Assessment of nivolumab benefit-risk profile of a 240-mg flat dose relative to a 3-mg/kg dosing regimen in patients with advanced tumors.

BACKGROUND: Nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W) has shown benefit versus the standard of care in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, flat dosing is expected to shorten preparation time and improve ease of administration. With knowledge of nivolumab safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics across a wide dose range in body weight (BW) dosing, assessment of the benefit-risk profile of a 240-mg flat dose relative to the approved 3-mg/kg dose was approached by quantitative clinical pharmacology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A flat dose of 240 mg was selected based on its equivalence to the 3-mg/kg dose at the median BW of ∼80 kg in patients in the nivolumab program. The benefit-risk profile of nivolumab 240 mg was evaluated by comparing exposures at 3 mg/kg Q2W and 240 mg Q2W across BW and tumor types; clinical safety at 3 mg/kg Q2W by BW and exposure quartiles in melanoma, NSCLC, and RCC; and safety and efficacy at 240 mg Q2W relative to 3 mg/kg Q2W in melanoma, NSCLC, and RCC. RESULTS: The median nivolumab exposure and its distribution at 240 mg Q2W were similar to 3 mg/kg Q2W in the simulated population. Safety analyses did not demonstrate a clinically meaningful relationship between BW or nivolumab exposure quartiles and frequency or severity of adverse events. The predicted safety and efficacy were similar across nivolumab exposure ranges achieved with 3 mg/kg Q2W or 240 mg Q2W flat dose. CONCLUSION: Based on population pharmacokinetic modeling, established flat exposure-response relationships for efficacy and safety, and clinical safety, the benefit-risk profile of nivolumab 240 mg Q2W was comparable to 3 mg/kg Q2W. The quantitative clinical pharmacology approach provided evidence for regulatory decision-making on dose modification, obviating the need for an independent clinical study.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis part XIII: design and synthesis of novel heteroretinoid-bisbenzylidine ketone hybrids as antileishmanial agents.

Some novel heteroretinoid-bisbenzylidine ketone hybrids have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial activity against intramacrophagic amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Among all the nine synthetic compounds, five compounds (7c, 7d and 7f-h) have shown significant (less than 7µM) activity against intramacrophagic amastigotes. The IC50 values of these compounds were found better than the reference drugs sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and miltefosine. This study helped us in identifying the new class of compounds that could be exploited as potent antileishmanial agents.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis part X: synthesis and bioevaluation of novel terpenyl heterocycles.

Some novel α and ß ionone based chalcones and their dihydropyrazolidines/pyrazolidines have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities against Leishmania donovani. Amongest all, one compound (4d) exhibited significant in vitro activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani with IC(50) values of 7.49 µM and was found promising as compared to reference drug, miltefosine. On the basis of good Selectivity Index (S.I.), the compound was further tested for its in vivo response against Leishmania donovani/hamster model and has shown significant inhibition of parasite multiplication (81%). The present study has helped us in identifying a new lead that could be exploited as a potential antileishmanial agent.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Part XII: design, synthesis and bioevaluation of novel triazole integrated phenyl heteroterpenoids as antileishmanial agents.

A novel series of triazole integrated phenyl heteroterpenoids have been synthesized and screened for their in vitro activity against intracellular amastigote form of Leishmania donovani. Among all tested compounds, compound 3a was found to be the most active with IC50 6.4µM and better selectivity index (SI) 18 as compared to reference drugs, miltefosine and miconazole. When evaluated in vivo in L. donovani/hamster model, 3a has exhibited 79±11% inhibition of parasite multiplication at 50mgkg(-1)×5days on day 7 post treatment.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl pyrimidine derivatives as potential leishmanicidal agents.

A series of substituted aryl pyrimidine derivatives was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antileishmanial potential against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania donovani using reporter gene luciferase assay. Among all, 8 compounds showed promising IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 12.9 µM. Selectivity indices (S.I.) of all these compounds are far better than reference drugs, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and miltefosine. On the basis of good S.I., compounds were further screened for their in vivo antileishmanial activity against L. donovani/hamster model. Compounds 2d, 4a and 4b have shown significant inhibition of parasitic multiplication that is 88.4%, 78.1% and 78.2%, respectively at a daily dose of 50 mg/kg × 5 days, when administered intraperitoneally. Compound 2d is most promising one, which may provide a new lead that could be exploited as a new antileishmanial agent.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of aryl S,N-ketene acetals as antileishmanial agents.

