The Role of Neuromodulation and Potential Mechanism in Regulating Heterotopic Ossification.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological process characterized by the aberrant formation of bone in muscles and soft tissues. It is commonly triggered by traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and burns. Despite a wide range of evidence underscoring the significance of neurogenic signals in proper bone remodeling, a clear understanding of HO induced by nerve injury remains rudimentary. Recent studies suggest that injury to the nervous system can activate various signaling pathways, such as TGF-ß, leading to neurogenic HO through the release of neurotrophins. These pathophysiological changes lay a robust groundwork for the prevention and treatment of HO. In this review, we collected evidence to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HO related to nerve injury, aiming to enhance our understanding of how neurological repair processes can culminate in HO.

Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with COX-2 silence and TGF-ß3 overexpression in rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), especially genetically modified MSCs, have become a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through modulating immune responses. However, most MSCs used in the treatment of RA are modified based on a single gene. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of human BMSCs (hBMSCs) with COX-2 silence and TGF-ß3 overexpression in the treatment of RA in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: hBMSCs were cotransfected with shCOX-2 and TGF-ß3 through lentiviral vector delivery. After SPIO-Molday ION Rhodamine-B™ (MIRB) labeling, lenti-shCOX2-TGF-ß3 hBMSCs, lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs, lenti-TGF-ß3 hBMSCs, hBMSCs without genetic modification, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected into the knee joint of rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). The diameter of the knee joint and soft-tissue swelling score (STS) were recorded, and the levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated by ELISA. Clinical 3.0T MR imaging (MRI) was used to track the distribution and dynamic migration of hBMSCs in the joint. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assays were conducted to localize labeled hBMSCs and assess the alteration of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage damage. RESULTS: COX-2 silencing and TGF-ß3 overexpression in hBMSCs were confirmed through real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Reduced joint diameter, soft-tissue swelling (STS) score, and PGE2, IL-1ß, and TNF-α expression were detected 4 weeks after injection of MIRB-labeled lenti-shCOX2-TGF-ß3 hBMSCs into the joint in rabbits with AIA. Eight weeks after hBMSC injection, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved hyperplasia of the synovial lining, recovered cartilage damage, and increased matrix staining were observed in joints injected with lenti-shCOX2-TGF-ß3 hBMSCs and lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs. Slight synovial hyperplasia, no surface fibrillation, and strong positive expression of collagen II staining in chondrocytes and cartilage matrix were detected in the joints 12 weeks after injection of lenti-shCOX2-TGF-ß3 hBMSCs. In addition, hBMSCs were detected by MRI imaging throughout the process of hBMSC treatment. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFß3 overexpression not only significantly inhibited joint inflammation and synovium hyperplasia, but also protected articular cartilage at the early stage. In addition, intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFß3 overexpression promoted chondrocyte and matrix proliferation. This study provides an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RA using genetically modified hBMSCs.

Human brucellosis and fever of unknown origin.

BACKGROUND: Human brucellosis has become one of the major public health problems in China, and increases atypical manifestations, such as fever of unknown origin (FUO), and misdiagnosis rates has complicated the diagnosis of brucellosis. To date, no relevant study on the relationship between brucellosis and FUO has been conducted. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of 35 patients with confirmed human brucellosis and prospectively recorded their outcomes by telephone interview. The patients were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University between January 01, 2013 and October 31, 2019. Patient data were collected from hospital medical records. RESULTS: The percentage of males was significantly higher than that of female in FUO (78.95% vs. 21.05%, P < 0.05), and 80% of the patients had a clear history of exposure to cattle and sheep. Moreover, 19 (54%) cases were hospitalized with FUO, among which the patients with epidemiological histories were significantly more than those without (P < 0.05). The incidence of toxic hepatitis in FUO patients was higher than that in non-FUO patients (89% vs. 50%, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the misdiagnosis rate was considerably higher in the FUO group than in the non-FUO group (100% vs. 63%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Brucellosis is predominantly FUO admission in a non-endemic area of China, accompanied by irregular fever and toxic hepatitis. Careful examination of the epidemiological history and timely improvement of blood and bone marrow cultures can facilitate early diagnosis and prevent misdiagnosis.

AMPK activator C24 inhibits hepatic lipogenesis and ameliorates dyslipidemia in HFHC diet-induced animal models.

