Interface thermal conductivities induced by van der Waals interactions.

The interface heat transfer of two layers induced by van der Waals (vdW) contacts is theoretically investigated, based on first-principles calculations at low temperatures. The results suggest that out-of-plane acoustic phonons with low frequencies dominate the interface thermal transport due to the vdW interaction. The interface thermal conductivity is proportional to the cubic of temperature at very low temperatures, but becomes linearly proportional to temperature as temperature increases. We show that manipulating the strain alters vdW coupling, leading to increased interfacial thermal conductivity at the interface. Our findings provide valuable insights into the interface heat transport in vdW heterostructures and support further design and optimization of electronic and optoelectronic nanodevices based on vdW contacts.

[Analysis of the complete genome characterization of 11 human astrovirus strains in Shandong Province].

Objective: To study the complete genome characterization of Human Astrovirus (HAstV) in Shandong Province. Methods: Stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2022 were collected, and HAstV nucleic acid was examined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted for the positive samples to obtain complete genome sequences and identify the genotype. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed by using BioEdit and Mega software. Results: A total of 667 samples were examined by qPCR, of which 14 were HAstV-positive (2.1%), including HAstV-1 (n=6), MLB1 (n=6), MLB2 (n=1), and VA2 (n=1). The complete genome sequences were obtained from 11 samples. The six HAstV-1 sequences of this study had 98.2% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 87.6% to 98.6% with those from other regions. The four MLB1 sequences of this study had 99.1% to 99.9% nt similarities with each other and 92.2% to 99.4% with those from other regions. The VA2 sequence of this study had 96.0% to 96.3% nt similarities with those from other regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 region showed that the local HAstV-1 sequences were most closely related to Japanese strains, and had distinct topology with phylogenies based on ORF1a and ORF1b regions. Conclusion: The complete genome sequences of 11 HAstV strains are obtained, and the VA2 complete genome is found.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict poor short-term response to recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with growth disorders.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a clinical predictive model for predicting the likelihood of a poor therapeutic response during the first year of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment in children with growth disorders. METHODS: A total of 627 pediatric patients with growth disorders (GHD, ISS, TS, SGA) from The LG Growth Study cohort were evaluated. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were utilized to investigate the association between predictors and the risk of poor rhGH response. Variables were selected using LASSO regression, and multivariate logistics regression models were established. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curves (CIC) were used to assess the predictive model's accuracy and clinical value. The predictive accuracy of the model was validated on the testing set. RESULTS: Two predictive models containing 8 baseline predictors (diagnosis, age, height SDS, bone age minus chronological age, rhGH dosage, distance from mid-parental height in SDS, weight SDS, IGF-1 SDS) and 1 post-treatment predictor (height SDS gain at 6 months) were constructed by multivariate logistic regression analyses. The nomogram was built based on the multivariate predictive model and showed good discrimination and model fit effects in both the training set and the testing set. DCA and CIC analyses presented good clinical usability. CONCLUSION: The clinical predictive model for predicting the probability of poor short-term response of rhGH treatment in pediatric patients with growth disorders is useful and can assist physicians in making clinical decisions.

[Basic immunization of vaccines is fundamental, and booster immunization is the guarantee: Booster immunization and its public health value].

Booster immunization is the following vaccination after a period of vaccine primary immunization schedule in order to maintain immunity against a certain pathogen. In this article, the immunological mechanism of booster immunization is elaborated, and the effectiveness and public health value of booster immunization for common vaccines is discussed. Subsequently, three hot issues of general concern in booster immunization are addressed, and the public health viewpoint that "Primary immunization of vaccines is fundamental, and booster immunization is the guarantee" is emphasized, so as to raise awareness of the importance and necessity of booster immunization as well as to provide scientific evidences for vaccine immunization practice.

[Genetic characteristics of varicella zoster virus in Shandong province from 2020 to 2021].

