Optimisation of [11C]-choline synthesis.

The importance of [11C]-choline as a PET/CT marker has been extensively described, although its production presents considerable technical difficulties. The main ones are short half-lives and the occurrence of dimethylformamide (DMF) as a residual solvent. While the losses resulting from the radionuclide decay can be minimised by shortening the duration of the process, the best solution for reducing the content of DMF is its elimination from the reaction environment. In the current work two methods are compared for [11C]-choline synthesis - a green chemistry approach (with ethanol as a green solvent) and a dry synthesis. The results were compared with each other and with those of the method based on DMF. The solid phase synthesis proved to be the most effective in total elimination of DMF, its final release was the highest, and the synthesis time was the shortest. The optimised synthesis led to the formation of the desired radiotracer with a high radiochemical yield (65% ±3%) in a short production time (12 min) and the residual precursor in the final product at the level of 1 µg/ml. 27% increase of the saturation yield was possible, which resulted in 9 GBq higher activity from 40 minutes of beaming. Each test batch passed all standard quality control requirements, and the levels of residual DMEA were below the limits that have been published in the last Pharmacopoeia monograph.

Synthesis, isolation and purification of [(11)C]-choline.

[(11)C]-choline is an effective PET tracer used for imaging of neoplastic lesions and metastases of the prostate cancer. However, its production can be a challenge for manufacturers, as it has not yet been described in Polish or European pharmacopoeia. In this study the technical aspects of [(11)C]-choline production are described and detailed process parameters are provided. The quality control procedures for releasing [(11)C]-choline as solutio iniectabilis are also presented. The purity and quality of the radiopharmaceutical obtained according to the proposed method were find to be high enough to safely administrate the radiopharmaceutical to patients. Application of an automated synthesizer makes it possible to carry out the entire process of [(11)C]-choline production, isolation and purification within 20 minutes. It is crucial to maintain all aspects of the process as short as possible, since the decay half-time of carbon-11 is 20.4 minutes. The resulting radiopharmaceutical is sterile and pyrogen-free and of a high chemical, radiochemical, and radionuclide purity proved by chromatographic techniques. The yield of the process is up to 20%. [(11)C]-choline PET scanning can be used as accurate and effective diagnostic tool in all centers equipped with [(11)C]-target containing cyclotron.

Attitudes Toward and Knowledge of Brain Death and Deceased Organ Donation Among Anesthesiologists in the Northeastern Region of Poland.

BACKGROUND: Because in Poland transplant of organs from deceased donors is the predominant form of transplant, anesthesiology and intensive care specialists play a key role in the process. Insight into the work organization in intensive care units, anesthesiologists' and intensivists' level of knowledge and expertise, as well as personal opinions regarding declaring brain death and critical care of potential donors may be helpful in increasing transplant rates. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this survey was to identify factors and challenges influencing donation rates in intensive care units of hospitals of various reference levels in region. METHODS: An anonymous, 31-question survey was sent to anesthesiology and intensive care specialists working in hospitals in one of the regions of eastern Poland. The survey was completed by 133 physicians, and a quantitative analysis was conducted on the data collected from submitted answers. RESULTS: The average age of responders was 46 years (±10.24 years). Anesthesiology and intensive care specialists made up 80.45% of respondents. A vast majority of respondents (97%) expressed positive attitude toward transplant and are willing to donate their organs after death (92.19%). Meanwhile, more than 50% of them admit their lack of sufficient knowledge when it comes to declaring brain death. More than 53% of surveyed physicians have never had the opportunity to participate in training in methodology in performing brain death provided by their hospital or know about such training taking place. A vast majority of respondents (94.76%) see the need for workshops in potential organ donor care and brain death determination and would like to attend them. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a positive outlook toward organ donation and transplant but at the same time reveals a lack of knowledge and expertise among doctors working in intensive care units. That is why implementing education tools for identification, declaration, and maintenance of brain-dead donors could be one of the keys to enhancing donation.

Efficiency of 124I radioisotope production from natural and enriched tellurium dioxide using 124Te(p,xn)124I reaction.

BACKGROUND: 124I Iodine (T[Formula: see text] = 4.18 d) is the only long-life positron emitter radioisotope of iodine that may be used for both imaging and therapy as well as for 131I dosimetry. Its physical characteristics permits taking advantages of the higher Positron Emission Tomography (PET) image quality, whereas the availability of new molecules to be targeted with 124I makes it a novel innovative radiotracer probe for a specific molecular targeting. RESULTS: In this study Monte Carlo and SRIM/TRIM modelling was applied to predict the nuclear parameters of the 124I production process in a small medical cyclotron IBA 18/9 Cyclone. The simulation production yields for 124I and the polluting radioisotopes were  calculated for the natural and enriched 124TeO2  +  Al2O3  solid targets irradiated with 14.8 MeV protons. The proton beam was degraded energetically from 18 MeV with 0.2 mm Havar foil. The 124Te(p,xn)124I reactions were taken into account in the simulations. The optimal thickness of the target material was calculated using the SRIM/TRIM and Geant4 codes. The results of the simulations were compared with the experimental data obtained for the natural TeO2 +Al2O3 target. The dry distillation technique of the 124-iodine was applied. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental efficiency for the natural Te target was better than 41% with an average thick target (>0.8 mm) yield of 1.32 MBq/µAh. Joining the Monte Carlo and experimental approaches makes it possible to optimize the methodology for the 124I production from the expensive Te enriched targets.