Mn2+-Triggered Swing-Arm Robot Strategy Using Anemone-Like Thi@AuPd@Cu-MOFs as Signaling Probes for the Detection of T-2 Toxin.

Herein, we synthesized anemone-like copper-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) loaded with gold-palladium nanoparticles (AuPd@Cu-MOFs) and polyethylenimine-reduced graphene oxide/gold-silver nanosheet composites (PEI-rGO/AuAg NSs) for the first time to construct the sensor and to detect T-2 toxin (T-2) using triple helix molecular switch (THMS) and signal amplification by swing-arm robot. The aptasensor used PEI-rGO/hexagonal AuAg NSs as the electrode modification materials and anemone-like AuPd@Cu-MOFs as the signal materials. The prepared PEI-rGO/hexagonal AuAg NSs had a large specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and good stability, which successfully improved the electrochemical performance of the sensors. The AuPd@Cu-MOFs with high porosity provided a great deal of attachment sites for the signaling molecule thionine (Thi), thereby increasing the signal response. The aptasensor developed in this study demonstrated a remarkable detection limit of 0.054 fg mL-1 under optimized conditions. Furthermore, the successful detection of T-2 in real samples was achieved using the fabricated sensor. The simplicity of the THMS-based method, which entails modifying the aptamer sequence, allows for easy adaptation to different target analytes. Thus, the sensor holds immense potential for applications in quality supervision and food safety.

A dual-signal ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor based on Thi/Au/ZIF-8 and catalytic hairpin assembly for ultra-sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1.

A dual-signal ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor has been developed  for AFB1 detection using thionine/Au/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Thi/Au/ZIF-8) nanomaterials and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction. Thi/Au/ZIF-8 combined with DNA hairpin 2 (H2) was used as a signal probe. [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- was served as another signal probe, and the IThi/Au/ZIF-8/I[Fe(CN)6]3-/4- ratio was for the first time utilized to quantify AFB1. AFB1-induced CHA was used to expand the ratio of electrical signals. In the presence of AFB1, H2/Thi/Au/ZIF-8 bound to the electrode via CHA, enhanced  the current signal of Thi/Au/ZIF-8. H2 contained the DNA phosphate backbone hindered [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox reaction and resulted in a lower [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- current signal. This aptasensor exhibited high specificity for AFB1, a linear range of 0.1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, and a detection limit of 0.089 pg mL-1. It demonstrated favorable sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. The aptasensor was suitable for detecting AFB1 in peanuts and black tea and holds potential for real sample applications.

A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on 3D porous nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon mesh and hybridization chain reaction for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A.

A novel three-dimensional (3D) porous nitrogen-sulfur co-doped carbon (N-S-C) mesh was synthesized and used for the first time as the quenching material to construct a fluorescent aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection. The fluorescent aptasensor with enzyme-free signal amplification strategy was developed by using cDNA as a promoter to trigger hybridization chain reaction (HCR), which effectively improved the sensitivity of this aptasensor. In the absence of OTA, 3D porous N-S-C mesh can adsorb carboxyfluorescein FAM-labeled hairpin DNA1 (H1-FAM) and hairpin DNA2 (H2) and quench the fluorescence of FAM. In the presence of the OTA, the OTA specifically binds to the aptamer strand and the DNA duplex undergoes dissociation. The released cDNA in turn serves as a promoter for HCR, and the strand assembly of H1-FAM and H2 is triggered by the promoter to generate long-strand DNA polymers via HCR, resulting in an increasing fluorescent signal. Under optimal conditions, there was a good linear relationship between lgCOTA and fluorescence intensity difference in the range 0.01-500 ng/mL (R2 = 0.993), and the detection limit was 2.7 pg/mL. The designed sensor platform was applied to determine spiked OTA in peanut, wheat flour, corn flour, black tea, and wine with recoveries in the range of 94.4-119.6%.

AgPdNFs and AuNOs@GO nanocomposites for T-2 toxin detection by catalytic hairpin assembly.

