Adenoviral gene therapy for bladder cancer.

Enhanced by polyamide surfactant Syn3, intravesical administration of rAd-IFNα2b results in transduction of the virus into the bladder epithelium, resulting in the synthesis and expression of local IFNα2b cytokine. Upon secretion, IFNα2b binds to the IFNα receptor on bladder cancer and other cells, resulting in signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway. A plethora of induced IFN-stimulated genes containing IFN-sensitive response elements that contribute to activation of pathways restrict cancer growth.

Integration of ζ-deficient CARs into the CD3ζ gene conveys potent cytotoxicity in T and NK cells.

ABSTRACT: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected immune cells hold significant therapeutic potential for oncology, autoimmune diseases, transplant medicine, and infections. All approved CAR-T therapies rely on personalized manufacturing using undirected viral gene transfer, which results in nonphysiological regulation of CAR-signaling and limits their accessibility due to logistical challenges, high costs and biosafety requirements. Random gene transfer modalities pose a risk of malignant transformation by insertional mutagenesis. Here, we propose a novel approach utilizing CRISPR-Cas gene editing to redirect T cells and natural killer (NK) cells with CARs. By transferring shorter, truncated CAR-transgenes lacking a main activation domain into the human CD3ζ (CD247) gene, functional CAR fusion-genes are generated that exploit the endogenous CD3ζ gene as the CAR's activation domain. Repurposing this T/NK-cell lineage gene facilitated physiological regulation of CAR expression and redirection of various immune cell types, including conventional T cells, TCRγ/δ T cells, regulatory T cells, and NK cells. In T cells, CD3ζ in-frame fusion eliminated TCR surface expression, reducing the risk of graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic off-the-shelf settings. CD3ζ-CD19-CAR-T cells exhibited comparable leukemia control to TCRα chain constant (TRAC)-replaced and lentivirus-transduced CAR-T cells in vivo. Tuning of CD3ζ-CAR-expression levels significantly improved the in vivo efficacy. Notably, CD3ζ gene editing enabled redirection of NK cells without impairing their canonical functions. Thus, CD3ζ gene editing is a promising platform for the development of allogeneic off-the-shelf cell therapies using redirected killer lymphocytes.

H3.1/3.2 regulate the initial progression of the gene expression program.

In mice, transcription from the zygotic genome is initiated at the mid-one-cell stage, and occurs promiscuously in many areas of the genome, including intergenic regions. Regulated transcription from selected genes is established during the two-cell stage. This dramatic change in the gene expression pattern marks the initiation of the gene expression program and is essential for early development. We investigated the involvement of the histone variants H3.1/3.2 in the regulation of changes in gene expression pattern during the two-cell stage. Immunocytochemistry analysis showed low nuclear deposition of H3.1/3.2 in the one-cell stage, followed by a rapid increase in the late two-cell stage. Where chromatin structure is normally closed between the one- and two-cell stages, it remained open until the late two-cell stage when H3.1/3.2 were knocked down by small interfering RNA. Hi-C analysis showed that the formation of the topologically associating domain was disrupted in H3.1/3.2 knockdown (KD) embryos. Promiscuous transcription was also maintained in the late two-cell stage in H3.1/3.2 KD embryos. These results demonstrate that H3.1/3.2 are involved in the initial process of the gene expression program after fertilization, through the formation of a closed chromatin structure to execute regulated gene expression during the two-cell stage.

Mammals sustain amino acid homochirality against chiral conversion by symbiotic microbes.

