[Protective mechanism of salvianolic acid B on blood vessels].

Salvianolic acid B(Sal B) is the main water-soluble component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Studies have found that Sal B has a good protective effect on blood vessels. Sal B can protect endothelial cells by anti-oxidative stress, inducing autophagy, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS), inhibiting endothelial inflammation and adhesion molecule expression, inhibiting endothelial cell permeability, anti-thrombosis, and other ways. In addition, Sal B can alleviate endothelial cell damage caused by high glucose(HG). For vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC), Sal B can reduce the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory factors by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. It can also play a vasodilatory role by inhibiting Ca~(2+) influx. In addition, Sal B can inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration, thereby alleviating vascular stenosis. Sal B also inhibits lipid deposition in the subendothelium, inhibits macrophage conversion to foam cells, and reduces macrophage apoptosis, thereby reducing the volume of subendothelial lipid plaques. For some atherosclerosis(AS) complications, such as peripheral artery disease(PAD), Sal B can promote angiogenesis, thereby improving ischemia. It should be pointed out that the conclusions obtained from different experiments are not completely consistent, which needs further research. In addition, previous pharmacokinetics showed that Sal B was poorly absorbed by oral administration, and it was unstable in the stomach, with a large first-pass effect in the liver. Sal B had fast distribution and metabolism in vivo and short drug action time. These affect the bioavailability and biological effects of Sal B, and the development of clinically valuable Sal B non-injectable delivery systems remains a great challenge.

Solimonas marina sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater of the Pacific Ocean.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain C16B3T, which was isolated from deep seawater of the Pacific Ocean. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase- positive and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-8.0 % and at temperatures of 10-45 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain C16B3T belonged to the genus Solimonas, with the highest sequence similarity to Solimonas terrae KIS83-12T (97.2 %), followed by Solimonas variicoloris MN28T (97.0 %) and the other four species of the genus Solimonas (94.5 -96.8 %). The average nucleotide identity and estimated DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain C16B3T and the type strains of the genus Solimonas were 74.05-79.48 % and 19.5-22.5 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c; 20.9 %), iso-C16 : 0 (14.6 %), C16 : 1 ω5c (9.4 %), iso-C12 : 0 (8.4 %), summed feature 2 (C14 : 0 3-OH/iso I-C16 : 1 and C12 : 0 aldehyde; 6.8 %) and C16 : 0 (5.5 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.37 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-8 (100 %). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, four unidentified aminolipids, six unidentified phospholipids and one unidentified polar lipid. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain C16B3T represents a novel species within the genus Solimonas, for which the name Solimonas marina sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain C16B3T (=MCCC 1A04678T=KCTC 52314T).

Marivivens niveibacter sp. nov., isolated from the seawater of tropical mangrove.

A novel bacterial strain, designated HSLHS2T, was isolated from the seawater of a tropical mangrove forest. Cells of strain HSLHS2T were found to be aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-motile, short rods. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at 5-40 °C (optimum, 35 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and in 0-10 % NaCl (optimum 2 %, w/v). Strain HSLHS2T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Celeribacter halophilus ZXM137T (95.4 %), but formed a distinct phyletic lineage and coherent phylogenetic cluster associated with Marivivens donghaensis AM-4T (95.1 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminolipids, four unidentified lipids, five unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C contents was 54.6 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain HSLHS2T represents a novel species of the genus Marivivens, for which the name Marivivensniveibacter sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSLHS2T (=KCTC 52588T=MCCC 1A06712T).

Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated strain S27-2T, was isolated from surface seawater from the Indian Ocean. Growth was observed in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 0.5-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 6.0-9.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0, and growth temperature of 10-41 °C with an optimum of 25-37 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S27-2T belonged to the family Alteromonadaceae and formed a distinct lineage with the type strain of Pseudobowmanella zhangzhouensis. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain S27-2T and members of related genera included in the trees ranged from 86.7 to 93.8 %. Strain S27-2T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 (22.1 %), C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c (22.7 %) and C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c (20.1 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The G+C content of strain S27-2T was 43.7 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented in this study, strain S27-2T should be classified as a novel species in a new genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain S27-2T (= KCTC52335T=MCCC 1A02149T).

