Application of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Functional Health and Disability.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a common language for different professions in the health, social, educational and vocational systems for lawyers, decision makers and politicians. It deals with how to describe health conditions, functional health and disability. It gives detailed operational definitions of different functions that constitute health. From body function and body structure to activities of daily living and participation in society. ICF has brought international consensus on definitions and provided a framework to describe public health and disability.

Biofeedback Based Home Balance Training can Improve Balance but Not Gait in People with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Impaired balance is common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be present even in those with a mild disability level. With increasing disability, gait, and balance impairment progress, and lead to increased risk of falls. In some recent studies, interactive commercial video games were used for improving balance, but their limitation is their lack of individual training parameter settings needed for rehabilitation purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effect of balance exercise in the home setting using the rehabilitation Homebalance® system. METHODS: A single-centre, controlled, single blind study with allocation to intervention group or to control group was utilised. Participants were assessed at baseline, after four weeks of home-based balance training, and follow-up after four weeks. The primary outcomes were the Berg Balance Test (BBT). The secondary outcome measures included the Mini-BESTest, Timed Up, and Go Test (part of Mini-BESTest), and spatio-temporal gait parameter evaluation using the GAITRite instrument. The patient reported outcomes (PRO) included the 12-Item MS Walking Scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and the Falls Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: A total of 39 people with Multiple Sclerosis (10 men) were enrolled into the study. The mean age of participants was 40.69 ± 10.2 years, with a mean disease duration 14.76 ± 9.1 years and mean disability level 3.8 ± 1.9 EDSS (EDSS range 1.5-7). Statistically significant improvements within the home exercise group were present for the BBT and the Mini-BESTest. This improvement was more significant in the subgroup with moderate and higher disability (EDSS 4.5-7). All other gait parameters and PRO did not show any improvement. Follow-up assessment after four weeks showed that the reached improvement persisted for a short time period after finishing the regular training regimen. CONCLUSION: In comparison with no intervention, a short-term programme of home-based balance training using Homebalance® improved balance but not gait performance in a group of people with MS. It seems that home-based balance training tailored according to individual needs by a physiotherapist may be a future approach to consider for telerehabilitation of people with MS.

Rehabilitation medicine in countries of Central/Eastern Europe.

PURPOSE: To describe attributes of rehabilitation medicine common to the five countries of Central Eastern Europe (CEE) and their implications for future challenges. METHODS: Critical collection and study of pertinent data on evolvement and present state of rehabilitation medicine in CEE countries by a coordinated team of rehabilitation experts from each of the relevant countries. RESULTS: CEE countries are similar in their need for rehabilitation medicine, its evolvement, present state and current practice. Settings largely emerged without strategic planning on the national level and lagged behind those in Central and Western Europe both in time and content. CONCLUSION: The framework that evolved in all except Slovenia is not appropriate to needs. In order to meet future challenges all five CEE countries need the incorporation of inpatient, outpatient and community-based rehabilitation into one system.

Policy Guidelines for Effective Inclusion and Reintegration of People with Chronic Diseases in the Workplace: National and European Perspectives.

The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases among the European working age population, as well as the implications for the individual and societal level, underline the need for policy guidelines targeting the effective inclusion of persons with chronic diseases in the workplace. The aim of the present paper was to explore the perspectives of European and National-level stakeholders on existing strategies for work re-integration of persons with chronic diseases, and to provide policy guidelines. A highly-structured interview protocol was distributed to 58 National level stakeholders (policy makers, professionals and employers) from seven European countries. Additionally, 20 European organizations concerned with health-related issues and employment completed an online survey. The findings reveal that employment-related challenges remain largely unaddressed. Both national and European stakeholders considered the existing legislative frameworks inadequate and appraised the co-ordination for the implementation of employment re-integration policies as ineffective. Policies targeting at work re-integration of persons with chronic diseases at European and national level should focus on consistent cooperation among all key stakeholders, awareness raising to staff and management, dissemination of effective strategies, developing research and evaluation standards and establishing monitoring systems on inclusive labour markets.

Identifying the Employment Needs of People With Chronic Health Conditions in Europe.

OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study was to compare the employment needs experienced by people with different chronic health conditions and in different welfare systems. METHODS: A total of 688 participants with six chronic health conditions were collected in nine countries representing four welfare systems in Europe (Continental, Mediterranean, Postcommunist, and Scandinavian). RESULTS: Raising awareness of what is to live with a chronic health condition in the workplace was the area perceived as more favorable. The types of employment needs were different across the social welfare systems but did not vary among the different chronic health conditions groups. CONCLUSION: Although diverse, there appear to be some common needs transversal to the working experience of people with chronic health problems. Actions to improve the employability of people with chronic health conditions should be tailored to each welfare system.

Mapping European Welfare Models: State of the Art of Strategies for Professional Integration and Reintegration of Persons with Chronic Diseases.