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in Shandong province from 2020 to 2021. Methods: From April 2020 to December 2021, 85 herpes fluid samples from suspected varicella patients in Shandong province were collected. The qPCR was used to detect viral DNA and screen suspected samples. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ORF22 fragment and ORF38 fragment in positive samples were examined via PCR and Sanger sequencing to identify the viral genotypes. Four SNPs of ORF38 and ORF62 were examined to identify the vaccine and wild-type strains. The sequences were analyzed with Sequencher and MEGA7 software, using the VZV reference strain sequences from GenBank. Results: In the 85 samples suspected of varicella, 80 were VZV positive and wild-type strains belonging to Clade 2. Compared with clade 2 representative strains, the nucleotide and amino acid similarities of ORF22 fragment were 99.5%-100% and 98.5%-100%, respectively. SD20-1, SD20-5, SD20-6, SD20-8, SD20-9, SD20-10, SD20-11, SD20-12, SD20-13, SD20-30 and SD20-31 had a A➝G nucleotide mutation at 37990, causing amino acid change from glutamine to arginine. SD21-1 had a C➝A nucleotide mutation at 38059, causing threonine to asparagine during coding. Conclusions: From 2020 to 2021, all VZV strains in Shandong province are the wild-type strains belonging to Clade 2.

[Analysis on the infection source of the first local cluster epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma variant of SARS-CoV-2 in China].

Objective: To investigate a SARS-CoV-2 epidemic reported in Rongcheng City, Weihai, Shandong Province. Methods: The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive patients and their close contacts were investigated, and the whole genome sequencing and genetic evolution analysis of 9 variant viruses were carried out. An infection source investigation and analysis were carried out from two sources of home and abroad, and three aspects of human, material and environment. Results: A total of 15 asymptomatic infections were reported in this epidemic, including 13 cases as employees of workshop of aquatic products processing company, with an infection rate of 21.67% (13/60). Two cases were infected people's neighbors in the same village (conjugal relation). The first six positive persons were processing workers engaged in the first process of removing squid viscera in the workshop of the company. The nucleic acid Ct value of the first time were concentrated between 15 and 29, suggesting that the virus load was high, which was suspected to be caused by one-time homologous exposure. The whole genome sequence of 9 SARS-CoV-2 strains was highly homologous, belonging to VOC/Gamma (Lineage P.1.15). No highly homologous sequences were found from previous native and imported cases in China. It was highly homologous with the six virus sequences sampled from May 5 to 26, 2021 uploaded by Chile. The infection source investigation showed that the company had used the squid raw materials captured in the ocean near Chile and Argentina from May to June 2021 over the last 14 days. Many samples of raw materials, products and their outer packages in the inventory were tested positive for nucleic acid. Conclusion: This epidemic is the first local epidemic caused by the VOC/Gamma of SARS-CoV-2 in China. It is speculated that the VOC/Gamma, which was prevalent in South America from May to June 2021, could be imported into China through frozen squid.

[Characteristic analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with advanced stage chronic liver disease: a community population-based cross-sectional study in Heping District, Shenyang City (CHESS-LN 2101)].