A series of aryl S,N-ketene acetals 7(a-f) was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. All the 6 compounds exhibited significant in vitro activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with IC50 values ranging from 1.2 to 3.5 µM and were found promising as compared with reference drugs, sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and paromomycin. On the basis of good selectivity indices (SI), they were further tested for their in vivo potential against L. donovani/hamster model. Two compounds 7a and 7b showed significant inhibition of parasite multiplication, 72% and 83%, respectively. These compounds were comparable with SSG and superior to paromomycin. Preliminary in vitro metabolic investigations were also performed to assess the metabolic stability and in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (Clint) of compound 7b in hamster liver microsomes.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Part XI: synthesis and bioevaluation of novel isoxazole containing heteroretinoid and its amide derivatives.

Novel isoxazole containing heteroretinoid (4) and its amide derivatives (5a-j) have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani in hamsters. Compounds 3, 5a, 5d, 5k and 5l inhibited 70-76% parasite growth at 50 mg kg(-1) ×5 days. The present study has helped us in identifying a new lead that could be exploited as a potential antileishmanial agent.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Part IX: synthesis and bioevaluation of aryl substituted ketene dithioacetals as antileishmanial agents.

A new series of aryl substituted ketene dithioacetals 6a-h was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani. Two compounds exhibited significant in vitro activity against intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani with IC(50) values 3.56 and 5.12 µM and were found promising as compared with reference drug, miltefosine. On the basis of good Selectivity Indices (S.I.), they were further tested for their in vivo response against L. donovani/hamster model and showed significant inhibition of parasite multiplication 78% and 83%, respectively. These compounds were better than the existing antileishmanials in respect to IC(50) and SI values, but were less active than miltefosine in vivo.

Serum ferritin-a novel risk factor in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: A possible association between body iron status and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been found to be controversial from the data obtained from various studies. OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship of serum ferritin with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in univariate and multivariate analysis and to assess the relationship of high serum ferritin with established conventional risk factors. METHODS: Hospital based case-control study of 75 cases of AMI, and 75 age and equal number of age, and gender-matched controls without having AMI in the age group of 30-70 years. RESULTS: Median serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in cases (220 µg/L) than controls (155 µg/L) (P ≤ 0.0001. In univariate analysis in addition to ferritin > 200 µg/L (odds ratio [OR] 6.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.22-12.89, P<0.05), diabetes (OR=7.68, 95% CI=2.95-19.13, P<0.05), hypertension (HTN) (OR=2.36, 95% CI=1.02-5.14, P<0.05) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) < 35 mg/dL (OR = 11.9, 95% CI = 2.66-52.57, P<0.05) and smoking (OR=2.17, 95% CI = 1.12-3.87, P< 0.05) were found to be significantly associated with AMI. After controlling for all conventional risk factors, in multiple logistic regression analysis, high ferritin was significantly associated with AMI. (adjusted OR=5.72, 95% CI=2.16-15.17, P < 0.001). Serum ferritin was significantly higher in diabetics than non-diabetics (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: High serum ferritin is strongly and independently associated with AMI.

The incidence of hypoglycaemia in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin or a sulphonylurea during Ramadan: a randomised trial.

AIMS: To compare the incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia in fasting Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sitagliptin or a sulphonylurea during Ramadan. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes (age ≥ 18 years) who were treated with a stable dose of a sulphonylurea with or without metformin for at least 3 months prior to screening, who had an HbA(1c) < 10% and who expressed their intention to daytime fast during Ramadan were eligible for this open-label study. Patients were randomised in a 1 : 1 ratio to either switch to sitagliptin 100 mg qd or to remain on their prestudy sulphonylurea. Patients completed daily diary cards to document information on hypoglycaemic symptoms and complications. The primary end-point was the overall incidence of symptomatic hypoglycaemia recorded during Ramadan. RESULTS: Of the 1066 patients randomised, 1021 (n = 507 for sitagliptin and n = 514 for sulphonylurea) returned at least one completed diary card and were included in the analysis. The proportion of patients who recorded one or more symptomatic hypoglycaemic events during Ramadan was lower in the sitagliptin group (6.7%) compared with the sulphonylurea group (13.2%). The risk of symptomatic hypoglycaemia was significantly decreased with sitagliptin relative to sulphonylurea treatment (Mantel-Haenszel relative risk ratio [95% CI] = 0.51 [0.34, 0.75]; p < 0.001). There were no reported events that required medical assistance (i.e. visits to physician or emergency room or hospitalisations) or were considered severe (i.e. events that caused loss of consciousness, seizure, coma or physical injury) during Ramadan. CONCLUSIONS: In Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes who observed the fast during Ramadan, switching to a sitagliptin-based regimen decreased the risk of hypoglycaemia compared with remaining on a sulphonylurea-based regimen. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was lower with gliclazide relative to the other sulphonylurea agents and similar to that observed with sitagliptin.

