Neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain morphology in patients with mild cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular disease and Parkinson disease: A cross sectional and longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) increase risk of developing dementia and are linked to various neurodegenerative conditions, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI due to Alzheimer's disease [AD]), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). We explored the structural neural correlates of NPS cross-sectionally and longitudinally across various neurodegenerative diagnoses. METHODS: The study included individuals with MCI due to AD, (n = 74), CVD (n = 143), and PD (n = 137) at baseline, and at 2-years follow-up (MCI due to AD, n = 37, CVD n = 103, and PD n = 84). We assessed the severity of NPS using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire. For brain structure we included cortical thickness and subcortical volume of predefined regions of interest associated with corticolimbic and frontal-executive circuits. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analysis revealed significant negative correlations between appetite with both circuits in the MCI and CVD groups, while apathy was associated with these circuits in both the MCI and PD groups. Longitudinally, changes in apathy scores in the MCI group were negatively linked to the changes of the frontal-executive circuit. In the CVD group, changes in agitation and nighttime behavior were negatively associated with the corticolimbic and frontal-executive circuits, respectively. In the PD group, changes in disinhibition and apathy were positively associated with the corticolimbic and frontal-executive circuits, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The observed correlations suggest that underlying pathological changes in the brain may contribute to alterations in neural activity associated with MBI. Notably, the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal results indicates the necessity of conducting longitudinal studies for reproducible findings and drawing robust inferences.

Link among apolipoprotein E E4, gait, and cognition in neurodegenerative diseases: ONDRI study.

INTRODUCTION: Apolipoprotein E E4 allele (APOE E4) and slow gait are independently associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. However, it is unknown whether their coexistence is associated with poorer cognitive performance and its underlying mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: Gait speed, APOE E4, cognition, and neuroimaging were assessed in 480 older adults with neurodegeneration. Participants were grouped by APOE E4 presence and slow gait. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine if brain structures could explain the link between these factors and cognitive performance. RESULTS: APOE E4 carriers with slow gait had the lowest global cognitive performance and smaller gray matter volumes compared to non-APOE E4 carriers with normal gait. Coexistence of APOE E4 and slow gait best predicted global and domain-specific poorer cognitive performances, mediated by smaller gray matter volume. DISCUSSION: Gait slowness in APOE E4 carriers with neurodegenerative diseases may indicate extensive gray matter changes associated with poor cognition. HIGHLIGHTS: APOE E4 and slow gait are risk factors for cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. Slow gait and smaller gray matter volumes are associated, independently of APOE E4. Worse cognition in APOE E4 carriers with slow gait is explained by smaller GM volume. Gait slowness in APOE E4 carriers indicates poorer cognition-related brain changes.

Detection of African Swine Fever Virus from Wild Boar, Singapore, 2023.

We detected African swine fever virus (ASFV) from a wild boar in Singapore. In <72 hours, we confirmed and reported ASFV p72 genotype II, CD2v serogroup 8, and IGR-II variant by using a combination of real-time PCR and whole-genome sequencing. Continued biosurveillance will be needed to monitor ASFV in Singapore.

White matter hyperintensity burden predicts cognitive but not motor decline in Parkinson's disease: results from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Initiative.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) negatively affects brain network connectivity, and in the presence of brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) cognitive and motor impairments seem to be aggravated. However, the role of WMHs in predicting accelerating symptom worsening remains controversial. The objective was to investigate whether location and segmental brain WMH burden at baseline predict cognitive and motor declines in PD after 2 years. METHODS: Ninety-eight older adults followed longitudinally from Ontario Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Initiative with PD of 3-8 years in duration were included. Percentages of WMH volumes at baseline were calculated by location (deep and periventricular) and by brain region (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes and basal ganglia + thalamus). Cognitive and motor changes were assessed from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Specifically, global cognition, attention, executive function, memory, visuospatial abilities and language were assessed as were motor symptoms evaluated using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III, spatial-temporal gait variables, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire and Activities Specific Balance Confidence Scale. RESULTS: Regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders showed that total and periventricular WMHs at baseline predicted decline in global cognition (p < 0.05). Also, total WMH burden predicted the decline of executive function (p < 0.05). Occipital WMH volumes also predicted decline in global cognition, visuomotor attention and visuospatial memory declines (p < 0.05). WMH volumes at baseline did not predict motor decline. CONCLUSION: White matter hyperintensity burden at baseline predicted cognitive but not motor decline in early to mid-stage PD. The motor decline observed after 2 years in these older adults with PD is probably related to the primary neurodegenerative process than comorbid white matter pathology.