Mammals exhibit systemic homochirality of amino acids in L-configurations. While ribosomal protein synthesis requires rigorous chiral selection for L-amino acids, both endogenous and microbial enzymes convert diverse L-amino acids to D-configurations in mammals. However, it is not clear how mammals manage such diverse D-enantiomers. Here, we show that mammals sustain systemic stereo dominance of L-amino acids through both enzymatic degradation and excretion of D-amino acids. Multidimensional high performance liquidchromatography analyses revealed that in blood, humans and mice maintain D-amino acids at less than several percent of the corresponding L-enantiomers, while D-amino acids comprise ten to fifty percent of the L-enantiomers in urine and feces. Germ-free experiments showed that vast majority of D-amino acids, except for D-serine, detected in mice are of microbial origin. Experiments involving mice that lack enzymatic activity to catabolize D-amino acids showed that catabolism is central to the elimination of diverse microbial D-amino acids, whereas excretion into urine is of minor importance under physiological conditions. Such active regulation of amino acid homochirality depends on maternal catabolism during the prenatal period, which switches developmentally to juvenile catabolism along with the growth of symbiotic microbes after birth. Thus, microbial symbiosis largely disturbs homochirality of amino acids in mice, whereas active host catabolism of microbial D-amino acids maintains systemic predominance of L-amino acids. Our findings provide fundamental insight into how the chiral balance of amino acids is governed in mammals and further expand the understanding of interdomain molecular homeostasis in host-microbial symbiosis.

Genetic and immune determinants of E. coli liver abscess formation.

Systemic infections can yield distinct outcomes in different tissues. In mice, intravenous inoculation of Escherichia coli leads to bacterial replication within liver abscesses, while other organs such as the spleen clear the pathogen. Abscesses are macroscopic necrotic regions that comprise the vast majority of the bacterial burden in the animal, yet little is known about the processes underlying their formation. Here, we characterize E. coli liver abscesses and identify host determinants of abscess susceptibility. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that liver abscesses are associated with heterogenous immune cell clusters comprised of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and T-cells that surround necrotic regions of the liver. Abscess susceptibility is heightened in the C57BL lineage, particularly in C57BL/6N females. Backcross analyses demonstrated that abscess susceptibility is a polygenic trait inherited in a sex-dependent manner without direct linkage to sex chromosomes. As early as 1 d post infection, the magnitude of E. coli replication in the liver distinguishes abscess-susceptible and abscess-resistant strains of mice, suggesting that the immune pathways that regulate abscess formation are induced within hours. We characterized the early hepatic response with single-cell RNA sequencing and found that mice with reduced activation of early inflammatory responses, such as those lacking the LPS receptor TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4), are resistant to abscess formation. Experiments with barcoded E. coli revealed that TLR4 mediates a tradeoff between abscess formation and bacterial clearance. Together, our findings define hallmarks of E. coli liver abscess formation and suggest that hyperactivation of the hepatic innate immune response drives liver abscess susceptibility.

Bispecific antibodies and autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for treatment of hematological malignancies.

In recent years, the therapeutic landscape for hematological malignancies has markedly advanced, particularly since the inaugural approval of autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy in 2017 for relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Autologous CAR-T therapy involves the genetic modification of a patient's T cells to specifically identify and attack cancer cells, while bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) function by binding to both cancer cells and immune cells simultaneously, thereby triggering an immune response against the tumor. The subsequent approval of various CAR-T therapies and BsAbs have revolutionized the treatment of multiple hematological malignancies, highlighting high response rates and a subset of patients achieving prolonged disease control. This review explores the mechanisms underlying autologous CAR-T therapies and BsAbs, focusing on their clinical application in multiple myeloma, ALL, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We provide comprehensive insights into their individual efficacy, limitations concerning broad application, and the potential of combination therapies. These upcoming strategies aim to propel the field forward, paving the way for safer and more effective therapeutic interventions in hematological malignancies.

Involvement of linker histone variant H1a in the regulation of early preimplantation development in mice.

Linker histone variants regulate higher-order chromatin structure and various cellular processes. It has been suggested that linker histone variant H1a loosens chromatin structure and activates transcription. However, its role in early mouse development remains to be elucidated. We investigated the functions of H1a during preimplantation development using H1a gene-deleted mice. Although H1a homozygous knockout (KO) mice were born without any abnormalities, the number of offspring were reduced when the mothers but not fathers were homozygous KO animals. Maternal H1a KO compromised development during the morula and blastocyst stages, but not differentiation of the inner cell mass or trophectoderm. Thus, maternal linker histone H1a is important in early development.

Involvement of the linker histone H1Foo in the regulation of oogenesis.