Muricauda indica sp. nov., isolated from deep sea water.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 3PC125-7T, which was isolated from the deep sea water of the Indian Ocean. The bacterium was rod-shaped, non-flagellated, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and strictly aerobic. Optimal growth was observed at 25-37 °C, at pH 7 and in 1-3 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain 3PC125-7T represents a member of the genus Muricauda, with the highest sequence similarity to Muricauda olearia CL-SS4T (96.7 %), followed by Muricauda marina H19-56T (96.7 %) and nine other species of the genus Muricauda(93.5-95.8 %). The principal fatty acids of 3PC125-7T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1G and the sole respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The polar lipids comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, six unidentified phospholipids and three unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of 3PC125-7T was 41.8 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data obtained in this study, strain 3PC125-7T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Muricauda, for which the name Muricaudaindica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 3PC125-7T (=MCCC 1A03198T=KCTC 52318T).

Oceanibaculum nanhaiense sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain L54-1-50T, which was isolated from surface seawater of the South China Sea. Cells of strain L54-1-50T were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at salinities from 0 to 9 % (optimum 2 %, w/v), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum 8.0-9.0) and at temperatures from 10 to 45 °C (optimum 25-37 °C), but not at 4 or 50 °C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain L54-1-50T was a member of the genus Oceanibaculum, related to Oceanibaculum indicum P24T (98.8 %) and Oceanibaculum pacificum MC2UP-L3T (97.7 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain L54-1-50T and the two type strains O. indicum P24T and O. pacificum MC2UP-L3T were 35.4±2.5 and 23.7±2.5 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values between strain L54-1-50T and two type strains were 79.7 and 88.3 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 2-OH. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.1 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain L54-1-50T represents a novel species of the genus Oceanibaculum, for which the name Oceanibaculumnanhaiense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain L54-1-50T (=KCTC 52312T=MCCC 1A05150T).

Croceivirga radicis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a rotten tropical mangrove root.

A novel bacterial strain, designated HSG9T, was isolated from aisolated from a rotten tropical mangrove root. Cells of strain HSG9T were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, yellow, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Growth was observed in 0.5-9 % sea salt (optimum 3 %, w/v), at 10-42 °C (optimum 25-35 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0-8.0). Gelatin, esterase and Tweens 20, 40, 60 and 80 were hydrolysed, but starch, protein, cellulose and casein were not. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain HSG9T formed an independent lineage related to the family Flavobacteriaceae. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The respiratory quinone was identified as MK-6 and the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 37.1 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data indicated that strain HSG9T represents a novel species of a new genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Croceivirgaradicis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HSG9T (=MCCC 1A06690T=KCTC 52589T).

Thalassospira indica sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater.

A taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach was carried out on strain PB8BT, which was isolated from the deep water of the Indian Ocean. Cells of the bacterium were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, curved rods and motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-15 % and at temperatures of 10-41°C. The isolate could reduce nitrate to nitrite and degrade Tween 80, but not degrade gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PB8BT belonged to the genus Thalassospira, with the highest sequence similarity to the closely related type strain Thalassospira tepidiphila 1-1BT (99.7 %), followed by Thalassospira profundimaris WP0211T (99.6 %). Multilocus sequence analysis demonstrated low similarities of 94.1 and 93.7 % between strain PB8BT and the two reference type strains. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain PB8BT and the two above-mentioned type strains were, respectively, 56.3 and 55.3 %. The principal fatty acids of strain PB8BT were C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 54.9 mol%. The quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and several unidentified phospholipids and lipids were present. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain PB8BT represents a novel species within the genus Thalassospira, for which the name Thalassospira indica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the novel species is PB8BT (=MCCC 1A01103T=LMG 29620T).