Neuropsychiatric Symptom Burden across Neurodegenerative Disorders and its Association with Function.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are prevalent in neurodegenerative disorders, however, their frequency and impact on function across different disorders is not well understood. We compared the frequency and severity of NPS across Alzheimer's disease (AD) (either with mild cognitive impairment or dementia), Cerebrovascular disease (CVD), Parkinson's disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and explored the association between NPS burden and function. METHODS: We obtained data from Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI) that included following cohorts: AD (N = 111), CVD (N = 148), PD (N = 136), FTD (N = 50) and ALS (N = 36). We compared the frequency and severity of individual NPS (assessed by the neuropsychiatric inventory questionnaire) across cohorts using generalized estimating equations and analysis of variance. Second, we assessed the relationship of NPS burden with instrumental (iADLs) and basic (ADLs) activities of living across cohorts using multivariate linear regression while adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS: Frequency of NPS varied across cohorts (χ2(4) = 34.4, p < .001), with post-hoc tests showing that FTD had the greatest frequency as compared to all other cohorts. The FTD cohort also had the greatest severity of NPS (H(4) = 34.5, p < .001). Further, there were differences among cohorts in terms of the association between NPS burden and ADLs (F(4,461) = 3.1, p = 0.02). Post-hoc comparisons suggested that this finding was driven by the FTD group, however, the differences did not remain significant following Bonferroni correction. There were no differences among cohorts in terms of the association between NPS burden and IADLs. CONCLUSIONS: NPS frequency and severity are markedly greater in FTD as compared to other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, NPS burden appears to be associated differently with function across neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the need for individualized clinical interventions.

Characteristics of the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding synergies between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies that modify dementia presentation represents an important knowledge gap. METHODS: This multi-site, longitudinal, observational cohort study recruited participants across prevalent neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular disease and assessed participants comprehensively across modalities. We describe univariate and multivariate baseline features of the cohort and summarize recruitment, data collection, and curation processes. RESULTS: We enrolled 520 participants across five neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Median age was 69 years, median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 25, median independence in activities of daily living was 100% for basic and 93% for instrumental activities. Spousal study partners predominated; participants were often male, White, and more educated. Milder disease stages predominated, yet cohorts reflect clinical presentation. DISCUSSION: Data will be shared with the global scientific community. Within-disease and disease-agnostic approaches are expected to identify markers of severity, progression, and therapy targets. Sampling characteristics also provide guidance for future study design.

Rare neurovascular genetic and imaging markers across neurodegenerative diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is common in patients with cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This study investigated the burden of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based markers of SVD in patients with neurodegenerative diseases as a function of rare genetic variant carrier status. METHODS: The Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative study included 520 participants, recruited from 14 tertiary care centers, diagnosed with various neurodegenerative diseases and determined the carrier status of rare non-synonymous variants in five genes (ABCC6, COL4A1/COL4A2, NOTCH3/HTRA1). RESULTS: NOTCH3/HTRA1 were found to significantly influence SVD neuroimaging outcomes; however, the mechanisms by which these variants contribute to disease progression or worsen clinical correlates are not yet understood. DISCUSSION: Further studies are needed to develop genetic and imaging neurovascular markers to enhance our understanding of their potential contribution to neurodegenerative diseases.

Small and Large Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Visible Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia of Parkinson's Disease Patients.