In brief: In oocytes, chromatin structure is loosened during their growth, which seems to be essential for the establishment of competence to accomplish the maturation and further development after fertilization. This paper shows that a linker histone variant, H1foo, is involved in the formation of loosened chromatin structure in growing oocytes. Abstract: During oogenesis, oocytes show a unique mode of division and gene expression patterns. Chromatin structure is thought to be involved in the regulation of these processes. In this study, we investigated the functions of linker histones, which modulate higher-order chromatin structure during oogenesis. Because H1foo is highly expressed in oocytes, we knocked down H1foo using siRNA and observed oocyte growth, maturation, and fertilization. However, H1foo knockdown had no effect on any of these processes. Overexpression of H1b or H1d, which has a high ability to condense chromatin and is expressed at a low level in oocytes, resulting in tightened chromatin and a decreased success rate of oocyte maturation. By contrast, overexpression of H1a, which is expressed at a high level in oocytes and has a low ability to compact chromatin, did not affect growth or maturation. Therefore, H1a, but not other variants, might compensate for the function of H1foo in H1foo-knockdown oocytes. These results implicate H1foo in the formation of loose chromatin structure, which is necessary for oocyte maturation. In addition, the low expression of somatic linker histone variants, for example, H1b and H1d, is important for loosened chromatin and meiotic progression.

Chiral resolution of plasma amino acids reveals enantiomer-selective associations with organ functions.

Plasma amino acids reflect the dynamics of amino acids in organs and their levels have clinical significance. Amino acids as clinical indicators have been evaluated as a mixture of D- and L-amino acids because D-enantiomers are believed to be physiologically nonexistent. However, it has become clear that some D-amino acids are synthesized by endogenous enzymes and symbiotic bacteria. Here, using a two-dimensional HPLC system, we measured enantiomers of all proteinogenic amino acids in plasma and urine and analyzed for correlation with other biochemical parameters in humans who underwent health checkups at our institutional hospital. Four D-amino acids (D-asparagine, D-alanine, D-serine, and D-proline) were detected in the plasma, amounting to less than 1% of the quantities of L-amino acids, but in the urine at several tens of percent, showing that D-amino acids have much higher fractional excretion than their L-counterparts. Detected plasma D-amino acids and D-/L-amino acid ratios were well correlated with renal parameters, such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cystatin C. On the other hand, a set of plasma L-amino acids were associated with body mass index and correlated with metabolic parameters such as liver enzymes, lipids, blood glucose, and uric acid. Thus, chiral resolution of plasma amino acids revealed totally different associations of the enantiomers with organ functions, and warrants further investigation for clinical and laboratory usefulness.

Clinical CAR-T Cell and Oncolytic Virotherapy for Cancer Treatment.

Immunotherapy has recently garnered success with the induction of clinical responses in tumors, which are traditionally associated with poor outcomes. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as promising cancer immunotherapy agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the current clinical status of CAR-T cell and OV therapies. While preclinical studies have demonstrated curative potential, the benefit of CAR-T cells and OVs as single-agent treatments remains limited to a subset of patients. Combinations of different targeted therapies may be required to achieve efficient, durable responses against heterogeneous tumors, as well as the microenvironment. Using a combinatorial approach to take advantage of the unique features of CAR-T cells and OVs with other treatments can produce additive therapeutic effects. This review also discusses ongoing clinical evaluations of these combination strategies for improved outcomes in treatment of resistant malignancies.

Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of oncolytic immunotherapy improves CAR-T cell antitumor activity.

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a formidable barrier to the success of adoptive cell therapies for solid tumors. Oncolytic immunotherapy with engineered adenoviruses (OAd) may disrupt the TME by infecting tumor cells, as well as surrounding stroma, to improve the functionality of tumor-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, yet efficient delivery of OAds to solid tumors has been challenging. Here we describe how mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be used to systemically deliver a binary vector containing an OAd together with a helper-dependent Ad (HDAd; combinatorial Ad vector [CAd]) that expresses interleukin-12 (IL-12) and checkpoint PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) blocker. CAd-infected MSCs deliver and produce functional virus to infect and lyse lung tumor cells while stimulating CAR-T cell anti-tumor activity by release of IL-12 and PD-L1 blocker. The combination of this approach with administration of HER.2-specific CAR-T cells eliminates 3D tumor spheroids in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in two orthotopic lung cancer models in vivo. Treatment with CAd MSCs increases the overall numbers of human T cells in vivo compared to CAR-T cell only treatment and enhances their polyfunctional cytokine secretion. These studies combine the predictable targeting of CAR-T cells with the advantages of cancer cell lysis and TME disruption by systemic MSC delivery of oncolytic virotherapy: incorporation of immunostimulation by cytokine and checkpoint inhibitor production through the HDAd further enhances anti-tumor activity.