T-2 toxin is the most potent and toxic mycotoxin, produced by various Fusarium species that can potentially affect human health, and widely exists in field crops and stored grain. In this work, an electrochemical aptasensor with nonenzymatic signal amplification strategy for the detection of T-2 toxin is presented, using noble metal nanocomposites and catalytic hairpin assembly as signal amplification strategy. Silver palladium nanoflowers and gold octahedron nanoparticles@graphene oxide nanocomposites are used for synergistic amplification of electrical signals. Simultaneously, the catalytic hairpin assembly strategy based on artificial molecular technology was introduced to further amplify the signal. Under optimal conditions, T-2 toxin was measured within a linear concentration range 1 × 10-2 ~ 1 × 104 pg·mL-1 with an extremely low detection limit of 6.71 fg·mL-1. The aptasensor exhibited high sensitivity, good selectivity, satisfactory stability, and excellent reproducibility. Moreover, this method had high accuracy in detecting T-2 toxin in beer sample. The encouraging results show the potential application in foodstuff analysis. A dual signal amplification electrochemical biosensor for the detection of T-2 toxins was constructed, through the signal amplification of noble metal nanomaterials and CHA strategy.

Molecular Recognition-Triggered Aptazyme Sensor Using a Co-MOF@MCA Hybrid Nanostructure as Signal Labels for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection in Food Samples.

Developing rapid detection technology for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is crucial in quality supervision and food safety. Herein, an electrochemical aptasensor based on an aptazyme-catalyzed signal amplification strategy is constructed for ATP detection using polyethyleneimine-functionalized molybdenum disulfide (PEI-MoS2)/Au@PtPd nanobipyramids (MoS2/Au@PtPd NBPs) as a modification material. Additionally, a novel kind of nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (COF) is prepared using melamine and cyanuric acid (MCA). We synthesize MCA and the Co-based metal organic framework (Co-MOF) as the signal label. Due to the fact that π-π stacking interactions of Co-MOF@MCA can expand the load efficiency and surface concentration of the signal label, the signal response is an order of magnitude higher than that of Co-MOF or MCA as the signal label. Target ATP changes the conformation of the aptazyme, and it becomes activated. With the assistance of metal ions, the signal label is circularly cleaved, causing an amplification of the signal. Among them, MoS2/Au@PtPd NBPs have a large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity and can carry substantial DNA strands and amplify the redox signal of methylene blue (MB). Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor can detect ATP from 10 pM to 100 µM with a low limit of detection of 7.37 × 10-10 µM. Therefore, the novel aptasensor has extensive application prospects in quality supervision and food safety.

A ratiometric fluorescent aptamer homogeneous biosensor based on hairpin structure aptamer for AFB1 detection.

On the basis of aptamer (Apt) with hairpin structure and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), a ratio fluorescent aptamer homogeneous sensor was prepared for the determination of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Initially, the Apt labeled simultaneously with Cy5, BHQ2, and cDNA labeled with Cy3 were formed a double-stranded DNA through complementary base pairing. The fluorescence signal of Cy3 and Cy5 were restored and quenched respectively. Thus, the ratio change of FCy3 to FCy5 was used to realized the detection of AFB1 with wider detection range and lower limit of detection (LOD). The response of the optimized protocol for AFB1 detection was wider linear range from 0.05 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL and the LOD was 12.6 pg/mL. The sensor designed in this strategy has the advantages of simple preparation and fast signal response. It has been used for the detection of AFB1 in labeled corn and wine, and has good potential for application in real samples.

A low-noise ratiometric fluorescence biosensor for detection of Pb2+ based on DNAzyme and exonuclease III-assisted cascade signal amplification.

As a common heavy metal ion with strong toxicity and wide distribution, lead ions (Pb2+) had great harm to the human body. In this work, a low-noise ratiometric fluorescence biosensor was developed based on Pb2+-dependent DNAzyme and exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted cascade signal amplification. Firstly, the substrate chain of DNAzyme (S-DNA) was modified on the surface of magnetic beads (MBs) through the combination of biotin and streptavidin, and then the enzyme chain of DNAzyme (E-DNA) was connected to the MBs by forming a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with S-DNA. A hairpin DNA (HP) labelled with Cy3 and Cy5 respectively at both ends was used as a fluorescence probe. The emission peaks of Cy3 and Cy5 can appear at 562 nm and 665 nm respectively, and their fluorescence intensity ratio (F562/F665) was chosen as the acquisition signal. The ratiometric sensor can reduce the interference of detection environment and avoid false positive reactivity. Due to the cleavage of DNAzyme and the release of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the presence of Pb2+, the hairpin structure of HP was opened and the FRET between two fluorophores disappeared, resulting in the strengthened signal of Cy3 and the weakened signal of Cy5. Furthermore, the ratio [Formula: see text] signal increased gradually with the increase of Pb2+ concentration. When the concentration of Pb2+ was in the range of 0.1-1000 nM, [Formula: see text] had a good linear relationship with [Formula: see text], the correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.997, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 77 pM. The presented ratiometric fluorescence biosensor had lower LOD and wider detection range via comparing with other methods. At the same time, the sensor also obtained the satisfactory results for detection of Pb2+ in tap water, tea, and rice flour samples. The provided ratiometric biosensor has great potential in the monitoring of various targets. A low-noise ratiometric fluorescence biosensor based on the FRET between two fluorophores was developed, and the DNAzyme and exonuclease III-assisted cascade signal amplification was used to improve the sensitivity of the method. The biosensor had a detection limit as low as 77 pM.