BACKGROUND: Although previously thought to be asymptomatic, recent studies have suggested that magnetic resonance imaging-visible perivascular spaces (PVS) in the basal ganglia (BG-PVS) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may be markers of motor disability and cognitive decline. In addition, a pathogenic and risk profile difference between small (≤3-mm diameter) and large (>3-mm diameter) PVS has been suggested. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine associations between quantitative measures of large and small BG-PVS, global cognition, and motor/nonmotor features in a multicenter cohort of patients with PD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study examining the association between large and small BG-PVS with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Parts I-IV and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) in 133 patients with PD enrolled in the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative study. RESULTS: Patients with PD with small BG-PVS demonstrated an association with MDS-UPDRS Parts I (P = 0.008) and II (both P = 0.02), whereas patients with large BG-PVS demonstrated an association with MDS-UPDRS Parts III (P < 0.0001) and IV (P < 0.001). BG-PVS were not correlated with cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Small BG-PVS are associated with motor and nonmotor aspects of experiences in daily living, while large BG-PVS are associated with the motor symptoms and motor complications. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Caregiving concerns and clinical characteristics across neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders in the Ontario neurodegenerative disease research initiative.

OBJECTIVES: Caregiving burdens are a substantial concern in the clinical care of persons with neurodegenerative disorders. In the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative, we used the Zarit's Burden Interview (ZBI) to examine: (1) the types of burdens captured by the ZBI in a cross-disorder sample of neurodegenerative conditions (2) whether there are categorical or disorder-specific effects on caregiving burdens, and (3) which demographic, clinical, and cognitive measures are related to burden(s) in neurodegenerative disorders? METHODS/DESIGN: N = 504 participants and their study partners (e.g., family, friends) across: Alzheimer's disease/mild cognitive impairment (AD/MCI; n = 120), Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 136), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; n = 38), frontotemporal dementia (FTD; n = 53), and cerebrovascular disease (CVD; n = 157). Study partners provided information about themselves, and information about the clinical participants (e.g., activities of daily living (ADL)). We used Correspondence Analysis to identify types of caregiving concerns in the ZBI. We then identified relationships between those concerns and demographic and clinical measures, and a cognitive battery. RESULTS: We found three components in the ZBI. The first was "overall burden" and was (1) strongly related to increased neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI severity r = 0.586, NPI distress r = 0.587) and decreased independence in ADL (instrumental ADLs r = -0.566, basic ADLs r = -0.43), (2) moderately related to cognition (MoCA r = -0.268), and (3) showed little-to-no differences between disorders. The second and third components together showed four types of caregiving concerns: current care of the person with the neurodegenerative disease, future care of the person with the neurodegenerative disease, personal concerns of study partners, and social concerns of study partners. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the experience of caregiving in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases is individualized and is not defined by diagnostic categories. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting ADL and neuropsychiatric symptoms with caregiver-personalized solutions.

Group B Streptococcus Infections Caused by Improper Sourcing and Handling of Fish for Raw Consumption, Singapore, 2015-2016.

We assessed microbial safety and quality of raw fish sold in Singapore during 2015-2016 to complement epidemiologic findings for an outbreak of infection with group B Streptococcus serotype III sequence type (ST) 283 associated with raw fish consumption. Fish-associated group B Streptococcus ST283 strains included strains nearly identical (0-2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) with the human outbreak strain, as well as strains in another distinct ST283 clade (57-71 single-nucleotide polymorphisms). Our investigations highlight the risk for contamination of freshwater fish (which are handled and distributed separately from saltwater fish sold as sashimi) and the need for improved hygienic handling of all fish for raw consumption. These results have led to updated policy and guidelines regarding the sale of ready-to-eat raw fish dishes in Singapore.