Association of impaired cognitive functions with cardiovascular risk factors in elderly Indian population.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of dementia is projected to rise dramatically in future with increasing life expectancy. Though dementia itself is not treatable in majority of cases, modification of co-morbid medical conditions may influence onset and rate of decline of cognitive functions. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of dementia in elderly by assessing cognitive function and to assess the association of cardiovascular risk factors with cognitive functions. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional analytical study. PARTICIPANTS: 400 consecutive elderly subjects > 65 years attending Geriatric OPD, Dept. of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, were recruited and assessed for cognitive functions by applying Mini Mental Status examination Score (MMSE). Relationships between cardiovascular risk factors and impaired cognitive score were determined. RESULTS: Prevalence of impaired cognitive function (MMSE Score < 25) was 33.25% (133 cases), while that of dementia (MMSE < 23) was 3.25 % (13 cases) in this elderly population. Impaired cognitive function was higher in those with low education and low socioeconomic status, (p = < 0.001). Increasing age, Female gender, alcohol intake and high cholesterol were found to be independently associated with impaired cognitive score in multiple logistic regression (p = < 0.001). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and obesity were not associated with impaired cognitive score. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of cognitive impairment rises significantly as the age advances and is associated with alcohol intake and high cholesterol.

A clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of the CB1R inverse agonist taranabant in obese and overweight patients: low-dose study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the weight loss efficacy, safety and tolerability of taranabant, a CB1R inverse agonist, in obese and overweight patients. DESIGN: Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. SUBJECTS: Patients >or=18 years old, BMI 27-43 kg m(-2), were randomized to placebo (n=209) or taranabant 0.5 mg (n=207), 1 mg (n=208) or 2 mg given orally once daily (n=417) for 52 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Key efficacy measurements included body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), lipid endpoints and glycemic endpoints. RESULTS: Based on a last observation carried forward analysis of the all-patients-treated population, mean change in BW for taranabant 0.5, 1, and 2 mg and placebo was -5.4, -5.3, -6.7 and -1.7 kg, respectively (P<0.001 for all doses vs placebo). The proportions of patients who lost at least 5 and 10% of their baseline BW at week 52 were significantly higher for all taranabant doses vs placebo (P<0.001 for all doses). Reductions in WC, percentage of body fat, and triglycerides were significant for taranabant 2 mg and in triglycerides for taranabant 1 mg vs placebo. There was no effect of taranabant vs placebo on other lipid or glucose-related endpoints. Incidences of adverse experiences classified in the gastrointestinal (diarrhea and nausea), nervous system (dizziness/dizziness postural), psychiatric-related (irritability and anger/aggression) and vascular (flushing/hot flush) organ systems were higher and statistically significant in the taranabant 2-mg group compared with the placebo group. Irritability was higher and statistically significant in all taranabant groups compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSION: All three doses of taranabant-induced clinically meaningful and statistically significant weight loss. Incidences of adverse experiences in organ systems known to express CB1R were higher in taranabant groups.

A clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of taranabant, a CB1R inverse agonist, in obese and overweight patients: a high-dose study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of taranabant in obese and overweight patients. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. SUBJECTS: Patients were >or=18 years old, with body mass index of 27-43 kg m(-2), and 51% with metabolic syndrome (MS) randomized to placebo (N=417) or taranabant 2 mg (N=414), 4 mg (N=415) or 6 mg (N=1256) for 104 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Key efficacy measurements included body weight, waist circumference (WC), lipid and glycemic end points. RESULTS: On the basis of risk/benefit assessments, the 6-mg dose was discontinued during year 1 (patients on 6 mg were down-dosed to 2 mg or placebo) and the 4-mg dose was discontinued during year 2 (patients on 4 mg were down-dosed to 2 mg). Changes from baseline in body weight at week 52 (all-patients-treated population, last observation carried forward analysis) were -2.6, -6.6 and -8.1 kg, respectively, for placebo and taranabant 2 and 4 mg (both doses P<0.001 vs placebo). For patients who completed year 1, changes from baseline in body weight at week 104 were -1.4, -6.4 and -7.6 kg for placebo and taranabant 2 and 4 mg, respectively (both doses P<0.001 vs placebo). The proportions of patients at weeks 52 and 104 who lost at least 5 and 10% of their baseline body weight were significantly higher and the proportions of patients who met criteria for MS were significantly lower for taranabant 2 and 4 mg vs placebo. The incidence of adverse experiences classified in the gastrointestinal, nervous, psychiatric, cutaneous and vascular organ systems were generally observed to be dose related with taranabant vs placebo. CONCLUSION: Taranabant at the 2- and 4-mg dose was effective in achieving clinically significant weight loss over 2 years and was associated with dose-related increases in adverse experiences. On the basis of these and other data, an assessment was made that the overall safety and efficacy profile of taranabant did not support its further development for the treatment of obesity.