A signal-enhancement fluorescent aptasensor based on the stable dual cross DNA nanostructure for simultaneous detection of OTA and AFB1.

The simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins is of great significance for food safety and human health. Herein, a simple, convenient and accurate fluorescent aptasensor was designed based on the dual cross DNA nanostructure for the simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), in which the stable dual cross DNA nanostructure provided an assay platform using the fluorescent dye-labeled aptamers as a sensing element. Owing to the higher affinity of aptamers for their target, the aptamer probes were released from the assay platform in the presence of OTA and AFB1, resulting in an enhanced fluorescence at 570 nm and 670 nm. This "signal-on" fluorescent aptasensor assay system can effectively avoid background signals and minimize false positive. Furthermore, the designed method can realize the simultaneous detection of OTA and AFB1 during the whole experiment. The limits of detection (LOD) were as low as 0.0058 ng/mL for OTA, ranging from 0.01 to 50 ng/mL and 0.046 ng/mL for AFB1, ranging from 0.05 to 100 ng/mL. The proposed fluorescent aptasensor exhibits excellent performance in practical application and provides a novel approach for the simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins by simply changing the aptamers. A "signal-on" fluorescent aptasensor assay system based on the stable dual cross DNA nanostructure was successfully developed for simultaneous detection of OTA and AFB1 with lower detection limits in wider linear ranges.

Sensitive and reversible perylene derivative-based fluorescent probe for acetylcholinesterase activity monitoring and its inhibitor.

A reversible fluorescence probe for acetylcholinesterase activity detection was developed based on water soluble perylene derivative, N,N'-di(2-aspartic acid)-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PASP). Based on the photo-induced electron transfer (PET), PASP fluorescence in aqueous is quenched after combining with copper ions (Cu2+). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is well known to catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ATCh) to produce thiocholine, whose affinity is strong enough to capture Cu2+ by thiol (-SH) group from the complex PASP-Cu, resulting in the fluorescence signal of PASP recovers up to 90%. This optical switch is highly sensitive depended on the coordination and dissociation between PASP and Cu2+. We proposed its application for AChE activity detection, as well as its inhibitor screening. According to the change of fluorescence intensity, quantifying the detection limit of AChE was 1.78 mU·mL-1. Classical inhibitors, tacrine and organophosphate pesticide diazinon, were further evaluated for drug screening. The IC50 value of tacrine was calculated to be 0.43 µM, and the detection limit of diazinon was 0.22 µM. Both of these performances were much better than previous results, revealing our probe is sensitive and reversible for screening applications.

ß-Lactoglobulin amyloid fibril-templated gold nanoclusters for cellular multicolor fluorescence imaging and colorimetric blood glucose assay.

ß-Lactoglobulin amyloid fibril (BLGF)-capped gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with red, green and blue emissions were fabricated via pH-dependent reduction strategy. The BLGF-Au NCs exhibited 3.2 times enhancement of fluorescence (λex = 500 nm, λem = 684 nm), a significant 42 nm red shift, a 11.57% quantum yield and a 1.4 µs decay time compared with native ß-lactoglobulin (BLG)-stabilized Au NCs. Meanwhile, the multicolor Au NCs were employed for cell imaging via incubation with A549 cells for 14 h. According to the Michaelis-Menten equation, the kinetic parameters of the BLGF-Au NCs showed a lower Km value (66 µmol L-1) for 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and a higher vmax (3.74 × 10-8 M s-1) for H2O2, which are comparable with other artificial nanoenzymes and natural peroxidases. Based on the highly intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of the BLGF-Au NCs, a colorimetric method was developed for glucose determination with a detection limit of 1.5 µmol L-1 by determining the variation of the absorption at 652 nm, ranging from 5 to 100 µmol L-1. In addition, the glucose assay method also revealed a 101.02 to 104.16% recovery in a real human serum sample.

