies were selected. These studies had as their criteria of evaluation for the effectiveness of chlorhexidine, plaque indices, bleeding indices and depth probing indices. Chlorhexidine has been used after mechanical debridement as a solution, with different concentrations of 0.06%/0.12%/0.2% alone or in a concentration of 0.03%, in combination with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as in the form of a gel with a concentration of 0.2%. (3) Results: The results were assessed to a placebo or other substances, and showed a significant reduction in the indices with a follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 1 year. (4) Conclusions: The association of chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis has a role in reducing inflammation, although a complete remission was not obtained in all cases, and the results were not statistically significantly different from the use of other antiseptics.

ADO: An open digital end-to-end tank based aquaculture platform.

The ADO project proposes the development of an IoT solution that allows the digitization of the aquaculture sector, developing the basic elements (data acquisition systems, data storage system and visualization platform) in open source format. Hence, ADO makes it easier for small and medium-sized producers to obtain success stories with limited technology background and smaller economic investments. In this article we provide a comprehensive description of the platform building blocks, including the hardware elements, integration procedures and structure, and operation details of the back-end infrastructure.

Level of education, background and clinical stage as prognostic factors according to RMST function in patients with early and locally advanced breast cancer: a single institution experience from Romania.

Background and aims: Our aim is to examine the relationship between the level of education, background, tumor size and lymph node status on the treatment outcome in a group of patients with early and locally advanced breast cancer (BC) by using the restricted mean survival time (RMST), which summarizes treatment effects in terms of event-free time over a fixed period of time. Methods: We evaluated the prognostic values in 143 patients treated for early BC at Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania and followed up for a maximum of 36 months. The protocol was amended to include the levels of education (gymnasium, high school, or university), the background (urban or rural) and the clinical stage (primary tumor (T) and regional nodes (N)). The methodology consisted in using a Kaplan-Meier analysis and RMST for the entire sample and Cox regression, for the variables with statistical influence. The principal endpoints of the study were overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Results: The level of education had impact both on RMST OS (35.30 vs. 26.70) and death HR (hazard ratio) in the group of patients with general school level, compared with those with graduated university. In this study, the urban or rural background did not impact the outcome, probably because in this study we included predominantly patients from urban areas (83%). Although clinical tumor size measurements did not impact the outcome, the clinical staged lymph node influenced both OS (p=0.0500) and PFS (p=0.0006) for the patients with palpable or imaging proof of lymph node involvement of station 2 or 3. Conclusions: RMST provides an intuitive and explicit way to express the effect of those risk factors on OS and PFS in a cohort of early breast cancer patients. Low level of education and high-grade clinical lymph node status negatively influences the outcome of this cohort of BC patients.

Hopeless tooth? Prognosis and comprehensive treatment. A case report.

A hopeless tooth from a periodontal point of view, with severe bone resorption, mobility and abnormal tooth migration, is often extracted. In advanced cases, function and esthetics are impaired, and an interdisciplinary treatment is requested. Retaining or not these teeth is based on clinician judgment. A growing body of evidence claims that prognosis has great potential to be improved in a motivated patient with good oral hygiene and regular maintenance. This case report aims to present a periodontal regenerative technique combining enamel matrix protein derivatives and a particulated xenograft to treat intraosseous defects caused by periodontitis. The patient healed uneventfully, and no complications were recorded after the surgical procedure. To correct abnormal tooth migration and improve function and esthetics, orthodontic treatment was instituted. Tooth prognosis improved from hopeless to questionable. This approach extended the life span of a compromised tooth, improving periodontal support and decreasing tooth mobility. This could be an alternative to extraction and implant.

Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with resin post reinforced with glass fiber.

This study aims to determine whether the design of resin posts reinforced with glass fiber (FRC) and Reporfost (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) significantly improves the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored through this method.A batch of 30 maxillary monoradicular teeth (15 central incisors, 15 canines) were treated endodontically by step-back technique (apical enlargement 40-K file) sealed with Sealapex (Kerr Corporation, Orange, US) and gutta-percha by lateral condensation, cold. They were divided into two equal groups, prepared for cementing the FRC posts. The Exacto posts (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) in group 1 and the Reforpost posts (Angelus; Londrina; PR, Brazil) were cemented with dual cure resin cement Breeze Self-Adhesive Resin Cement (Pentron Clinical, Orange, US). Fracture resistance testing was performed on the crown-apical axial direction, using the Hounsfield / Tinius Olsen H1-KS, PA, USA mechanical testing apparatus. The behavior of each tooth-post assembly was recorded as a graph. The statistical analysis was done using one way ANOVA (α=0.05). The differences between the Exacto post group and the Reforpost post group are not statistically significant (p = 0.466). The maximum force recorded was 970 N and the minimum 186N. The mean force at which the fracture occurred was approximately 500N for both groups. The strain test showed that modifying the Reforpost post design did not improve the fracture resistance parameters of the tooth-post assembly through increasing the surface friction or maintaining adhesion to the walls of the root dentin.