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and independent risk factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced chronic liver disease among the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population in the Shenyang community, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of T2DM combined with NAFLD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2021. 644 T2DM cases from 13 communities in Heping District, Shenyang City were selected. All the surveyed subjects underwent physical examination (measurements of height, body mass index, neck circumference, waist circumference, abdominal circumference, hip circumference, and blood pressure), infection screening (excluding hepatitis B and C, AIDS, and syphilis), random fingertip blood glucose, controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The study subjects were divided into the non-advanced chronic liver disease group and the advanced chronic liver disease group according to whether the LSM value was greater than 10 kPa. Cirrhotic portal hypertension development was indicated in patients with LSM ≥ 15 kPa. The comparison of multiple mean values among the sample groups was performed by analysis of variance when the normal distribution was met. Results: In the T2DM community population, there were 401 cases (62.27%) combined with NAFLD, 63 cases (9.78%) combined with advanced chronic liver disease, and 14 cases (2.17%) combined with portal hypertension. There were 581 cases in the non-advanced chronic liver disease group and 63 cases (9.78%) in the advanced chronic liver disease group (LSM ≥10 kPa), including 49 cases (7.61%) with 10 kPa≤LSM<15 kPa, 11 cases (1.71%) with 15 kPa ≤LSM<25 kPa, and 3 cases (0.47%) with LSM ≥ 25 kPa. Age, body mass, body mass index, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio, systolic blood pressure, and CAP were all statistically different between the non-advanced chronic liver disease group and the advanced chronic liver disease group (F=-1.983,-2.598,-4.091,-2.062,-3.909, -4.581,-4.295,-2.474, and -5.191, respectively; P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of whether or not there was combined cerebrovascular disease (2=4.632, P=0.031); however, there were no statistically significant differences in terms of lifestyle, diabetes complications, and other complications (P>0.05). Conclusion: Patients with T2DM have a higher prevalence of NAFLD (62.27%) than those with advanced chronic liver disease (9.78%). 2.17% of T2DM cases in the community may not have had early diagnosis and early intervention, and they might have been combined with cirrhotic portal hypertension. So, the management of these patients should be strengthened.

Substrate dependent terahertz magneto-optical properties of monolayer WS2.

Terahertz (THz) magneto-optical (MO) properties of monolayer (ML) tungsten disulfide (WS2), placed on different substrates and subjected to external magnetic fields, are studied using THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). We find that the THz MO conductivity exhibits a nearly linear response in a weak magnetic field, while a distinctly nonlinear/oscillating behavior is found in strong magnetic fields owing to strong substrate-induced random impurity scattering and interactions. The THz MO response of ML WS2 depends sensitively on the choice of the substrates, which we trace back to electronic localization and the impact of the substrates on the Landau level (LL) spectrum. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the THz MO properties of ML WS2/substrate systems, especially the effect of substrates, which can be utilized to realize atomically thin THz MO nano-devices.

70 mJ nonlinear compression and scaling route for an Yb amplifier using large-core hollow fibers.

In this Letter, we investigate the energy-scaling rules of hollow-core fiber (HCF)-based nonlinear pulse propagation and compression merged with high-energy Yb-laser technology, in a regime where the effects such as plasma disturbance, optical damages, and setup size become important limiting parameters. As a demonstration, 70 mJ 230 fs pulses from a high-energy Yb laser amplifier were compressed down to 40 mJ 25 fs by using a 2.8-m-long stretched HCF with a core diameter of 1 mm, resulting in a record peak power of 1.3 TW. This work presents a critical advance of a high-energy pulse (hundreds of mJ level) nonlinear interactions platform based on high energy sub-ps Yb technology with considerable applications, including driving intense THz, X-ray pulses, Wakefield acceleration, parametric wave mixing and ultraviolet generation, and tunable long-wavelength generation via enhanced Raman scattering.

Non-invasive prediction of fetal growth restriction by whole-genome promoter profiling of maternal plasma DNA: a nested case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To predict fetal growth restriction (FGR) by whole-genome promoter profiling of maternal plasma. DESIGN: Nested case-control study. SETTING: Hospital-based. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 810 pregnancies: 162 FGR cases and 648 controls. METHODS: We identified gene promoters with a nucleosome footprint that differed between FGR cases and controls based on maternal plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) nucleosome profiling. Optimal classifiers were developed using support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Genes with differential coverages in promoter regions through the low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data analysis among FGR cases and controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (area under the curve [AUC], accuracy, sensitivity and specificity) was used to evaluate the performance of classifiers. RESULTS: Through the low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data analysis of FGR cases and controls, genes with significantly differential DNA coverage at promoter regions (-1000 to +1000 bp of transcription start sites) were identified. The non-invasive 'FGR classifier 1' (CFGR 1) had the highest classification performance (AUC, 0.803; 95% CI 0.767-0.839; accuracy, 83.2%) was developed based on 14 genes with differential promoter coverage using a support vector machine. CONCLUSIONS: A promising FGR prediction method was successfully developed for assessing the risk of FGR at an early gestational age based on maternal plasma cfDNA nucleosome profiling. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: A promising FGR prediction method was successfully developed, based on maternal plasma cfDNA nucleosome profiling.