Fibrinogen-templated gold nanoclusters for fluorometric determination of cysteine and mercury(II).

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) using fibrinogen (FBG) protein as template are fabricated via one-pot reduction strategy, and applied for fluorometric detections of cysteine (Cys) and mercury(II). The modified FBG-Au NCs exhibit red fluorescence, with excitation/emission maxima at 360/620 nm, a 7% quantum yield, and a 2.2 µs decay time. The fluorescence of the nanoprobe is quenched by Cys and Hg(II). Cys can be determined by fluorometry in the 0.01 to 150 µmol L-1 concentration range and with a detection limit of 0.79 µmol L-1. Due to the oxidation of Hg(II), it can be detected in the 0.01 to 10 µmol L-1 concentration range. The properties of the FBG-Au NCs and the analytical performance are comparable with previously reported peptide/protein-templated Au NCs, supplying a promising candidate for Au NCs nanoprobes synthesis and applications. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the preparation of gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) using fibrinogen (FBG) as the template. The modified Au NCs were applied to the fluorometric detection of cysteine (Cys) and mercury ion (Hg(II)).

Simultaneous Determination of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Cereals by a Novel Electrochemical Aptasensor Using Metal-Organic Framework as Signal Carrier.

A novel electrochemical aptasensor was prepared for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Composites of Au nanoparticles and polyethyleneimine-reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs/PEI-RGO) with good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area were employed as the supporting substrate, demonstrating the ability to provide more binding sites for aptamers and accelerate the electron transfer. Aptamers were immobilized on a AuNPs/PEI-RGO surface to specifically recognize AFB1 and OTA. A metal-organic framework of UiO-66-NH2 served as the signal carrier to load metal ions of Cu2+ and Pb2+, which facilitated the generation of independent current peaks and effectively improved the electrochemical signals. The prepared aptasensor exhibited sensitive current responses for AFB1 and OTA with a linear range of 0.01 to 1000 ng/mL, with detection limits of 6.2 ng/L for AFB1 and 3.7 ng/L for OTA, respectively. The aptasensor was applied to detect AFB1 and OTA in cereal samples, achieving results comparable with HPLC-MS, with recovery results from 92.5% to 104.1%. With these merits of high sensitivity and good selectivity and stability, the prepared aptasensor proved to be a powerful tool for evaluating contaminated cereals.

Pt@AuNF nanozyme and horseradish peroxidase-based lateral flow immunoassay dual enzymes signal amplification strategy for sensitive detection of zearalenone.

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has been employed extensively for the rapid, accurate, and portable detection of foodborne toxins. Here, the platinum gold nanoflower core-shell (Pt@AuNF) nanozyme with excellent optical properties, good catalytic ability and controllable reaction conditions were prepared to effectively improve the performance of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips. The Pt@AuNF nanozyme and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) combined with monoclonal antibody were used as signal probes based on the dual enzymes catalytic signal amplification strategy to detect Zearalenone sensitively. Dual enzymes catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals, and under the influence of hydroxyl radicals, colorless 3,3',5,5' -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is oxidized to blue ox-TMB, which is superimposed on the strips for signal amplification to broaden the detection range. The limit of detection (LOD) of the Pt@AuNF-HRP labeled LFIA strips after signal amplification was 0.052 ng/mL, and the detection range was 0.052-7.21 ng/mL. Compared with the Pt@AuNF labeled strips, while reducing the probes amount by half to achieve antibody conservation, the detection range was expanded by 5-fold based on achieving improved sensitivity. The study provided a meaningful reference for expanding the detection range based on immunoassay.

A novel electrochemical aptasensor based on AgPdNPs/PEI-GO and hollow nanobox-like Pt@Ni-CoHNBs for procymidone detection.