Diversity and determinants of the sigmoid septum and its impact on morphology of the outflow tract as revealed using cardiac computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: The sigmoid septum has been generally evaluated subjectively and qualitatively, without detailed examination of its diversity, impact on the morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and anatomical background. METHODS: We enrolled 100 patients without any background cardiac diseases (67.5 ± 12.8 years old; 43% women) who underwent cardiac computed tomography. Basal septal morphology was evaluated using antero-superior and medial bulging angles (bidirectional angulation of the basal septum relative to the LVOT). The eccentricity index of the LVOT, area narrowing ratio (LVOT/virtual basal ring area), aortic-to-left ventricular axial angle (angulation of the aortic root relative to the left ventricle), and wedged height (non-coronary aortic sinus to inferior epicardium distance) were also quantified. RESULTS: The antero-superior bulging, medial bulging, aortic-to-left ventricular axial angles, LVOT eccentricity index, area narrowing ratio, and wedged height were 76° ± 17°, 166° ± 27°, 127° ± 9°, 1.8 ± 0.5, 1.0 ± 0.2, and 41.2 ± 9.1 mm, respectively. Both bulging angles were correlated with each other and contributed to the narrowing and deformation of the LVOT. Angulated aortic root was not correlated with either bidirectional septal bulge or LVOT narrowing. Clockwise rotation of the aortic root rotation was an independent predictor of prominent antero-superior septal bulge. Deeper aortic wedging was a common independent predictor of bidirectional septal bulge. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of septal bulge varies in normal hearts. Along with deep aortic wedging, the bidirectional bulge of the basal septum deforms and narrows the LVOT without affecting the virtual basal ring morphology.

Oncolytic Adenovirus Armed with BiTE, Cytokine, and Checkpoint Inhibitor Enables CAR T Cells to Control the Growth of Heterogeneous Tumors.

No single cancer immunotherapy will likely defeat all evasion mechanisms of solid tumors, including plasticity of tumor antigen expression and active immune suppression by the tumor environment. In this study, we increase the breadth, potency, and duration of anti-tumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells using an oncolytic virus (OV) that produces cytokine, checkpoint blockade, and a bispecific tumor-targeted T cell engager (BiTE) molecule. First, we constructed a BiTE molecule specific for CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6), since CD44v6 is widely expressed on tumor but not normal tissue, and a CD44v6 antibody has been safely administered to cancer patients. We then incorporated this BiTE sequence into an oncolytic-helper binary adenovirus (CAdDuo) encoding an immunostimulatory cytokine (interleukin [IL]-12) and an immune checkpoint blocker (PD-L1Ab) to form CAdTrio. CD44v6 BiTE from CAdTrio enabled HER2-specific CAR T cells to kill multiple CD44v6+ cancer cell lines and to produce more rapid and sustained disease control of orthotopic HER2+ and HER2-/- CD44v6+ tumors than any component alone. Thus, the combination of CAdTrio with HER2.CAR T cells ensures dual targeting of two tumor antigens by engagement of distinct classes of receptor (CAR and native T cell receptor [TCR]), and significantly improves tumor control and survival.

Minor zygotic gene activation is essential for mouse preimplantation development.