Vibrio harveyi isolated from marine aquaculture species in eastern China and virulence to the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea).

AIMS: Diseases of maricultured species caused by Vibrio harveyi are increasing in China and other regions. This study examined the genetic diversity, antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profiles and virulence potential of the V. harveyi isolated from marine organisms farmed in two provinces in eastern China between 2014 and 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 54 V. harveyi were obtained from seven marine species. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprinting revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity among the V. harveyi isolates. There was no significant correlation between ERIC-PCR genotypes and host origins or fish farms. All the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin, and 79·6% to kanamycin. We found that 61·1% of the V. harveyi isolates had plasmid(s) and there were 14 different plasmid profiles. Most isolates from fish hosts (76·5%) contained plasmids; however, 75% of isolates from nonfish hosts lacked plasmids. Experimental infection results showed that isolates with plasmid(s) were more virulent to large yellow croaker than isolates lacking plasmids (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that V. harveyi isolates obtained from animals farmed in the coastal region of east China were genetically diverse. Our results suggest that the virulence of various V. harveyi strains to fish is associated with the plasmids they carry. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: More than 50% of the V. harveyi isolates carried one to 11 plasmids. The plasmid-borne traits of V. harveyi strains might be important for host adaptation and virulence, but they were not associated with susceptibility to the tested antibiotics.

Genomic characteristics of four different geese populations in China.

It is well known that many Chinese goose breeds differ substantially in economic performance, but the genetic changes involved are still poorly understood. This study sequenced 35 individuals from four goose breeds namely Shitou, Zhedong White, Taihu, and Zi with an average sequencing depth of 10× for each individual. Among these populations, SNPs were identified, which clustered the individuals into four distinct genetic groups in accordance with the four breeds. Genomic comparisons among the four goose breeds revealed many candidate genes, as well as pathways that may be associated with meat yield in Shitou geese and laying traits in Zi geese. These findings will enable a better understanding of the artificial selection history of Chinese local geese and provide a valuable resource for future research on the breeding of geese for the economic traits of meat and egg production.

Continuous detection of norovirus and astrovirus in wastewater in a coastal city of China in 2014-2016.

Norovirus (NoV) and human astrovirus (HAstV) are important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. They are comprised of multiple genotypes and attention should be paid to genotype changes or emergence of new genetic variants. To study the prevalence and diversity of NoV GI, GII, and HAstV circulating in eastern China, we conducted a three-year environmental surveillance in a coastal city of Yantai. Thirty-six sewage samples were collected, processed, and examined for the presence of viral genomes by PCR. The results showed that NoV GI, GII, and HAstV were detected in all 36 samples. Six NoV GI genotypes, 11 NoV GII genotypes, and 5 HAstV serotypes were identified; GI.6, GII.17, and HAstV-5 were the most prevalent types, respectively. Persistent existence of NoV GII.17 Kawasaki 308 variant was observed during whole study period. Phylogenetic analysis reflected multiple transmission lineages in local population for both viruses. Our results reflect continuous presence of enteric viruses in sewage, improve our understanding on their molecular epidemiology, and demonstrate surveillance on sewage is an effective approach in understanding the local circulation of enteric viruses.

[Study of R2* value to evaluate regulation of liver regeneration by hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury after partial hepatectomy in rabbits].