Herein, an aptasensor based on a signal amplification strategy was developed for the sensitive detection of procymidone (PCM). AgPd nanoparticles/Polenimine Graphite oxide (AgPdNPs/PEI-GO) was weaned as electrode modification material to facilitate electron transport and increase the active sites on the electrode surface. Besides, Pt@Ni-Co nanoboxes (Pt@Ni-CoHNBs) were utilized to be carriers for signaling tags, after hollowing ZIF-67 and growing Pt, the resulting Pt@Ni-CoHNBs has a tremendous amounts of folds occurred on the surface, enables it to carry a larger quantity of thionine, thus amplify the detectable electrochemical signal. In the presence of PCM, the binding of PCM to the signal probe would trigger a change in electrical signal. The aptasensor was demonstrated with excellent sensitivity and a low detection limit of 0.98 pg·mL-1, along with a wide linear range of 1 µg·mL-1 to 1 pg·mL-1. Meanwhile, the specificity, stability and reproducibility of the constructed aptasensor were proved to be satisfactory.

"Two-in-One" PtPdCu Trimetallic Multifunctional Nanoparticles-Mediated Dual-Signal-Integrated Aptasensor for Ultradetection of Enrofloxacin.

Balancing the accuracy and simplicity of aptasensors is a challenge in their construction. This study addresses this issue by leveraging the remarkable loading capacity and peroxidase-like catalytic activity of PtPdCu trimetallic nanoparticles, which reduces the reliance on precious metals. A dual-signal readout aptasensor for enrofloxacin (ENR) detection is designed, incorporating DNA dynamic network cascade reactions to further amplify the output signal. Exploiting the strong loading capacity of PtPdCu nanoparticles, they are self-assembled with thionine (Thi) to form a signal label capable of generating signals in two independent modes. The label exhibits excellent enzyme-like catalytic activity and enhances electron transfer capabilities. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) are employed to independently read signals from the oxidation-reduction reaction of Thi and the catalytic oxidation of hydroquinone (HQ) to benzoquinone (BQ) by H2O2. The introduced DNA dynamic network cascade reaction modularizes sample processing and electrode surface signal generation, avoiding electrode contamination and efficiently increasing the output of the catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) cycle. Under optimized conditions, the developed aptasensor demonstrates detection limits of 0.112 (DPV mode) and 0.0203 pg/mL (SWV mode). Additionally, the sensor successfully detected enrofloxacin in real samples, expanding avenues for designing dual-mode signal amplification strategies.

A fluorescence-electrochemical dual-mode aptasensor based on novel DNA-dependent PBNFs@PtPd for highly selective and sensitive detection of procymidone through hybridization chain reaction.

Herein, a study for the first application of a hybridization chain reaction, a 1,8-naphthalimides-DNA (NDs) intercalator, and DNA-dependent Prussian blue nanoflowers@PtPd materials (PBNFs@PtPd) in the development of a fluorescence-electrochemical (FL-EC) aptasensor. This construction establishes an efficient sensing platform for the detection of procymidone (PCM). In the context of the described experiment, dual-mode detection is achieved through the generation of FL signals by an aptamer labeled with a Cy5 moiety and the formation of DPV signals by the modification of a thionine-appended 1,8-naphthalimide (Thi-NDs). In the presence of PCM, specific recognition occurs, followed by the utilization of magnetic separation technology to release DNA1 (S1) and aptamer-Cy5 (Apt-Cy5), subsequently introducing them onto both fluorescence and EC platforms. The presence of S1 effectively activates hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for the electrode surface, thereby significantly increasing the binding sites for Thi-NDs and consequently greatly amplifying the response signal of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The developed FL-EC dual-mode sensing platform demonstrates high sensitivity in the detection of PCM, with the detection limits of 0.173 µg·ml-1 (within the detection range of 500 pg·ml-1 to 500 ng·ml-1) and 0.074 ng·ml-1 (within the detection range of 100 pg·ml-1 to 100 ng·ml-1), respectively. The designed dual-mode sensor exhibits notable characteristics, including high selectivity, reproducibility, synergy, and reliable monitoring/capability for PCM in real samples.

Ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensor for Pb2+ detection exploiting Exo III amplification and AgPt/GO nanocomposite-enhanced transduction.