In mice, transcription initiates at the mid-one-cell stage and transcriptional activity dramatically increases during the two-cell stage, a process called zygotic gene activation (ZGA). Associated with ZGA is a marked change in the pattern of gene expression that occurs after the second round of DNA replication. To distinguish ZGA before and after the second-round DNA replication, the former and latter are called minor and major ZGA, respectively. Although major ZGA are required for development beyond the two-cell stage, the function of minor ZGA is not well understood. Transiently inhibiting minor ZGA with 5, 6-dichloro-1-ß-d-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB) resulted in the majority of embryos arresting at the two-cell stage and retention of the H3K4me3 mark that normally decreases. After release from DRB, at which time major ZGA normally occurred, transcription initiated with characteristics of minor ZGA but not major ZGA, although degradation of maternal mRNA normally occurred. Thus, ZGA occurs sequentially starting with minor ZGA that is critical for the maternal-to-zygotic transition.

Three-dimensional volumetric measurement of the aortic root compared to standard two-dimensional measurements using cardiac computed tomography.

INTRODUCTION: Two-dimensional measurements are self-evidently limited when seeking accurately to represent the three-dimensional complexity of the aortic root. Volumetric measurement, therefore, seems an ideal alternative for a more accurate assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 123 individuals undergoing cardiac computed tomography. We measured the dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva using routine multiplanar short axis imaging. Three conventional two-dimensional methods were applied to measure the dimensions of the sinuses. These involved bisecting center of sinus-to-center of interleaflet triangle measures, along with center of sinus-to-center of sinus, and largest sinus-to-sinus measurements. We then quantified the volumes of the root using the volume-rendering method. RESULTS: The mean dimensions of the sinuses were significantly greater when measured using the largest sinus-to-sinus method as opposed to center of sinus-to-center of interleaflet triangle and center of sinus-to-center of sinus methods (33.6 ± 3.6 mm vs. 31.1 ± 3.1 mm and 30.9 ± 3.3 mm, p < .0001). The mean root volume of 13.6 ± 4.2 ml showed the strongest correlation with the mean dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva measured using the bisecting method (R2 = .8401, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: By using two- and three-dimensional measurements, we have provided average data for the structurally normal aortic root. The differences and correlations encountered should be noted when evaluating and following changes in the diseased root.

Transgenic and knockout analyses of Masculinizer and doublesex illuminated the unique functions of doublesex in germ cell sexual development of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

BACKGROUND: Masculinizer (Masc) plays a pivotal role in male sex determination in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Masc is required for male-specific splicing of B. mori doublesex (Bmdsx) transcripts. The male isoform of Bmdsx (BmdsxM) induces male differentiation in somatic cells, while females express the female isoform of Bmdsx (BmdsxF), which promotes female differentiation in somatic cells. Our previous findings suggest that Masc could direct the differentiation of genetically female (ZW) germ cells into sperms. However, it remains unclear whether Masc directly induces spermatogenesis or if it promotes male differentiation in germ cells indirectly by inducing the expression of BmdsxM. RESULTS: In this study, we performed genetic analyses using the transgenic line that expressed Masc, as well as various Bmdsx knockout lines. We found that Masc-expressing females with a homozygous mutation in BmdsxM showed normal development in ovaries. The formation of testis-like tissues was abolished in these females. On the other hand, Masc-expressing females carrying a homozygous mutation in BmdsxF exhibited almost complete male-specific development in gonads and germ cells. These results suggest that BmdsxM has an ability to induce male development in germ cells as well as internal genital organs, while BmdsxF inhibits BmdsxM activity and represses male differentiation. To investigate whether MASC directly controls male-specific splicing of Bmdsx and identify RNAs that form complexes with MASC in testes, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) using an anti-MASC antibody. We found that MASC formed a complex with AS1 lncRNA, which is a testis-specific factor involved in the male-specific splicing of Bmdsx pre-mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that Masc induces male differentiation in germ cells by enhancing the production of BmdsxM. Physical interaction between MASC and AS1 lncRNA may be important for the BmdsxM expression in the testis. Unlike in the Drosophila dsx, BmdsxM was able to induce spermatogenesis in genetically female (ZW) germ cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the role of dsx in germ cell sexual development is different between insect species.

A single female-specific piRNA is the primary determiner of sex in the silkworm.