History of traumatic brain injury is associated with increased grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with greater long-term grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: 85 patients with MCI were identified, including 26 with a previous history of traumatic brain injury (MCI[TBI-]) and 59 without (MCI[TBI+]). Cortical thickness was evaluated by segmenting T1-weighted MRI scans acquired longitudinally over a 2-year period. Bayesian multilevel modelling was used to evaluate group differences in baseline cortical thickness and longitudinal change, as well as group differences in neuropsychological measures of executive function. RESULTS: At baseline, the MCI[TBI+] group had less grey matter within right entorhinal, left medial orbitofrontal and inferior temporal cortex areas bilaterally. Longitudinally, the MCI[TBI+] group also exhibited greater longitudinal declines in left rostral middle frontal, the left caudal middle frontal and left lateral orbitofrontal areas sover the span of 2 years (median = 1-2%, 90%HDI [-0.01%: -0.001%], probability of direction (PD) = 90-99%). The MCI[TBI+] group also displayed greater longitudinal declines in Trail-Making-Test (TMT)-derived ratio (median: 0.737%, 90%HDI: [0.229%: 1.31%], PD = 98.8%) and differences scores (median: 20.6%, 90%HDI: [-5.17%: 43.2%], PD = 91.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the notion that patients with MCI and a history of TBI are at risk of accelerated neurodegeneration, displaying greatest evidence for cortical atrophy within the left middle frontal and lateral orbitofrontal frontal cortex. Importantly, these results suggest that long-term TBI-mediated atrophy is more pronounced in areas vulnerable to TBI-related mechanical injury, highlighting their potential relevance for diagnostic forms of intervention in TBI.

Spontaneous Liver Rupture in the Setting of Autoimmune Disease and Periportal Edema.

Spontaneous liver rupture is a rare and life-threatening occurrence associated with high morbidity and mortality. We report a rare case of an elderly patient with a significant history of autoimmune disease who initially presented with cholestatic symptomatology that subsequently resulted in spontaneous liver rupture and hemorrhagic shock. An initial CT scan prior to the rupture showed periportal edema. In a patient with unexplained abdominal pain and imaging findings of periportal edema, emergency providers should have a lower threshold for suspecting the development of liver rupture or other hepatic pathologies. In the case of a potential liver rupture, admission for observation and early resuscitation can prove key to successful treatment.

User-centered design of feedback regarding health-related behaviors derived from wearables: An approach targeting older adults and persons living with neurodegenerative disease.

Objective: There has been tremendous growth in wearable technologies for health monitoring but limited efforts to optimize methods for sharing wearables-derived information with older adults and clinical cohorts. This study aimed to co-develop, design and evaluate a personalized approach for information-sharing regarding daily health-related behaviors captured with wearables. Methods: A participatory research approach was adopted with: (a) iterative stakeholder, and evidence-led development of feedback reporting; and (b) evaluation in a sample of older adults (n = 15) and persons living with neurodegenerative disease (NDD) (n = 25). Stakeholders included persons with lived experience, healthcare providers, health charity representatives and individuals involved in aging/NDD research. Feedback report information was custom-derived from two limb-mounted inertial measurement units and a mobile electrocardiography device worn by participants for 7-10 days. Mixed methods were used to evaluate reporting 2 weeks following delivery. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics for the group and stratified by cohort and cognitive status. Results: Participants (n = 40) were 60% female (median 72 (60-87) years). A total of 82.5% found the report easy to read or understand, 80% reported the right amount of information was shared, 90% found the information helpful, 92% shared the information with a family member or friend and 57.5% made a behavior change. Differences emerged in sub-group comparisons. A range of participant profiles existed in terms of interest, uptake and utility. Conclusions: The reporting approach was generally well-received with perceived value that translated into enhanced self-awareness and self-management of daily health-related behaviors. Future work should examine potential for scale, and the capacity for wearables-derived feedback to influence longer-term behavior change.

Classification and staging of Parkinson's disease using video-based eye tracking.