Roseovarius atlanticus sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain R12BT, which was isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was observed to be rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and weakly positive for catalase. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5-15 % and at temperatures of 4-45 °C. The isolate was incapable of nitrate reduction and hydrolysis of gelatin, Tween 80 and aesculin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R12BT belonged to the genus Roseovarius, with highest sequence similarity to Roseovarius indicus B108T (97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), followed by Roseovarius halotolerans HJ50T (96.8 %); other species of genus Roseovarius shared 93.0-96.2 % sequence similarities. The DNA-DNA hybridization estimate value between strain R12BT and R. indicus B108T was 23.2 ± 2.4 %. The average nucleotide identity between strain R12BT and R. indicus B108T was 77.1 %. The principal fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 63.6 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminolipids, two phospholipids and some unidentified lipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain R12BT represents a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius atlanticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R12BT ( = MCCC 1A09786T = KCTC 42506T).

Hyphomonas pacifica sp. nov., isolated from deep sea of the Pacific Ocean.

Three Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, oval- to pear-shaped bacterial strains (T16B2(T), T24B3, and C76AD) were isolated from petroleum-degrading microbial communities through an enrichment of sediments and seawater samples from the Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis showed strains T16B2(T), T24B3, and C76AD to form a robust clade together with Hyphomonas atlanticus 22II1-22F38(T) and Hyphomonas beringensis 25B14_1(T) (16S rRNA identity ≥99.6 %). Genomic average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization estimate values between strain T16B2(T) and nine type strains of the genus Hyphomonas are in the range of 82.9-88.2 and 18.3-33.6 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids in strains T16B2(T), T24B3, and C76AD are C16:0, C17:0, C18:1 ω7c-methyl, and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The DNA G+C content of strain T16B2(T) is 58.5 %. The predominant respiratory quinone of strain T16B2(T) is Q-11. Polar lipids comprise three unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phospholipid, and two polar lipids. Combined phenotypic and genotypic data show strains T16B2(T), T24B3, and C76AD to represent a novel species of the genus Hyphomonas, for which the name Hyphomonas pacifica sp. nov. is proposed, with type strain T16B2(T) (=LMG 27911(T) = MCCC 1A04387(T)).

Halovulum dunhuangense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a saline terrestrial spring.

A bacterial strain, YYQ-30(T), isolated from a mixed water-sand-sediment sample collected from a terrestrial spring located in Dunhuang, China, was characterized with respect to its morphology, physiology and taxonomy. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-flagellated, oval to rod-shaped (0.5-1.0 µm wide and 1.1-6.6 µm long) and divided by binary fission. Growth was observed in the presence of 0-10.0% (w/v) NaCl with optimal growth at 0-3.0%, at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-8.5) and at 10-45 °C (optimum 30-37 °C). The isolate could reduce nitrate to nitrite and hydrolyse aesculin and gelatin (weakly), but was unable to degrade Tween 80 or starch. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YYQ-30(T) belongs to the family Rhodobacteraceae and forms a distinct lineage with the type strain of Albimonas donghaensis and forms a branch within a cluster constituted by the type strains of species of the genera Albimonas, Rhodovulum, Albidovulum, Haematobacter and Tropicimonas; levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YYQ-30(T) and members of related genera ranged from 94.1 to 89.7%. Strain YYQ-30(T) contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c; 70.0%), C18 : 0 (9.5%), summed feature 2 (one or more of C14  :  0 3-OH, iso-C16  :  1 I and C12  :  0 aldehyde; 6.9%) and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c (6.0%) as the principal fatty acids. The polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified aminolipids and five unknown lipids. The pufLM gene was detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 71.7 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data obtained in this study, strain YYQ-30T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Halovulum dunhuangense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halovulum dunhuangense is YYQ-30(T) ( = LMG 27418(T) = MCCC 1A06483(T)).

Aestuariivita atlantica sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment.