The silkworm Bombyx mori uses a WZ sex determination system that is analogous to the one found in birds and some reptiles. In this system, males have two Z sex chromosomes, whereas females have Z and W sex chromosomes. The silkworm W chromosome has a dominant role in female determination, suggesting the existence of a dominant feminizing gene in this chromosome. However, the W chromosome is almost fully occupied by transposable element sequences, and no functional protein-coding gene has been identified so far. Female-enriched PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are the only known transcripts that are produced from the sex-determining region of the W chromosome, but the function(s) of these piRNAs are unknown. Here we show that a W-chromosome-derived, female-specific piRNA is the feminizing factor of B. mori. This piRNA is produced from a piRNA precursor which we named Fem. Fem sequences were arranged in tandem in the sex-determining region of the W chromosome. Inhibition of Fem-derived piRNA-mediated signalling in female embryos led to the production of the male-specific splice variants of B. mori doublesex (Bmdsx), a gene which acts at the downstream end of the sex differentiation cascade. A target gene of Fem-derived piRNA was identified on the Z chromosome of B. mori. This gene, which we named Masc, encoded a CCCH-type zinc finger protein. We show that the silencing of Masc messenger RNA by Fem piRNA is required for the production of female-specific isoforms of Bmdsx in female embryos, and that Masc protein controls both dosage compensation and masculinization in male embryos. Our study characterizes a single small RNA that is responsible for primary sex determination in the WZ sex determination system.

Imatinib Dramatically Improved Pulmonary Hypertension Caused by Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy (PTTM) Associated with Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy (PTTM) is a rare malignancy-related respiratory complication, showing rapid progression of respiratory dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Accumulating evidence suggests that imatinib, a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, might be effective and improve severe PH in patients with PTTM associated with gastric cancer. However, its efficacy in PTTM with breast cancer is generally believed as very limited. We experienced a rare case of PTTM associated with metastatic breast cancer, a rare case who were treated with imatinib, exhibiting significant improvement of respiratory dysfunction and PH.

The first murine zygotic transcription is promiscuous and uncoupled from splicing and 3' processing.

Initiation of zygotic transcription in mammals is poorly understood. In mice, zygotic transcription is first detected shortly after pronucleus formation in 1-cell embryos, but the identity of the transcribed loci and mechanisms regulating their expression are not known. Using total RNA-Seq, we have found that transcription in 1-cell embryos is highly promiscuous, such that intergenic regions are extensively expressed and thousands of genes are transcribed at comparably low levels. Striking is that transcription can occur in the absence of defined core-promoter elements. Furthermore, accumulation of translatable zygotic mRNAs is minimal in 1-cell embryos because of inefficient splicing and 3' processing of nascent transcripts. These findings provide novel insights into regulation of gene expression in 1-cell mouse embryos that may confer a protective mechanism against precocious gene expression that is the product of a relaxed chromatin structure present in 1-cell embryos. The results also suggest that the first zygotic transcription itself is an active component of chromatin remodeling in 1-cell embryos.

Transgenic Expression of the piRNA-Resistant Masculinizer Gene Induces Female-Specific Lethality and Partial Female-to-Male Sex Reversal in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori.

In Bombyx mori (B. mori), Fem piRNA originates from the W chromosome and is responsible for femaleness. The Fem piRNA-PIWI complex targets and cleaves mRNAs transcribed from the Masc gene. Masc encodes a novel CCCH type zinc-finger protein and is required for male-specific splicing of B. mori doublesex (Bmdsx) transcripts. In the present study, several silkworm strains carrying a transgene, which encodes a Fem piRNA-resistant Masc mRNA (Masc-R), were generated. Forced expression of the Masc-R transgene caused female-specific lethality during the larval stages. One of the Masc-R strains weakly expressed Masc-R in various tissues. Females heterozygous for the transgene expressed male-specific isoform of the Bombyx homolog of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein (ImpM) and Bmdsx. All examined females showed a lower inducibility of vitellogenin synthesis and exhibited abnormalities in the ovaries. Testis-like tissues were observed in abnormal ovaries and, notably, the tissues contained considerable numbers of sperm bundles. Homozygous expression of the transgene resulted in formation of the male-specific abdominal segment in adult females and caused partial male differentiation in female genitalia. These results strongly suggest that Masc is an important regulatory gene of maleness in B. mori.