INTRODUCTION: 83% of those diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD) eventually progress to PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) followed by dementia (PDD) - suggesting a complex spectrum of pathology concomitant with aging. Biomarkers sensitive and specific to this spectrum are required if useful diagnostics are to be developed that may supplement current clinical testing procedures. We used video-based eye tracking and machine learning to develop a simple, non-invasive test sensitive to PD and the stages of cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: From 121 PD (45 Cognitively Normal/45 MCI/20 Dementia/11 Other) and 106 healthy controls, we collected video-based eye tracking data on an interleaved pro/anti-saccade task. Features of saccade, pupil, and blink behavior were used to train a classifier to predict confidence scores for PD/PD-MCI/PDD diagnosis. RESULTS: The Receiver Operator Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) of the classifier was 0.88, with the cognitive-dysfunction subgroups showing progressively increased AUC, and the AUC of PDD being 0.95. The classifier reached a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 78%. The confidence scores predicted PD motor and cognitive performance scores. CONCLUSION: Biomarkers of saccade, pupil, and blink were extracted from video-based eye tracking to create a classifier with high sensitivity to the landscape of PD cognitive and motor dysfunction. A complex landscape of PD is revealed through a quick, non-invasive eye tracking task and our model provides a framework for such a task to be used as a supplementary screening tool in the clinic.

Rasch analyses of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report in neurodegenerative and major depressive disorders.

Background: Symptoms of depression are present in neurodegenerative disorders (ND). It is important that depression-related symptoms be adequately screened and monitored in persons living with ND. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) is a widely-used self-report measure to assess and monitor depressive severity across different patient populations. However, the measurement properties of the QIDS-SR have not been assessed in ND. Aim: To use Rasch Measurement Theory to assess the measurement properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in ND and in comparison to major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: De-identified data from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (NCT04104373) and Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (NCT01655706) were used in the analyses. Five hundred and twenty participants with ND (Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease) and 117 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) were administered the QIDS-SR. Rasch Measurement Theory was used to assess measurement properties of the QIDS-SR, including unidimensionality and item-level fit, category ordering, item targeting, person separation index and reliability and differential item functioning. Results: The QIDS-SR fit well to the Rasch model in ND and MDD, including unidimensionality, satisfactory category ordering and goodness-of-fit. Item-person measures (Wright maps) showed gaps in item difficulties, suggesting poor precision for persons falling between those severity levels. Differences between mean person and item measures in the ND cohort logits suggest that QIDS-SR items target more severe depression than experienced by the ND cohort. Some items showed differential item functioning between cohorts. Conclusion: The present study supports the use of the QIDS-SR in MDD and suggest that the QIDS-SR can be also used to screen for depressive symptoms in persons with ND. However, gaps in item targeting were noted that suggests that the QIDS-SR cannot differentiate participants falling within certain severity levels. Future studies would benefit from examination in a more severely depressed ND cohort, including those with diagnosed clinical depression.

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Derived Linoleic Acid Oxylipins, Small Vessel Disease Markers, and Neurodegeneration in Stroke.

Background Cerebral small vessel disease is associated with higher ratios of soluble-epoxide hydrolase derived linoleic acid diols (12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid [DiHOME] and 9,10-DiHOME) to their parent epoxides (12(13)-epoxyoctadecenoic acid [EpOME] and 9(10)-EpOME); however, the relationship has not yet been examined in stroke. Methods and Results Participants with mild to moderate small vessel stroke or large vessel stroke were selected based on clinical and imaging criteria. Metabolites were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Volumes of stroke, lacunes, white matter hyperintensities, magnetic resonance imaging visible perivascular spaces, and free water diffusion were quantified from structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (3 Tesla). Adjusted linear regression models were used for analysis. Compared with participants with large vessel stroke (n=30), participants with small vessel stroke (n=50) had a higher 12,13-DiHOME/12(13)-EpOME ratio (ß=0.251, P=0.023). The 12,13-DiHOME/12(13)-EpOME ratio was associated with more lacunes (ß=0.266, P=0.028) but not with large vessel stroke volumes. Ratios of 12,13-DiHOME/12(13)-EpOME and 9,10-DiHOME/9(10)-EpOME were associated with greater volumes of white matter hyperintensities (ß=0.364, P<0.001; ß=0.362, P<0.001) and white matter MRI-visible perivascular spaces (ß=0.302, P=0.011; ß=0.314, P=0.006). In small vessel stroke, the 12,13-DiHOME/12(13)-EpOME ratio was associated with higher white matter free water diffusion (ß=0.439, P=0.016), which was specific to the temporal lobe in exploratory regional analyses. The 9,10-DiHOME/9(10)-EpOME ratio was associated with temporal lobe atrophy (ß=-0.277, P=0.031). Conclusions Linoleic acid markers of cytochrome P450/soluble-epoxide hydrolase activity were associated with small versus large vessel stroke, with small vessel disease markers consistent with blood brain barrier and neurovascular-glial disruption, and temporal lobe atrophy. The findings may indicate a novel modifiable risk factor for small vessel disease and related neurodegeneration.