A novel strain, 22II-S11-z3T, was isolated from the deep-sea sediment of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative, oval- to rod-shaped, and non-motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 1-9 % NaCl and temperatures of 10-45 °C. The isolate could hydrolyse aesculin and Tweens 20, 40 and 80, but not gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S11-z3T belonged to the genus Aestuariivita, with highest sequence similarity to Aestuariivita boseongensis KCTC 42052T (97.5 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 22II-S11-z3T and A. boseongensis KCTC 42052T were 71.5 % and 20.0 ± 2.3 %, respectively. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 65.5 mol%. The principal fatty acids (>5 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) (35.2 %), C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (20.9 %), C16 : 0 (11.8 %), 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c (11.4 %) and C12 : 1 3-OH (9.4 %). The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, nine unidentified phospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified lipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S11-z3T represents a novel species of the genus Aestuariivita, for which the name Aestuariivita atlantica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S11-z3T ( = KCTC 42276T = MCCC 1A09432T).

Marinibacterium profundimaris gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II1-22F33T, which was isolated from deep seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and weakly catalase-positive, oval in shape without flagellum. Growth was observed at salinities of 0-12 % and at temperatures of 4-41 °C. The isolate was capable of hydrolysing aesculin and Tween 80 and reduction of nitrate to nitrite, but unable to hydrolyse gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II1-22F33T belongs to the family Rhodobacteraceae, with highest sequence similarity to Pseudooceanicola marinus AZO-CT (96.5 %). The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c) (73.8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.2 mol%. The respiratory quinone was Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), two unidentified aminolipids (ALs), six unidentified phospholipids (PLs) and one unidentified lipid (L) were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II1-22F33T represents a novel species within a new genus, for which the name Marinibacterium profundimaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marinibacterium profundimaris is 22II1-22F33T ( = LMG 27151T = MCCC 1A09326T).

Emcibacter nanhaiensis gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from sediment of the South China Sea.

A new aerobic, Gram stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase- positive, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HTCJW17(T), was isolated from a sediment collected from the South China Sea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The isolate forms small, creamy-white, opaque and circular colonies on agar plates. Growth occurs between 15 and 45 °C, 1-7 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 6-9. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HTCJW17(T) belongs to the family Kordiimonadaceae of the order Kordiimonadales, with highest sequence similarity to Kordiimonas gwangyangensis GW14-5(T) (91.1 %). The major fatty acids were identified to be summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c; 56.6 %), C14:0 (8.5 %), C14:0 2-OH (8.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c; 6.2 %), and C16:0 (5.2 %). The polar lipids were determined to be phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified phospholipids. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-10. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 56.3 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic distinctness, we propose a novel genus, Emcibacter gen. nov., with Emcibacter nanhaiensis sp. nov. as the type species. The type strain is HTCJW17(T) (=CGMCC 1.12471(T) = LMG 27419(T) = MCCC 1A06723(T)).

Tamlana nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater collected from the South China Sea.

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a strain, designated FHC16(T), which was isolated from surface seawater collected from the South China Sea. Cells of strain FHC16(T) are Gram stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and non-motile rods. Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3%). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain FHC16(T) is most closely related to Tamlana sedimentorum JCM 19808(T) (98.2% sequence similarity). The ANI value between strain FHC16(T) and T. sedimentorum JCM 19808(T) was found to be 81.82-81.81%. The DNA-DNA hybridization estimated value between strain FHC16(T) and T. sedimentorum JCM 19808(T) was determined to be 25.8 ± 2.41%. The principal fatty acids (>5% of the total) were found to be iso-C(15:0), iso G-C(15:1), iso-C(17:0) 3-OH, iso-C(15:0) 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1)ω7c/C(16:1)ω6c). The strain was found to have MK-6 as the major respiratory menaquinone, which is consistent with the other three recognized Tamlana species, T. sedimentorum, Tamlana crocina and Tamlana agarivorans. The polar lipids were found to comprise phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and seven unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 34.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, strain FHC16(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tamlana, for which the name Tamlana nanhaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FHC16(T) (.LMG 27420(T) = CGMCC 1.12469(T) = MCCC 1A06648(T)).