A one-year study to assess the safety and efficacy of the CB1R inverse agonist taranabant in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of taranabant in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in overweight and obese patients with T2DM (ages > or = 18 and < or = 75 years) with a BMI > or = 27 kg/m(2) and < or = 43 kg/m(2) and HbA1c > or =7.0 and < or = 10.0%, who were either not on an antihyperglycaemic agent or on a stable dose of metformin (> or = 1500 mg/day). After a 2-week placebo run-in, patients were randomized to placebo (N = 156) or taranabant 0.5-mg (N = 155), 1-mg (N = 157), or 2-mg (N = 155) once daily for 52 weeks. Primary efficacy endpoints were changes from baseline in body weight (BW) and HbA1c at Week 36, with results at Week 52 being key secondary endpoints. RESULTS: In the all-patients-treated population, using a last-observation-carried-forward analysis, reductions in BW were -2.5, -3.7, -4.5 and -5.1 kg at Week 36 and -2.4, -4.0, -4.6 and -5.3 kg at Week 52 in the placebo, 0.5-, 1- and 2-mg groups, respectively (all doses significant vs. placebo at both time points). The proportion of patients who lost > or = 5 and > or = 10% of their baseline BW was significantly greater in the 1- and 2-mg groups vs. placebo at Week 36 and all taranabant groups vs. placebo at Week 52. Reductions in HbA1c were -0.40, -0.47, -0.68 and -0.71% at Week 36 and -0.30, -0.43, -0.65 and -0.64% at Week 52, in the placebo, 0.5-, 1- and 2-mg groups, respectively (1- and 2-mg doses significant vs. placebo at both time points). After 52 weeks, the incidences of adverse experiences classified in the gastrointestinal (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting), nervous system-related (dizziness, sensory-related), and psychiatric (irritability, depression-related) organ systems were numerically higher or statistically significantly higher in all taranabant groups compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: After 36 and 52 weeks, treatment with taranabant at the 1- and 2-mg doses led to clinically significant weight loss and improvement in glycaemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with T2DM that was associated with dose-related increases in adverse experiences. Based on these data and data from other Phase III clinical studies, it was determined that the overall safety and efficacy profile of taranabant did not support further development for the treatment of obesity.

Clinical profile of chikungunya fever in patients in a tertiary care centre in Maharashtra, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: In India a chikungunya fever outbreak started in December 2005 when the country experienced more than 13 lakhs of chikungunya infected cases. We undertook this study to study detailed clinical profile of chikungunya fever in both indoor and outdoor patients in a tertiary care hospital in Nagpur, Maharashtra in 2006. METHODS: Suspected cases of chikungunya fever (n=405) during the period of July to September 2006, having clinical triad of fever, arthralgia and/or rashes were included in the study. Clinical profile was studied in all the cases. Of the 405 samples collected, 166 were tested for serum CHIK IgM antibodies. RESULTS: Of the 166 samples tested for CHIKV IgM antibodies, 87 (52.4%) were positive (confirmed cases). Male: female ratio was 2.3:1. Fever and arthralgia were present in all cases. Rash was present in 27 (31%) confirmed and 38 (12%) suspected cases. Lymphadenopathy was present in 12 (13.8 %) confirmed and 4 of suspected cases. Chronic polyarthritis was seen in 22 (25.3%) confirmed and 75 (23.6%) suspected cases. Neurological manifestations were observed in 08 (9%) confirmed and 10 (3.14%) suspected cases. Mortality was 7 (2.2%) in 318 suspected cases and 3 (3.4%) in 87 confirmed cases. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that about half of the serum samples for CHIKV IgM antibody tested positive from cases suspected to have chikungunya fever. Fever, joint pain and headache were major symptoms. Certain rare manifestations like lymphodenopathy, oral ulcers and encephalitis were also seen. Mortality in confirmed cases was about 3.4 per cent.

Levels of plasma sodium and potassium as well as alterations in adrenal cortex of Rattus norvegicus in response to sublethal heroin administration.