Objective: To investigate the effect of R2* value on the evaluation of different degrees of hepatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury (WIRI) and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rabbits. Methods: Thirty healthy adult male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into five groups. Hepatic caudal lobectomy was performed in both the control and the warm ischemia time-dependent variation group. After reperfusion, routine MRI and BOLD MRI scans were performed for each group at 6 h, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d and 30 d, respectively, and then R2* value and liver regeneration rate (LRR) were measured and calculated. After 30 days of scanning, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF - α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were detected in frozen rabbit liver tissues, and the pathological sections were collected. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the changes of R2* value, LRR and its influencing factors at different follow-up time and warm ischemia time in each group. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of R2* value with LRR and various biochemical indexes. Results: The interaction between different follow-up time and warm ischemia time (F = 24.600, P < 0.001) and the single effect of the both on the R2* value had statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The interaction of different follow-up time and different warm ischemia time had no effect on LRR, and the difference was not statistically significant (F = 0.925, P = 0.528), but the difference in the main effect of the both on LRR was statistically significant (P < 0.05). At the same follow-up time, except for the 40-min ischemia group, the R2* values ​​were significantly positively correlated with LRR (3, 7, 14, 30 days after operation, r = 0.510, 0.681, 0.612, 0.541 respectively, P < 0.05). At the same warm ischemia time, the R2* value were significantly negatively correlated with LRR (3, 7, 14, 30 and 40 days after operation, r = - 0.800, -0.852, -0.893, -0.648, -0.853, respectively, P < 0.05). There was no correlation between R2 * value and biochemical indexes at 30 days after operation (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The R2* value may be used for noninvasive and quantitative evaluation of microstructural changes of WIRI and affect liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rabbits. A certain degree of WIRI (≤30 min) after partial hepatectomy can promote liver regeneration in rabbits. Furthermore, as the warm ischemia time prolongs, the promoting effect becomes more pronounced, and if the warm ischemic time exceeds 30 minutes, the promoting effect is significantly reduced.

High energy redshifted and enhanced spectral broadening by molecular alignment.

We demonstrate an efficient approach for enhancing the spectral broadening of long laser pulses and for efficient frequency redshifting by exploiting the intrinsic temporal properties of molecular alignment inside a gas-filled hollow-core fiber (HCF). We find that laser-induced alignment with durations comparable to the characteristic rotational time scale TRotAlign enhances the efficiency of redshifted spectral broadening compared to noble gases. The applicability of this approach to Yb lasers with (few hundred femtoseconds) long pulse duration is illustrated, for which efficient broadening based on conventional Kerr nonlinearity is challenging to achieve. Furthermore, this approach proposes a practical solution for high energy broadband long-wavelength light sources, and it is attractive for many strong field applications.

Objective response of first-line chemotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer translates into survival benefit: an analysis in an independent, prospective clinical trial and a real-world setting.

This study sought to assess whether the objective response (OR, including complete response and partial response) of first-line chemotherapy can predict overall survival (OS) for patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) in both clinical trial and a real-world setting. The survival predictable parameters were assessed in two independent cohorts, the training cohort of 236 patients as part of a phase 3 trial (CBCSG006, Trial registration number NCT0128762) and the validation cohort of 360 patients from the real-world setting. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were applied to explore associations with progression-free survival and OS in the training cohort and then in the validation cohort. OR (OR vs non-OR, HR, 0.438, p<0.001) together with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, disease-free survival, number of metastatic organ sites and platinum-based chemotherapy used as first-line chemotherapy were observed to be independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS), and OR (OR vs non-OR, HR, 0.602, p=0.002) together with ECOG score, disease-free survival, number of metastatic organ sites and previous anthracycline and/or taxane treatment were observed to be independent predictive factors for OS in the training cohort. These predictors were confirmed in the validation cohort. For OR and non-OR group, median OS was 23.72 and 13.83 months in the training cohort (HR, 0.637, p=0.002), and 21.95 and 13.80 months in the validation cohort (HR, 0.608, p<0.001), respectively. By adding OR in the OS predictors, the concordance index (C-index) improved from 0.622 to 0.645 in the training cohort and 0.653 to 0.675 in the validation cohort. PFS and OS of mTNBC can be predicted by OR status with any regimen of first-line chemotherapy in an independent prospective clinical trial and a real-world setting. Therefore, TNBC, not like other subtypes of breast cancer, may be in need of combination chemotherapy or intense chemotherapy to achieve a high response rate for survival.