Lead ion pollution has become a serious public health concern worldwide. Therefore, sensitive detection of Pb2+ is critical to control lead pollution, assess risks, and safeguard the health of vulnerable populations. This study reports a highly sensitive labelling-free electrochemical aptasensor for Pb2+ detection. The aptasensor employs silver-platinum nanoparticles/graphene oxide (AgPt/GO) and Exonuclease III (Exo III) for signal amplification. GO provides high surface area and conductivity for immobilizing AgPt NPs, facilitating the immobilization of aptamer (Apt) probes on the electrode surface. Exo III enzymatically cleaves DNA strands on the electrode surface, releasing DNA segments to amplify the signal further. The synergistic amplification by AgPt/GO and ExoIII enables an extremely wide linear detection range of 0.05 pM-5 nM for Pb2+, with a low detection limit of 0.019 pM. Additionally, the G-quadruplex structure ensures excellent selectivity for Pb2+ detection, resulting in high reproducibility and stability of the aptasensor. The aptasensor was successfully applied to detect spiked Pb2+ in tap water samples, achieving recovery rates ranging from 96 to 108.4 %. By integrating nanomaterials, aptamers and enzymatic amplification, the aptasensor facilitates highly sensitive and selective detection of Pb2+, demonstrating potential for practical applications in environmental monitoring.

Simultaneous Hg2+ and Pb2+ detection in water samples using an electrochemical aptasensor with dual signal amplification by exonuclease III and metal-organic frameworks.

Heavy metal pollution in the environment has become a significant global concern due to its detrimental effects on human health and the environment. In this study, we report an electrochemical aptasensor for the simultaneous detection of Hg2+ and Pb2+. Gold nanoflower/polyethyleneimine-reduced graphene oxide (AuNFs/PEI-rGO) was introduced on the surface of a gold electrode to improve sensing performance. The aptasensor is based on the formation of a T-Hg2+-T mismatch structure and specific cleavage of the Pb2+-dependent DNAzyme, resulting in a dual signal generated by the Exo III specific digestion of methylene blue (MB) labeled at the 3' end of probe DNA-1 and the reduction of the substrate ascorbic acid (AA) catalyzed by the signal label. The decrease of MB signal and the increase of AA oxidation peak was used to indicate the content of Hg2+ and Pb2+, respectively, with detection limits of 0.11 pM (Hg2+) and 0.093 pM (Pb2+). The aptasensor was also used for detecting Hg2+ and Pb2+ in water samples with good recoveries. Overall, this electrochemical aptasensor shows promising potential for sensitive and selective detection of heavy metals in environmental samples.

A dual-signal mode electrochemical aptasensor based on tetrahedral DNA nanostructures for sensitive detection of citrinin in food using PtPdCo mesoporous nanozymes.

Citrinin (CIT) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, presenting a significant threat to human health that is often overlooked. Therefore, a dual-signal mode (DPV and SWV) aptasensor for citrinin (CIT) detection was constructed based on tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDN) in this study. Furthermore, PtPdCo mesoporous nanozymes exhibit catalase-like catalytic functions, generating significant electrochemical signals through a Fenton-like reaction. Meanwhile their excellent Methylene Blue (MB) loading capability ensures independent dual signal outputs. The RecJf exonuclease-assisted (RecJf Exo-assisted) process can expand the linear detection range, enabling further amplification of the signal. Under optimized conditions, the constructed aptaensor exhibited excellent detection performance with limits of detection (LODs) of 7.67 × 10-3 ng·mL-1 (DPV mode) and 1.57 × 10-3 ng·mL-1 (SWV mode). Due to its multiple signal amplification and highly accurate dual-signal mode detection capability, this aptasensor shows promising potential for the in situ detection.

An electrochemical apta-assay based on hybridization chain reaction and aflatoxin B1-driven Ag-DNAzyme as amplification strategy.

Herein, a novel electrochemical apta-assay based on hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and aflatoxin B1-driven Ag-DNAzyme was prepared. The combination of HCR and Ag-DNAzyme was designed for the first time as a dual signal amplification strategy for the detection of mycotoxins. The substrate DNA (sDNA) was fixed to the electrode surface, which contained the RNA A (rA) site and HCR initiation sequence. The sDNA opened the hairpin DNA structures and triggered a cascade of hybridization events. The DNA double strands formed by the HCR bound large amounts of methylene blue (MB). Aptamer and complementary DNA bound to Ag+ by C-Ag+-C complexes. AFB1 can drive Ag+ shedding, and Ag+ induced Ag-DNAzyme to shear the rA site of sDNA. The amount of binding MB decreased and the current signal decreased. Replaced biological enzymes with metal ion-mediated DNAzyme enhanced the stability of the prepared sensors while reducing the preparation cost. An adequate determination of AFB1 in corn flour, walnut powder, and other actual samples are validated, which indicated the good accuracy and potential application in real samples. The strategy is characterized by simple operation, good stability, and low preparation cost, and has good application prospects in food safety and quality control.