Pseudooceanicola atlanticus gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean and reclassification of Oceanicola batsensis, Oceanicola marinus, Oceanicola nitratireducens, Oceanicola nanhaiensis, Oceanicola antarcticus and Oceanicola flagellatus, as Pseudooceanicola batsensis comb. nov., Pseudooceanicola marinus comb. nov., Pseudooceanicola nitratireducens comb. nov., Pseudooceanicola nanhaiensis comb. nov., Pseudooceanicola antarcticus comb. nov., and Pseudooceanicola flagellatus comb. nov.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S11g(T), which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-negative, rod shaped without flagellum, oxidase positive and weakly catalase positive. Growth was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0.5-9 % and at temperatures of 10-41 °C. The isolate was incapable of gelatin hydrolysis and unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite, degrade aesculin and Tween 80. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 22II-S11g(T) was found to be most closely related to Oceanicola batsensis HTCC2597(T) (97.26 %), followed by Oceanicola nitratireducens JLT1210(T) (96.39 %), whilst other species of genus Oceanicola shared 94.00-96.34 % sequence similarity. However, it showed low similarity to Oceanicola granulosus HTCC2516(T) (94.79 %), the type species of the genus Oceanicola. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain 22II-S11g(T) formed a clade with six species currently classified in the genus Oceanicola, but strain O. granulosus HTCC2516(T) and strain O. litoreus M-M22(T) clustered with two other genera respectively. The ANI values between strain 22II-S11g(T) and two type strains (O. batsensis HTCC2597(T) and O. granulosus HTCC2516(T)) are 91.86 and 91.81 % respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate values between strain 22II-S11g(T) and two type strains (O. batsensis HTCC2597(T) and O. granulosus HTCC2516(T)) are 23.4 ± 2.4 and 20.0 ± 2.3 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids were identified as summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c), C16:0, C18:1 ω7c11-methyl and C12:0 3OH. The G+C content determined from the draft genome sequence is 64.1 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid, phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid and three lipids were identified in the polar lipids. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data also show that strain 22II-S11g(T) should not be assigned to the genus Oceanicola; consequently strain 22II-S11g(T) is concluded to represent a novel species of a novel genus in the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Pseudooceanicola atlanticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed (type strain 22II-S11g(T) = KCTC 42004(T) = LMG 27424(T) = MCCC 1A09160(T)). Six misclassified species should be transferred to the novel genus Pseudooceanicola as follows: O. batsensis should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola batsensis comb. nov. (type strain HTCC2597(T) = ATCC BAA-863(T) = DSM 15984(T) = KCTC 12145(T)); Oceanicola marinus should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola marinus comb. nov. (type strain AZO-C(T) = LMG 23705(T) = BCRC 17591(T)); O. nitratireducens should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola nitratireducens comb. nov. (type strain JLT1210(T) = LMG 24663(T) = CGMCC 1.7292(T)); Oceanicola nanhaiensis should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola nanhaiensis comb. nov. (type strain SS011B1-20(T) = LMG 23508(T) = CGMCC 1.6293(T)); Oceanicola antarcticus should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola antarcticus comb. nov. (type strain Ar-45(T) = CGMCC 1.12662(T) = LMG 27868(T)); and Oceanicola flagellatus should be transferred to the genus Pseudooceanicola as Pseudooceanicola flagellatus comb. nov. (type strain DY470(T) = CGMCC 1.12664(T) = LMG 27871(T)).

Idiomarina atlantica sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the deep sea sediment of the North Atlantic Ocean.

An aerobic Gram-negative, slightly curved rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, designated G5_TVMV8_7(T), was isolated from the deep sea sediment sample of the North Atlantic Ocean. Strain G5_TVMV8_7(T) displayed growth at 4-45 °C (optimum, 25-35 °C), at pH 6.0-11.0 (optimum, 7.0-8.0) and in 1.0-15.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3.0-5.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain G5_TVMV8_7(T) belongs to the genus Idiomarina, sharing the highest similarity with Idiomarina salinarum ISL-52(T) (97.4 %) and I. homiensis PO-M2(T) (97.1 %) followed by other validly described species of the genus Idiomarina (96.9-93.5 %). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was found to be 50.2 mol %. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain G5_TVMV8_7(T) and I. salinarum ISL-52(T) was 17.70 ± 2.24 %. The average nucleotide identity values between strain G5_TVMV8_7T and I. salinarum ISL-52(T) was found to be 70.03 %. The major fatty acids were C16:0 (12.7 %), iso-C15:0 (11.5 %) and Sum In Feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c) (13.5 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as Q-8, and the polar lipids as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol including several unidentified polar lipids. Based on the genotypic and phenotypic results, a new species Idiomarina atlantica is proposed. The type strain is G5_TVMV8_7(T) (= MCCC 1A10513(T) = KCTC 42141(T)).