Evaluation of the sealer/gutta-percha ratio on sets of root section surfaces of some extracted teeth sealed using the cold lateral condensation technique.

Canal filling must be well adapted to the walls of the root canal to prevent bacterial infiltration. Endodontic seals play an essential role in ensuring tightness, without which the canal filling would suffer infiltrations. This study aimed to evaluate the areas occupied by the two components of the canal filling, as well as the sealer/gutta-percha ratio in the root canals of the maxillary central incisors after their filling using the cold lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha. Thirty extracted upper central incisors were rotatably prepared with ProTaper Universal up to F3 and sealed using the cold lateral condensation technique with gutta-percha. After setting the sealer, the roots of the teeth were sectioned perpendicularly to 1 (L1), 3 (L3), 6 (L6), and 8 (L8) mm from the apex. The surface of the sections was analyzed with a Leica EZ4D stereomicroscope and photographed at two magnification orders: 10x and 25x. The areas corresponding to the gutta-percha, sealer, gaps, and root canal were expressed in pixels using the ImageJ software, version 1.50i. The difference in the representation of sealer areas, gutta-percha and voids was statistically significantly different for all four sections analyzed. The best adaptation of the canal obturation was observed in L1 and L3. The gutta-percha area was statistically significantly higher than that of the sealer for the L1, L3, and L6 levels, while the sealer/gutta-percha ratio recorded the lowest value at the L3 level (0, 30) and the highest at its L8 (0.70) level, without registering statistically significant differences regarding the area at the four analyzed levels. The voids were mostly absent or recorded a minimal percentage area (<1%). Cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha has led to a good adaptation of gutta-percha to the root canal wall, with a small amount of sealer, especially to the sections made at 3 mm from the apex. Given the limitations of this study, we noted that the voids were few - observed in the 6 and 8 mm sections - and were negligible in many cases.

Correlation between Androgen Receptor Expression and Immunohistochemistry Type as Prognostic Factors in a Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients: Result from a Single-Center, Cross Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the correlation between the androgen receptor (AR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a prognostic factor in breast cancer (BC). AR is expressed in 60-80% of BC. METHODS: We evaluated the prognostic values of AR expression among 143 patients with BC for 36 months. The protocol was amended to measure androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression by IHC and the percentage of hormone positive nuclei was quantified. We determined and quantified the Her2/neu status using IHC and in situ hybridization. The methodology consisted in using a Kaplan-Meier analysis and restricted mean survival time up to 36 months. The principal endpoints of the study were overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). RESULTS: 57% of patients (n = 82) from our group had AR+ (≥ 1%). Patients with AR+ had better OS, 35.50 vs. 33.40 months, with p = 0.027. Moreover, PFS was prolonged for patients AR+, 32.60 vs. 30.50 months, with p = 0.38. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients had lower OS and no difference was observed for PFS. CONCLUSIONS: Both OS and PFS were favorably influenced by the presence of AR. TNBC had worse outcomes compared with patients with hormonal or/and Her 2/neu positive disease in terms of OS.

Etiology and Prevention of an Endodontic Iatrogenic Event: Instrument Fracture.

Although benefiting from an unprecedented technological evolution, contemporary endodontics is still characterized by the recurrence of retreatments, due to the need to solve quite frequent incidents, accidents, or even failures of primary endodontic treatment. This survey aims to assess both the etiology and the prevention methods of one of the most troublesome endodontic iatrogenies: instrument separation during root canal shaping. The multifactorial nature of this occurrence entails identifying and taking into account all the causal and contributing factors. Their significant number and the possible involvement of any of them, starting with the complexity and variability of the root canals and ending with the technical specifications concerning the nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation system being used, highlight the necessity to develop valid guidelines to avert the occurring of such an upsetting situation.

Stereomicroscopic and Microscopic Study of Dental Structural Aspects Derived from Iatrogenic and Pathological Processes Suffered by a Second Mandibular Premolar - A Case Study.