In order to record the effects of sublethal heroin administration on plasma mineral metabolism, the drug was administered intramuscularly (16.4 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1); 0.75 LD50 dose) in Rattus norvegicus for 30 days. Plasma sodium and potassium levels of the control rats fluctuated between 153.14 +/- 2.88 - 157.23 +/- 2.16 meq l(-1) and 5.04 +/- 0.32 - 5.63 +/- 0.41 meq l(-1), respectively. Plasma sodium level of the treated rats registered a progressive decline (p<0.01) at 24 hr with the minimum value (126.53 +/- 2.68 meq l(-1)) on day 30 whereas plasma potassium level registered a progressive increase during entire period of the treatment with peak (8.78 +/- 0.23 meq l(-1)) on day 30. Though sublethal herion administration for 30 days elcited cytoplasmic vacuolation in all the three zones of adrenal cortex, much of cytological alterations were observed in zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata cells. In zona glomerulosa cells, degenerative changes in the organelles were more pronounced as evident by the loss of typical cristae in the mitochondria and hormone granules were rarely seen in these cells. Though rough endoplasmic reticula were scanty, many lipid granules encountered in zona glomerulosa cells of the treated rats.

Effects of sub-lethal heroin administration on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid gland of Mus norvegicus.

Serum TSH level of control Mus norvegicus fluctuated between 498.20 +/- 21.92 and 506.80 +/- 22.35 ng ml(-1), thyroxine (T4) between 68.17 +/- 3.46 and 69.03 +/- 4.12 microg dl(-1) and triiodothyronine (T3) between 4.76 +/- 0.52 and 5.00 +/- 0.66 microg dl(-1). Sub-lethal heroin administration induced a significant decline in the levels of all the three hormones at 24 hr and 15 days post-administration. Decline in the levels of these hormones registered the lowest values (p<0.001) by day 30 of the treatment. Thyroid gland of control rat consisted of spherical, round follicles lined with low cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells and lumina filled with eosinophilic colloid. Ultrastructurally, the thyroid follicular cells showed the presence of round nuclei, polymorphic mitochondria, Golgi complex as well as lysosomes located on the apical side of the nucleus and cytoplasm with different sizes of lipid droplets and smooth along with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Basal lamina of the follicular cells was often in association with the endothelium of the capillaries. Sub-lethal heroin administration for 30 days elicited degenerative changes in the follicular epithelial cells as evident by the vacuolization of cytoplasm, pycnotic nuclei and reduced colloidal content. Ultrastructurally, the thyroid follicular cells showed indented nuclei with heavy deposition of chromatin material on the inner membrane of nucleus and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Along with RBC infiltration, vesiculated mitochondria owing to the loss of cristae were also seen. Diffused electron-dense material was seen at the periphery of the cell body. Heroin treatment caused cellular necrosis as revealed by the fragmentation of cytoplasmic materials in follicular epithelial cells of the gland.

Responses of parathyroid gland, C cells, and plasma calcium and inorganic phosphate levels in rat to sub-lethal heroin administration.

In order to record the effects of heroin on plasma calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels as well as parathyroid gland and C cells, two sub-lethal doses (0.50 LD50 and 0.75 LD50) of the drug were administered intramuscularly in Rattus norvegicus for 30 days. Plasma Ca level of control rats ranged between 9.53 +/- 0.32 - 9.88 +/- 0.22 mg 100 ml(-1) while plasma Pi concentration fluctuated between 4.55 +/- 0.18 - 4.71 +/- 0.24 mg 100 ml(-1). Sub-lethal heroin administration induced progressive increase in plasma Ca level during the first seven days (p < 0.001), thereafter the level declined on day 15 and 30. However plasma Pi level of the heroin-treated rats registered increase with the peak value (p < 0.001) on day 30. The treatment elicited degenerative changes in parathyroid gland as evident by cytoplamic vacuolization, presence of more pycnotic nuclei and occurrence of patchy areas among the chief cells. Degenerative changes were also noticed in cristae of mitochondria, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. There was decrease in chromatin material in the nucleus and loss of hormone granules in the cytoplasm. Oxyphil cells of the heroin-treated rat depicted dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and damaged cristae. Sub-lethal heroin administration in the rat for 30 days induced dilation in endoplasmic reticulum and loss of secretory granules in C cells.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis part-VIII: synthesis and bioevaluation of novel chalcones.

Some novel dihydro-alpha-ionone based chalcones have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antileishmanial activity in promastigote and amastigote model. Some of the compounds showed 100% inhibition at 5 and 2 microm/ml concentration.

Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Part V: Synthesis and in vitro bioevaluation of novel pyridinone derivatives.

Some novel 2-substituted pyridinone derivatives exemplified by 3 and 4 have been synthesized from 2-methyl-gamma-pyrone and screened towards in vitro antileishmanial activity profile. Some of the compounds such as 3a, 3b, 4i and 4j displayed good antileishmanial profile.