Zunongwangia atlantica sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea water.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II14-10F7(T), which was isolated from the deep-sea water of the Atlantic Ocean with oil-degrading enrichment. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and rod-shaped. Growth was observed at salinities from 0.5 to 15 % and at temperatures from 4 to 37 °C; it was unable to hydrolyse Tween 40, 80 or gelatin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II14-10F7(T) represented a member of the genus Zunongwangia, with highest sequence similarity of 97.3 % to Zunongwangia profunda SM-A87(T), while the similarities to other species were all below 94.0 %. The DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of the similarity between strain 22II14-10F7(T) and Z. profunda SM-A87(T) was 27.20±2.43 % according to their genome sequences. The principal fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 , iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c or C16 : 0 10-methyl). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 35.5 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-6. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two aminolipids (AL1 and AL2) and five unknown lipids (L1-L5) were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II14-10F7(T) represents a novel species of the genus Zunongwangia, for which the name Zunongwangia atlantica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II14-10F7(T) ( = CGMCC1.12470(T) = LMG 27421(T) = MCCC 1A06481(T)).

Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S10s(T), which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive, rod shaped and motile by subpolar flagella. The isolate was capable of gelatine hydrolysis but unable to reduce nitrate to nitrite or degrade Tween 80 or aesculin. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5-18 % (optimum, 2-12 %), at pH of 3-10 (optimum, 7) and at temperatures of 10-41 °C (optimum 28 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S10s(T) belongs to the genus Roseivivax, with highest sequence similarity to Roseivivax halodurans JCM 10272(T) (97.2 %), followed by Roseivivax isoporae LMG 25204(T) (97.0 %); other species of genus Roseivivax shared 95.2-96.7 % sequence similarity. The DNA-DNA hybridization estimate values between strain 22II-S10s(T) and the two type strains (R. halodurans JCM 10272(T) and R. isoporae LMG 25204(T)) were 22.00 and 21.40 %. The principal fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c) (67.4 %), C18:0 (7.2 %), C19:0 cyclo ω8c (7.1 %), C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl (6.8 %) and C16:0 (5.9 %). The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid, a glycolipid and three phospholipids were present. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 67.5 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S10s(T) represents a novel species within the genus Roseivivax, for which the name Roseivivax atlanticus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S10s(T) (= MCCC 1A09150(T) = LMG 27156(T)).

Actibacterium atlanticum sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 22II-S11-z10(T), which was isolated from the surface seawater of the Atlantic Ocean. The bacterium was found to be Gram-stain negative, oxidase and catalase positive, oval- to rod-shaped and non-motile. Growth was observed at salinities of 0.5-9 % and at temperatures of 10-41 °C. The isolate can reduce nitrate to nitrite, degrade gelatin and aesculin, but can not degrade Tween 80. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22II-S11-z10(T) belongs to the genus Actibacterium, with the highest sequence similarity to the type strain Actibacterium mucosum CECT 7668(T) (97.3 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization estimate value between strain 22II-S11-z10(T) and A. mucosum CECT 7668(T) was 19.30 ± 2.29 %. The principal fatty acids were identified as Summed Feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/ω6c as defined by the MIDI system, 75.2 %) and Summed Feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/ω6c, 6.9 %). The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 59.0 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-10 (100 %). Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two phospholipids, two aminolipids and two lipids were identified in the polar lipids. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain 22II-S11-z10(T) represents a novel species within the genus Actibacterium, for which the name Actibacterium atlanticum sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 22II-S11-z10(T) (=MCCC 1A09298(T) = LMG 27158(T)).