Microscopic studies performed on extracted human teeth after their preparation in advance is helpful in a relatively good reestablishment of the treatment steps that have been applied to these teeth, as well as an evaluation of the quality of such treatments. Therefore, we have used stereo- and optical microscopy, highlighting aspects of external morphology, as well as root canal space of an extracted mandibular second premolar, subjected to prosthetic and endodontic treatment. In order to verify some technical errors that might occur during the endodontic and restorative treatment, we tried to appreciate the quality of the root canal filling and cervical defect and access cavity restoration of an extracted premolar #45.Without having the data from clinical records, we concluded that the method used for root canal filling was the warm lateral condensation technic; we also appreciated the quality of the fusion of the gutta-percha cones used, so the introduction of heated spreaders only in the central part of the bunch of cones makes it possible to clearly detect the boundaries between these cones towards the outside of the filling.

Performance Evaluation on Rotary Preparation of Root Canal by Beginner Operators.

This study aims to analyze the performance of rotary root canal preparation, conducted by beginner operators (students). After acquiring the necessary skills involved in applying endodontic preparation techniques on extracted teeth, all students from a cohort learned to use ProTaper Universal files (Dentsply Maillefer). The preclinical training had several stages. Experience 1: instrumentation on extracted single-root teeth; Experience 2: instrumentation on EndoTraining blocks (Dentsply Maillefer); Experience 3: instrumentation on EndoTraining blocks (Dia Dent Group International); Experience 4: Instrumentation on extracted multiradicular teeth. Preparation was done according to the manufacturer's instructions, the initial file is Sx, followed by S1, S2, F1, F2 and the last file is F3. A batch of 50 teeth (E1, E2, E3, E4) was randomly selected to evaluate the onset of the rotary preparation of young operators. Two independent evaluators analyzed the array radiologically by stereomicroscope evaluation (E1, E4) and photo-analysis of the resulting Endo Training blocks (E2, E3). The success rate was 80% for E1, 72% for E2, 64% for E3 and 76% for E4 (p<0.05). The following were considered a failure: ledge formation and apical transportation in 10.66%, over instrumentation in 6.66%, zipping in 3.33%, and instrument fracture in 4% of cases. Endodontic instrumentation techniques require training to acquire the necessary skills. Rotary root canal instrumentation techniques used almost exclusively in modern endodontics require adequate preclinical training.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Corynebacterium Species Isolated from Clinical Samples in Romania.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important public health issues. Besides classical multidrug resistance species associated with medical care involved in superficial or invasive infections, there are strains less commonly associated with hospital or outpatient setting's infections. Non-diphtheria Corynebacterium spp. could produce infections in patients with or without immune-compromised status. The aim of our study was to determine the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents to Corynebacterium spp. from clinical samples collected from Romanian hospitalized individuals and outpatients. Twenty Corynebacterium strains were isolated and identified as Corynebacterium striatum (n = 7), Corynebacterium amycolatum (n = 7), C. urealyticum (n = 3), Corynebacterium afermentans (n = 2), and Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (n = 1). All isolates have been tested for antibiotic susceptibility by standardized disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Seventeen isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance phenotypes. The molecular support responsible for high resistance to quinolones for ten of these strains was determined by the detection of point mutation in the gene sequence gyrA.

Clinical radiological aspects of primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal involvement.

Damage of pulp tissue usually begins in the coronal pulp. Its mistreatment or its lack of on time detection determines the progressive inclusion of the whole endodontic space in its evolution, opening the way of its expansion in the surrounding tissues of the tooth, and on the marginal apical tissue. Aim. The goal of this study was to highlight that the primary endodontic lesions with secondary periodontal implication healed and bone repair was obtained due to a proper disinfection and an adequate sealing of the endodontic system. In primary endodontic lesion with secondary periodontal involvement, endodontic treatment is required in the first stage followed by specific periodontal treatment. The prognosis is good if an appropriate endodontic approach is chosen, depending on the stage of the periodontal disease and the treatment response. The identification of the etiological factors is the most important to establish the appropriate treatment. In all clinical cases selected in this article, the healing tendency was noticed after an adequate disinfection and sealing of the endodontic system.

Common and unusual dental development abnormalities in a patient with bicuspid aortic valve.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital abnormality of the heart. In this condition, instead of three cusps, the aortic valve has two cusps. Children with congenital heart diseases are at increased risk of developing oral diseases, such as: higher number of decayed teeth, developmental anomalies, periodontal disease, malocclusion, dental crowding, as well as susceptibility to develop infective endocarditis from bacteremia caused by chronic poor oral health. However, little information is available regarding oral manifestations and their management in patients with congenital heart defects, despite the importance of these diseases. This paper presents oral manifestations associated with BAV in a young patient, alongside the general features of the condition. The presented case with BAV brings together features of a complex pathology and multidisciplinary treatment, which was conducted over a long period of time and still continues nowadays.