Background: Persons with chronic diseases (PwCDs) often experience work-related problems, and innovative actions to improve their participation in the labor market are needed. In the frame of the European (EU) Pathways Project, the aim of the study is to compare existing strategies (policies, systems, and services) for professional (re-)integration of PwCDs and mental health conditions available at both European and national level between different European welfare models: Scandinavian, Continental, Anglo-Saxon, Mediterranean, and “Post-Communist”. Method: The European strategies were identified by an overview of relevant academic and grey literature searched through Medline and internet searches, while national strategies were explored through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with national relevant stakeholders. Results: The mapping of existing strategies revealed that, both at European and national level, PwCDs are often considered as part of the group of “persons with disabilities” and only in this case they can receive employment support. European countries put in place actions to support greater labor market participation, but these differ from country to country. Conclusion: Strategies targeting “persons with disabilities” do not necessarily address all the needs of persons with chronic diseases. Countries should consider the importance of employment for all to achieve smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: development of capacity and performance scales.

OBJECTIVE: There has been no attempt to obtain a continuous summary measure of disability from the checklist of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Our objective was to assess whether valid scales of Capacity and Performance could be developed from the "Activities and Participation" domain of the ICF checklist. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A multicenter, observational study of 1,092 patients with 12 different chronic conditions from five European countries was conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to assess the underlying factor structure. Reliability and validity of the Capacity and Performance scales were evaluated. Construct validity was assessed calculating effect size coefficients between extreme severity groups (discriminant ability). RESULTS: The good fit of the confirmatory factor model supported the global scales of Capacity and Performance and their "Psychosocial" and "Physical" subscales. Reliability was excellent (coefficients=0.79-0.92). Effect sizes of most conditions were large for the Capacity global scale (0.50-3.05), and slightly lower for the Performance global scale (0.45-2.57). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the measurement model, reliability, and validity of the Capacity and Performance scales. Summary measures of functioning based on the ICF can be obtained using these scales, which should facilitate their incorporation in clinical and epidemiological studies.

Functioning and disability in traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE: To describe functioning and disability in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) according to the model endorsed by the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). METHODS: Adult patients with acquired TBI were consecutively enrolled. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM), the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II) and the ICF checklist were administered in individual sessions. Descriptive analyses were performed to report on FIM and WHO-DAS II scores. ICF categories reported as a problem by more than 20% of patients were described in detail. RESULTS: One hundred patients (66 males, mean age 36.1) were enrolled. Mean WHO-DAS II score was 16.8, mean FIM was 116.5 and 87 ICF categories were selected: 27 Body Functions (mainly mental and movement-related) and Structures, 43 Activities and Participation (mainly connected with mobility) and 17 Environmental Factors. Negligible difference between capacity and performance qualifiers was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The ICF can be successfully implemented in clinical and rehabilitation of patients with TBI, because it enables to describe the variety of problems they encounter: ICF-derived data provide a holistic view of disability and enable the impact of service interventions on functioning and participation, and enable clinicians to tailor intervention according to patient's actual needs.

Functioning and disability in multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To describe functioning and disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) according to the model endorsed by the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). METHODS: Adult patients with MS were consecutively enrolled. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHO-DAS II) and the ICF checklist were administered in individual sessions. Descriptive analyses were performed to report on EDSS and WHO-DAS II scores. ICF categories reported as a problem by more than 20% of patients were described in detail. RESULTS: One hundred patients (70 females, mean age 41.7), 73 with relapsing-remitting MS were enrolled. Mean WHO-DAS II score was 10.6 and 58 ICF categories were selected: 23 Body Functions and Structures, 21 Activities and Participation and 14 Environmental Factors. CONCLUSIONS: The ICF can be successfully implemented in clinical and rehabilitation of patients with MS, because it enables to describe its multiple facets. Little differences between capacity and performance in ICF categories connected with activities of daily living, and presence of technical aids and other environmental factors are reported. On the contrary, in categories related to relationships, performance was worse than capacity thus revealing attitudinal barriers.

Integrating research into policy planning: MHADIE policy recommendations.

MHADIE project (Measuring Health and Disability in Europe: Supporting policy development) aimed at developing realistic, evidence-based and effective national policies for persons with disabilities. A preliminary step towards this goal was the demonstration on the feasibility of employing the ICF in clinical, educational and statistical fields, which corresponds to the recognised need to enhance the European Union's capacity of analysis of disability, as highlighted in its Disability Action Plan 2006-2007. The ultimate outcome of the project is the production of 13 policy recommendations, dealing with statistics clinical and educational areas, and four general policy recommendations focusing on: (a) the need of coordinating and integrating disability conceptualization at all policy levels and across sectors; (b) the need of conducting longitudinal cohort studies which include children aged 0-6; (c) the need of reviewing transportation policies in light of the requirements of persons with disabilities; (d) the need of reviewing all disability policies to emphasise and support the role of the family, which is a consistent and substantial environmental facilitator in the lives of persons with disabilities.