Dyslipidemia is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of lipids in plasma. Recently, various studies demonstrate that the increased activity of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) causes health benefits in energy regulation. Thus, great efforts have been made to develop AMPK activators as a metabolic syndrome treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the AMPK activator C24 on dyslipidemia and the potential mechanisms. We showed that C24 (5-40 µM) dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and inhibited lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. Using compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, or hepatocytes isolated from liver tissue-specific AMPK knockout AMPKα1α2fl/fl;Alb-cre mice (AMPK LKO), we demonstrated that the lipogenesis inhibition of C24 was dependent on hepatic AMPK activation. In rabbits with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced dyslipidemia, administration of C24 (20, 40, and 60 mg · kg-1· d-1, ig, for 4 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the content of TG, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma and played a role in protecting against hepatic dysfunction by decreasing lipid accumulation. A lipid-lowering effect was also observed in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed hamsters. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the small molecular AMPK activator C24 alleviates hyperlipidemia and represents a promising compound for the development of a lipid-lowering drug.

Long noncoding RNA ZFAS1 suppresses chondrocytes apoptosis via miR-302d-3p/SMAD2 in osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) seriously affects people's quality of life due to joint pain, stiffness, disability, and dyskinesia worldwide. Long noncoding RNA zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) is downregulated and tightly associated with proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and matrix synthesis of chondrocyte in OA. However, the molecular mechanisms of ZFAS1 in OA remain unknown. The expression correlation between ZFAS1, miR-302d-3p, and SMAD2 in OA tissues was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. ZFAS1 was a lower expression, and expedited proliferation and repressed apoptosis of chondrocytes. MiR-302d-3p was a direct target of ZFAS1. MiR-302d-3p hindered proliferation and facilitated apoptosis of chondrocytes. MiR-302d-3p partially reversed the effect of ZFAS1 on proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes. SMAD2 was positively regulated by the ZFAS1/miR-302d-3p. MiR-302d-3p-mediated proliferation and apoptosis were partly abrogated by targeting SMAD2. ZFAS1 promoted chondrocytes proliferation and repressed apoptosis possibly by regulating miR-302d-3p/SMAD2 axis, providing a potential target for OA treatment.

The "floating ulna" injury in adults: a case report, literature review and proposed injury classification.

BACKGROUND: Ipsilateral Galeazzi fracture with elbow dislocation, namely the "floating ulna" injury, is a rare injury pattern. A few reports have described this type of injury and its treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: A 33-year-old female at 38+ weeks gestational age presented with Galeazzi fracture and posterolateral elbow dislocation of the left upper extremity. The patient was treated with closed reduction of the elbow, open reduction, and internal fixation of the radial shaft fracture with a dynamic compression plate and K-wire stabilization of the unstable distal radioulnar joint. At the 12-month follow-up, the patient had no pain or signs of instability. Range of motion was 0-135° at the elbow, 70° extension and 80° flexion at the wrist, and 80° supination and 80° pronation at the forearm. CONCLUSION: The "floating ulna" injury is a rare and special injury pattern with ipsilateral Galeazzi fracture and elbow dislocation. This type of injury was likely caused by significant amount of deforming force and the unique position of upper limb when the patient fell from a height of 1-2 m in high-energy trauma.

Thromboelastography parameters in diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection and predicting reimplantation timing.

BACKGROUND: Coagulation-related biomarkers are drawing new attention in the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The thromboelastography (TEG) assay provides a comprehensive assessment of blood coagulation; therefore, it could be a promising test for PJI. This study aims to assess the value of TEG in diagnosing PJI and to determine the clinical significance of TEG in analysing reimplantation timing for second-stage revision. METHODS: From October 2017 to September 2020, 62 patients who underwent revision arthroplasty were prospectively included. PJI was defined by the 2011 Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria, in which 23 patients were diagnosed with PJI (Group A), and the remaining 39 patients were included as having aseptic loosening (Group B). In group A, 17 patients completed a two-stage revision in our centre. C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), D-dimer, and TEG parameters (clotting time, α-angle, MA [maximum amplitude], amplitude at 30 min, and thrombodynamic potential index) were measured preoperatively in all included patients. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic value of these biomarkers. RESULTS: ESR (area under curve [AUC], 0.953; sensitivity, 81.82; specificity, 94.87) performed best for PJI diagnosis, followed by MA (AUC, 0.895; sensitivity, 82.61; specificity, 97.44) and CRP (AUC, 0.893; sensitivity, 82.61; specificity, 94.74). When these biomarkers were combined in pairs, the diagnostic value improved compared with any individual biomarker. The overall success rate of the two-stage revision was 100%. Furthermore, ESR and MA were valuable in determining the time of reimplantation, and their values all decreased below the cut-off values before reimplantation. CONCLUSION: TEG could be a promising test in assisting PJI diagnosis, and a useful tool in judging the proper timing of reimplantation.