Effects of atmospheric ammonia on the production performance, serum biochemical indices, and liver RNA-seq data of laying ducks.

1. Ammonia is a toxic gas and an air pollutant of great concern. The effects of ammonia-induced damage in ducks are rarely reported. 2. A total of 176 laying ducks were randomly allocated to one of two groups with four replicates and were exposed to ammonia at 5 ± 5 ppm (low ammonia, LA) or 75 ± 5 ppm (high ammonia, HA), respectively, for 30 days. 3. The results showed that atmospheric ammonia exposure significantly decreased body weight and laying performance (P < 0.05). It significantly changed serum biochemical indices by increasing alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05), and decreasing superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05). Haematoxylin and eosin staining of hepatocytes revealed severe fatty degeneration. Results of RNA-seq analyses revealed that eight genes were significantly up-regulated in the HA group, which were involved in catalytic activity, single-organism metabolic processes, oxidation-reduction processes, and carbohydrate metabolic processes. 4. These results indicated that atmospheric ammonia exposure reduced production performance, affected serum biochemical indices, and led to severe fatty degeneration in the liver of laying ducks. Differentially expressed genes in liver indicated that there were effects of ammonia exposure on the metabolism and detoxification capabilities in ducks.

[Rotavirus gastroenteritis and its vaccination].

Rotaviruses infection is one of the main causes of diarrhea among infants and children in the world, resulting in rotavirus gastroenteritis, which is very harmful and has caused a huge disease burden and no specific drug treatment. This paper reviews the rotavirus etiology, epidemiological characteristics, disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and rotavirus vaccines. RV in group A is the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, people at all ages are generally susceptible to RV, 3 to 24 months infants have the most severe symptoms of diarrhea, RVGE epidemic is seasonal and peaks in winter, increasing RV vaccination can reduce the incidence and mortality of rotavirus diarrhea in infants to reduce the burden of corresponding disease. This article focuses on RV vaccines currently in use and their effect on preventing RV infection, and put forward thoughts and suggestions on technical issues related to the application of RV vaccine in China. Provide support for improving the RV vaccine immunization strategy and Chinese-specific immunization strategy for eventually incorporating RV vaccine into the national child immunization program.

[Molecular epidemiological characterization of group A rotavirus in domestic sewage in Jinan from 2016 to 2018].

Objective: To understand the detection of group A rotavirus (RVA) in domestic sewage and its molecular epidemiological characteristics, and further explore the feasibility and necessity of RVA environmental surveillance. Methods: From 2016 to 2018, we collected domestic sewage samples monthly in Jinan city, and concentrated them via anion membrane adsorption-elution method. Then RNA extraction and RVA VP7 and VP4 coding region RT-PCR amplification were performed. After purification, TA cloning and sequencing, homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis were conducted on the obtained sequences. Results: RVA G gene was detected in 31 of the 36 sewage samples (86.1% detection rate); RVA P genotype was detected in 33 samples (91.7% detection rate). A total of 536 RVA sequences were obtained, of which 225 G-type sequences belonged to 6 genotypes, and the G9 accounted for 92.4% (208/225); 311 P-type sequences were obtained, which belonged to 4 genotypes. The dominant P[8] accounted for 50.1% (156/311), followed by P[4] with 41.8% (130/311). Phylogenetic analysis shows that there were multiple transmission chains circulating in the dominant genotypes G9 and P[8]. Conclusion: The genotype, homology, and phylogenetic characteristics of sequences obtained from domestic sewage in Jinan area were described, which further confirmeing that RVA environmental surveillance is not feasible but also necessary.

[Paying attention to the standardization of visual electrophysiological examination].

Clinical visual electrophysiological examination is a method that can objectively reflect visual function. It has become one of the important methods of ophthalmological examination, and the operation process has strict specifications. This article introduces the history, formulation and content of international clinical visual electrophysiological examination standards, which will help ophthalmologists understand the importance of the standardization of the operation process, so as to better promote and standardize the clinical visual electrophysiological examination in China. ( Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 489-491).