Association of Dual-Task Gait Cost and White Matter Hyperintensity Burden Poststroke: Results From the ONDRI.

BACKGROUND: Acute change in gait speed while performing a mental task [dual-task gait cost (DTC)], and hyperintensity magnetic resonance imaging signals in white matter are both important disability predictors in older individuals with history of stroke (poststroke). It is still unclear, however, whether DTC is associated with overall hyperintensity volume from specific major brain regions in poststroke. METHODS: This is a cohort study with a total of 123 older (69 ± 7 years of age) participants with history of stroke were included from the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative. Participants were clinically assessed and had gait performance assessed under single- and dual-task conditions. Structural neuroimaging data were analyzed to measure both, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and normal appearing volumes. Percentage of WMH volume in frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes as well as subcortical hyperintensities in basal ganglia + thalamus were the main outcomes. Multivariate models investigated associations between DTC and hyperintensity volumes, adjusted for age, sex, years of education, global cognition, vascular risk factors, APOE4 genotype, residual sensorimotor symptoms from previous stroke and brain volume. RESULTS: There was a significant positive global linear association between DTC and hyperintensity burden (adjusted Wilks' λ = .87, P = .01). Amongst all WMH volumes, hyperintensity burden from basal ganglia + thalamus provided the most significant contribution to the global association (adjusted ß = .008, η2 = .03; P = .04), independently of brain atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: In poststroke, increased DTC may be an indicator of larger white matter damages, specifically in subcortical regions, which can potentially affect the overall cognitive processing and decrease gait automaticity by increasing the cortical control over patients' locomotion.

White matter hyperintensities and smaller cortical thickness are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.

BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a core feature of most neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. White matter hyperintensities and brain atrophy have been implicated in NPS. We aimed to investigate the relative contribution of white matter hyperintensities and cortical thickness to NPS in participants across neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. METHODS: Five hundred thirteen participants with one of these conditions, i.e. Alzheimer's Disease/Mild Cognitive Impairment, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Frontotemporal Dementia, Parkinson's Disease, or Cerebrovascular Disease, were included in the study. NPS were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory - Questionnaire and grouped into hyperactivity, psychotic, affective, and apathy subsyndromes. White matter hyperintensities were quantified using a semi-automatic segmentation technique and FreeSurfer cortical thickness was used to measure regional grey matter loss. RESULTS: Although NPS were frequent across the five disease groups, participants with frontotemporal dementia had the highest frequency of hyperactivity, apathy, and affective subsyndromes compared to other groups, whilst psychotic subsyndrome was high in both frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson's disease. Results from univariate and multivariate results showed that various predictors were associated with neuropsychiatric subsyndromes, especially cortical thickness in the inferior frontal, cingulate, and insula regions, sex(female), global cognition, and basal ganglia-thalamus white matter hyperintensities. CONCLUSIONS: In participants with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, our results suggest that smaller cortical thickness and white matter hyperintensity burden in several cortical-subcortical structures may contribute to the development of NPS. Further studies investigating the mechanisms that determine the progression of NPS in various neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are needed.