Comparison of a Comprehensive Set of Fibrinolytic Markers With C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a serious complication after primary total joint arthroplasty, remains challenging. Recently, fibrinolytic activities have been shown to be closely related to infections and inflammation. However, data assessing the value of fibrinolytic markers for the diagnosis of PJI have been sparse until now. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 157 patients undergoing revision for aseptic loosening (n = 106, group A) or revision for chronic PJI (n = 51, group B) from January 2014 to August 2019. PJI was defined using the Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, fibrin degradation product (FDP), and fibrinogen were measured preoperatively. The diagnostic values of each biomarker were analyzed and compared using receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: Compared with group A, group B had significantly higher levels of CRP, ESR, D-dimer, FDP, and fibrinogen (P < .001). The area under the curve of fibrinogen was 0.914, which was slightly lower than that of CRP (0.924). FDP and D-dimer had area under the curve values of 0.808 and 0.784, respectively. The optimal threshold, sensitivity, and specificity were 3.56 g/L, 86.27%, and 83.96% for fibrinogen; 1.22 mg/L, 66.67%, and 85.85% for D-dimer; and 3.98 µg/mL, 72.55%, and 80.19% for FDP, respectively. CONCLUSION: Fibrinolytic markers provided promising diagnostic support for PJI, especially fibrinogen, which had a diagnostic efficiency similar to that of CRP and ESR.

Expression of FSHR in chondrocytes and the effect of FSH on chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: Chondrocytes express many kinds of hormone receptors. The function of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the ovary is mediated by FSH receptor (FSHR). FSH receptor (FSHR) is found in many non-ovarian tissues, however it has been unclear if chondrocytes express FSHR. The purpose of this study is to determine it. METHODS: Mouse primary chondrocytes and human articular cartilage tissues were examined. The expression and sequence of FSHR mRNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced, respectively, and its protein expression was tested using western blotting and location was observed under immunofluorescence microscopy. Ovarian tissue was as a positive control. After FSH stimulated mouse chondrocytes, intracellular cAMP levels were assessed by ELISA, and gene expression relative to Mouse WNT Signaling Pathway was tested by RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays. RESULTS: FSHR was detected at the transcriptional level and confirmed to have the same sequence as that of ovary-derived mRNA of FSHR. FSHR proteins presented at the same line as the positive proteins of ovary, in mouse chondrocytes and human cartilage tissue, respectively. FSHR proteins were located at the cell membrane. Intracellular cAMP contents were significantly elevated up to 7-fold in mouse chondrocytes by forskolin (100 mM) (P < 0.001); however, different doses of FSH did not change the cAMP contents in mouse primary chondrocytes. RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays demonstrated that FSH could cause changes in gene expression among the 84 preordained genes, such as Fosl1, Rhou, and Dkk1, in mouse chondrocytes relative to the control. CONCLUSION: Mouse chondrocytes and human articular cartilage express functional FSHR. Moreover, FSH can act on chondrocytes and cause genetic changes.

Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers associated with consumption of market hens in Guangzhou.

To evaluate contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in market hens and human PBDE exposure via hen consumption in Guangzhou, hens were collected and their muscle, liver, fat, blood, yolk, and ingluvies tissues were analyzed for 13 PBDE congeners. The median highest concentration of ∑PBDEs was found in the ingluvies (5.30 ng/g lw), followed by the muscle (2.53 ng/g lw), with the lowest located in the yolk (0.09 ng/g lw). The concentrations of PBDEs in the muscle tissue of market hens in Guangzhou were at medium levels compared to others reported around the world. BDE-47, -153, -99, and -183 were the predominant congeners. The daily intake concentrations of PBDEs from hen muscle were estimated to range from 0.08 to 0.31 ng/kg/day in this study, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ) below 1.0. These results suggest that the health risk of PBDEs for the general population, through the consumption of market hens in Guangzhou, was generally low. However, the intake of PBDEs via food consumption may be one major exposure pathway for the general population of Guangzhou.

Pelvic height planning versus conventional templating in preoperative planning of acetabulum cup size for THA.

This study aimed to compare the accuracy of pelvic height planning vs. the conventional templating method for acetabulum cup measurement. A total of 200 consecutive patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) were randomly grouped as follows: group A, accepting conventional templating; group B, accepting pelvic height planning. Preoperative measurement of the acetabular cup was performed with conventional templating and pelvic height planning, respectively. There were 57 cases with the same size or with one type size discrepancy, 49 with two type size discrepancies, and 14 with three type size discrepancies in group A. There were 145 cases with the same size or one type size discrepancy, 20 with two type size discrepancies, and 3 type size discrepancies in group B. The mean difference between the planned size and actual cup size was 2.58 ± 0.89 mm (group A) vs. 1.38 ± 1.22 mm (group B). Therefore, pelvic height planning is reliable for use in preoperative planning compared with conventional templating.

Long non-coding RNA Sox4 promotes proliferation and migration by activating Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway in osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor without effective treatment in the world. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered as essential regulators in cancer progression. LncSox4 plays crucial roles in liver tumor-initiating cells self-renewal and tumor initiation. However, the effect of lncSox4 in osteosarcoma remains largely unclear. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Northern blot were performed to detect lncSox4 expressions in osteosarcoma. The functions of lncSox4 in osteosarcoma were determined using cell viability and migration assays. In addition, the proteins associated with lncSox4 were further evaluated by western blot. We found that lncSox4 was expressed highly in U-20S and Mg63 cells and osteosarcoma tumor tissues (all P < 0.001). LncSox4 silencing attenuated but lncSox4 overexpression promoted cell viability (all P < 0.001) and migration (P < 0.01) in the Mg63 cells. Next, we found lncSox4 regulation of osteosarcoma is involved in ß-catenin, and overexpression of lncSox4 could stable ß-catenin expression. Further, Wnt agonist CID11210285 completely abolished the decrease of Mg63 cells viability induced by lncSox4 silencing when cells cultured for 3 and 4 days (both P < 0.01), while Wnt inhibitor IWP-3 abolished the increase of Mg63 cells viability induced by overexpression of lncSox4 after treatment for 2 (P < 0.01), 3 (P < 0.001) and 4 (P < 0.01) days. Our study offers evidence for the first time that lncSox4 plays a positive role in osteosarcoma development and progression, and could act as a potential prognostic and therapy biomarker.

Association of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway with steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis in rats.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is frequently observed in patients treated with excessive corticosteroids. However, the pathogenesis of corticosteroid-induced osteonecrosis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in steroid-induced femoral head osteonecrosis in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MP) for 8 weeks, twice per week. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the last MP injection, respectively, and then allocated to the 2-, 4- and 8-week model groups (n=24 each). Rats in the control group (n=12) were not given any treatment. Histopathological analysis was performed and the concentration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in plasma was determined. The activation of osteoclasts in the femoral head was assessed by TRAP staining. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and NF-κB p65 that are involved in TLR4 signaling, and MCP-1 production were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The results showed that the osteonecrosis in the femoral head was clearly observed and the concentration of TRAP in the plasma was increased in the model rats. The femoral head tissues in MP-treated rats were positive for TRAP and the intensity of TRAP staining was greater in MP-treated rats than in control rats. As compared with the control group, the mRNA expression of TLR4 signaling-related factors was enhanced significantly at 4 and 8 weeks, and the protein levels of these factors increased significantly with time. It was concluded that MP could induce the femoral head osteonecrosis in rats, which was associated with osteoclast activation via the TLR4 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that TLR4 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis.

Osteoclasts and osteoarthritis: Novel intervention targets and therapeutic potentials during aging.

Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is highly prevalent among the aging population, and often leads to joint pain, disability, and a diminished quality of life. Although considerable research has been conducted, the precise molecular mechanisms propelling OA pathogenesis continue to be elusive, thereby impeding the development of effective therapeutics. Notably, recent studies have revealed subchondral bone lesions precede cartilage degeneration in the early stage of OA. This development is marked by escalated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, subsequent imbalances in bone metabolism, accelerated bone turnover, and a decrease in bone volume, thereby contributing significantly to the pathological changes. While the role of aging hallmarks in OA has been extensively elucidated from the perspective of chondrocytes, their connection with osteoclasts is not yet fully understood. There is compelling evidence to suggest that age-related abnormalities such as epigenetic alterations, proteostasis network disruption, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, can stimulate osteoclast activity. This review intends to systematically discuss how aging hallmarks contribute to OA pathogenesis, placing particular emphasis on the age-induced shifts in osteoclast activity. It also aims to stimulate future studies probing into the pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches targeting osteoclasts in OA during aging.

Association between combined exposure to dioxins and arthritis among US adults: a cross-sectional study.