Cognitive correlates of antisaccade behaviour across multiple neurodegenerative diseases.

Oculomotor tasks generate a potential wealth of behavioural biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. Overlap between oculomotor and disease-impaired circuitry reveals the location and severity of disease processes via saccade parameters measured from eye movement tasks such as prosaccade and antisaccade. Existing studies typically examine few saccade parameters in single diseases, using multiple separate neuropsychological test scores to relate oculomotor behaviour to cognition; however, this approach produces inconsistent, ungeneralizable results and fails to consider the cognitive heterogeneity of these diseases. Comprehensive cognitive assessment and direct inter-disease comparison are crucial to accurately reveal potential saccade biomarkers. We remediate these issues by characterizing 12 behavioural parameters, selected to robustly describe saccade behaviour, derived from an interleaved prosaccade and antisaccade task in a large cross-sectional data set comprising five disease cohorts (Alzheimer's disease/mild cognitive impairment, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, and cerebrovascular disease; n = 391, age 40-87) and healthy controls (n = 149, age 42-87). These participants additionally completed an extensive neuropsychological test battery. We further subdivided each cohort by diagnostic subgroup (for Alzheimer's disease/mild cognitive impairment and frontotemporal dementia) or degree of cognitive impairment based on neuropsychological testing (all other cohorts). We sought to understand links between oculomotor parameters, their relationships to robust cognitive measures, and their alterations in disease. We performed a factor analysis evaluating interrelationships among the 12 oculomotor parameters and examined correlations of the four resultant factors to five neuropsychology-based cognitive domain scores. We then compared behaviour between the abovementioned disease subgroups and controls at the individual parameter level. We theorized that each underlying factor measured the integrity of a distinct task-relevant brain process. Notably, Factor 3 (voluntary saccade generation) and Factor 1 (task disengagements) significantly correlated with attention/working memory and executive function scores. Factor 3 also correlated with memory and visuospatial function scores. Factor 2 (pre-emptive global inhibition) correlated only with attention/working memory scores, and Factor 4 (saccade metrics) correlated with no cognitive domain scores. Impairment on several mostly antisaccade-related individual parameters scaled with cognitive impairment across disease cohorts, while few subgroups differed from controls on prosaccade parameters. The interleaved prosaccade and antisaccade task detects cognitive impairment, and subsets of parameters likely index disparate underlying processes related to different cognitive domains. This suggests that the task represents a sensitive paradigm that can simultaneously evaluate a variety of clinically relevant cognitive constructs in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases and could be developed into a screening tool applicable to multiple diagnoses.

Characterisation of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 and ST1925 Associated with Human Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Infections in Singapore.

Salmonella Enteritidis is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. In this study, a total of 276 S. enteritidis isolates, collected between 2016 and 2017 from human, food and farm/slaughterhouse samples, were studied to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Singapore. Results showed all 276 isolates belonged either to ST1925 (70.3%) or ST11 (29.7%), with ST11 being significantly more frequent in extra-intestinal isolates and chicken isolates. Food isolates, most of which were from poultry, showed the highest prevalence of resistance (33-37%) against beta-lactams or beta-lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination (ampicillin, piperacillin and ampicillin/sulbactam). The analysis showed the detection of genes associated with resistance to aminoglycoside genes (99.6%), tetracycline (55.1%), and beta-lactams (14.9%) of all isolates. Nine types of plasmids were found in 266 isolates; the most common incompatibility group profiles were IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S)-IncX1 (72.2%) and IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S) (15.8%). Most plasmid harbouring isolates from chicken (63.6%, 14/22) and from human (73.8%, 175/237) shared the same plasmid profile (IncFIB(S)-IncFII(S)-IncX1). SNP analysis showed clustering of several isolates from poultry food products and human isolates, suggesting phylogenetic relatedness among these isolates. Lastly, this study provides important epidemiological insights on the application of phenotypic and next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools for improved food safety and public health surveillance and outbreak investigation of S.enteritidis.