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) are common pollutants hazardous to human health. We applied 12 dioxins and DLCs data of 1851 participants (including 484 arthritis patients) from National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2004 and quadrupled them into rank variables. Multivariate logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to explore the relationship between individual or mixed exposure to the pollutants and arthritis after adjusting for multiple covariates. In multivariable logistic regression with an individual dioxin or DLC, almost every chemical was significantly positively associated with arthritis, except PCB66 (polychlorinated biphenyl 66) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran (hpcdf). The WQS model indicated that the combined exposure to the 12 dioxins and DLCs was positively linked to arthritis (OR: 1.884, 95% CI: 1.514-2.346), with PCB156 (weighted 0.281) making the greatest contribution. A positive trend between combined exposure and arthritis was observed in the BKMR model, with a posterior inclusion probability (PIP) of 0.987 for PCB156, which was also higher than the other contaminants.

A multifunctional nanogel encapsulating layered double hydroxide for enhanced osteoarthritis treatment via protection of chondrocytes and ECM.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive and irreversible damage to the articular cartilage and a consecutive inflammatory response. However, the majority of clinical drugs for OA treatment only alleviate symptoms without addressing the fundamental pathology. To mitigate this issue, we developed an inflammation-responsive carrier and encapsulated bioactive material, namely, LDH@TAGel. The LDH@TAGel was designed with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative abilities, aiming to directly address the pathology of cartilage damage. In particular, LDH was confirmed to restore the ECM secretion function of damaged chondrocytes and attenuate the expression of catabolic matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps). While TAGel showed antioxidant properties by scavenging ROS directly. In vitro evaluation revealed that the LDH@TAGel could protect chondrocytes from inflammation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1 system and Pi3k-Akt pathway. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the LDH@TAGel could alleviated the degeneration and degradation of cartilage induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). The OARSI scores indicating OA severity decreased significantly after three weeks of intervention. Moreover, the IVIS image revealed that LDH@TAGel enhances the controlled release of LDH in a manner that can be customized according to the severity of OA, allowing adaptive, precise treatment. In summary, this novel design effectively alleviates the underlying pathological causes of OA-related cartilage damage and has emerged as a promising biomaterial for adaptive, cause-targeted OA therapies.

Deciphering the pathogenic role of rare RAF1 heterozygous missense mutation in the late-presenting DDH.

Background: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is a skeletal disorder where late-presenting forms often escape early diagnosis, leading to limb and pain in adults. The genetic basis of DDH is not fully understood despite known genetic predispositions. Methods: We employed Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) to explore the genetic factors in late-presenting DDH in two unrelated families, supported by phenotypic analyses and in vitro validation. Results: In both cases, a novel de novo heterozygous missense mutation in RAF1 (c.193A>G [p.Lys65Glu]) was identified. This mutation impacted RAF1 protein structure and function, altering downstream signaling in the Ras/ERK pathway, as demonstrated by bioinformatics, molecular dynamics simulations, and in vitro validations. Conclusion: This study contributes to our understanding of the genetic factors involved in DDH by identifying a novel mutation in RAF1. The identification of the RAF1 mutation suggests a possible involvement of the Ras/ERK pathway in the pathogenesis of late-presenting DDH, indicating its potential role in skeletal development.

Host proteins interact with viral elements and affect the life cycle of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9.

Host-virus interactions can significantly impact the viral life cycle and pathogenesis; however, our understanding of the specific host factors involved in highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H7N9 (HPAI H7N9) infection is currently restricted. Herein, we designed and synthesized 65 small interfering RNAs targeting host genes potentially associated with various aspects of RNA virus life cycles. Afterward, HPAI H7N9 viruses were isolated and RNA interference was used to screen for host factors likely to be involved in the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Moreover, the research entailed assessing the associations between host proteins and HPAI H7N9 proteins. Twelve key host proteins were identified: Annexin A (ANXA)2, ANXA5, adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit sigma 1 (AP2S1), adaptor related protein complex 3 subunit sigma 1 (AP3S1), ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha (ATP5A1), COPI coat complex subunit alpha (COP)A, COPG1, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A (HSPA)1A, HSPA8, heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), RAB11B, and RAB18. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed intricate interactions between viral proteins (hemagglutinin, matrix 1 protein, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, polymerase basic 1, and polymerase basic 2) and these host proteins, presumably playing a crucial role in modulating the life cycle of HPAI H7N9. Notably, ANXA5, AP2S1, AP3S1, ATP5A1, HSP90A1, and RAB18, were identified as novel interactors with HPAI H7N9 proteins rather than other influenza A viruses (IAVs). These findings underscore the significance of host-viral protein interactions in shaping the dynamics of HPAI H7N9 infection, while highlighting subtle variations compared with other IAVs. Deeper understanding of these interactions holds promise to advance disease treatment and prevention strategies.

[Retracted] Acetylsalicylic acid combined with diclofenac inhibits cartilage degradation in rabbit models of osteoarthritis.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3560.].