Dunging gutters filled with fresh water in finishing barns had no effect on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica on Brazilian swine farms.

Our aim was to assess the importance of dunging gutters filled with water in finishing barns for the prevalence of pigs shedding Salmonella enterica. Some finishing barns in Brazil are provided with a dunging-gutter system which consists of a continuous water flow at the back of solid-floored adjacent pens. Because there is transfer of faecal material between adjacent pens by water in this system and the faecal-oral route of transmission is so important for enteric pathogens, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of this kind of dunging-gutter system in finishing barns affects the prevalence of slaughter-age pigs shedding salmonella organisms in their faeces. The cross-sectional study was conducted on six farms each having barns with and barns without a dunging-gutter system. Breeding, management, nutritional and seasonal factors were similar in both barns on each farm. The two systems did not differ in prevalence of pigs shedding salmonella organisms. Five S. enterica serotypes were isolated: S. Agona, S. Javiana, S. Rissen, S. Sandiego and S. Senftenberg.

Changing patterns of Salmonella serovars: increase of Salmonella enteritidis in São Paulo, Brazil.

Serovars of a total of 5,490 Salmonella strains isolated during the period of 1991-95, from human infections (2,254 strains) and from non-human materials (3,236 strains) were evaluated. In the studied period, 81 different serovars were determined among human isolates. Salmonella Enteritidis corresponded to 1.2% in 1991, 2% in 1992, 10.1% in 1993, 43.3% in 1994, and 64.9% in 1995 of all isolates. A significant rise on the isolation of this serovar was seen since 1993 linked to food poisoning outbreaks. It is reported also an increase on the isolation of S. Enteritidis from blood cultures, associated mainly with patients with immunodeficiency syndrome. S. Enteritidis was prevalent among one hundred and thirty different serovars isolated from non-human sources. Increasing number of isolation of this serovar was seen from shell eggs, breeding flocks and from environmental samples. It is also reported a contamination of commercial feed stuffs by S. Enteritidis which represents a major concern for Brazilian poultry industry.

Progression of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 strains in São Paulo State, Brazil.

A total of 574 S. Enteritidis strains (383 from human sources and 191 from non-human sources) isolated between 1975-95, in São Paulo State, Brazil, were phagetyped. Among the strains isolated during the period of 1975-92, 80.9% of them belonged to phage type 8 (PT-8), but in 1993 strains of PT-4 accounted for 65.2% of all the S. Enteritidis isolates. In the following years, PT-4 strains accounted for 99.7% and 98.4% of phagetyped S. Enteritidis strains. The results obtained suggested that the current epidemic of S. Enteritidis in São Paulo State is clearly associated with the progression of PT-4 strains.

The role of public health laboratory in the problem of salmonellosis in São Paulo, Brazil.

From 1950 to 1990 a total of 45,862 strains (31,517 isolates from human sources, and 14,345 of non-human origin) were identified at Instituto Adolfo Lutz. No prevalence of any serovars was seen during the period 1950-66 among human sources isolates. Important changing pattern was seen in 1968, when S. Typhimurium surprisingly increased becoming the prevalent serovar in the following decades. During the period of 1970-76, S. Typhimurium represented 77.7% of all serovar of human origin. Significant rise in S. Agona isolation as well as in the number of different serovars among human sources strains were seen in the late 70' and the 80's. More than one hundred different serovars were identified among non-human origin strains. Among serovars isolated from human sources, 74.9%, 15.5%, and 3.7% were recovered from stool, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures, respectively. The outbreak of meningitis by S. Grumpensis in the 60's, emphasizes the concept that any Salmonella serovars can be a cause of epidemics, mainly of the nosocomial origin. This evaluation covering a long period shows the important role of the Public Health Laboratory in the surveillance of salmonellosis, one of the most frequent zoonosis in the world.

[Epidemiologic markers of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella agona]. / Marcadores epidemiológicos de Salmonella typhimurium e Salmonella agona.

Among S. typhimurium and S. agona strains isolated during the period from 1971 to 1987, the biotypes, colicine types and resistance patterns were determined for 734 S. typhimurium and 631 S. agona strains. Among 734 S. typhimurium strains 65 biotypes were disclosed with prevalence of biotypes 1a (28.34%), 1b (29.84%) and 9 bi (18.28). Concerning S. agona, the biotype 1a represented by 87.16%, was the commonest clone among our strains. Although colicine typing added little information to characterize these serotypes, it should be usefull when applied in epidemiological study of outbreaks. It was observed multiply antimicrobial resistance mainly among human strains, particularly from nosocomial origins.

[Food poisoning outbreak caused by Salmonella Enteritidis in the northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil]. / Surto alimentar por Salmonella Enteritidis no Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

A foodborne outbreak which affected 211 persons occurred, in a School, in 1993. The epidemiological data obtained by interviewing the affected and non affected persons sampled showed as predominant symptoms: diarrhoea, fever (77.7%), abdominal cramps (67.7%), vomiting (65.8%), hot-and-cold sensations (54.5%) and headache (44.5%). The median incubation period was of 17 hours, the limits being 3 and 29 hours. The disease period was of from 3 to 4 days. The food concerned was a kind of paté, a mayonnaise mixture prepared with fresh eggs with boiled potatoes that was consumed with bread. The biological material analysis-3 coprocultures, and leftovers of the food revealed the presence of one and the same organism: Salmonella Enteritidis. In the food, the numbers of this bacterium per gram were sufficient to account for the manifestation of the disease (10(4) and 10(5)g). The antibiogram of all th isolates showed the same sensibility pattern. The preparation related to this outbreak suggests the endogenous contamination of the eggs; the cross contamination-the outbreak affected three school periods, as the food was prepared separately for each school period; and the conditions under which the food was kept during the time from preparation to consumption. The observation of the 3 food handlers, by successive coprocultures, for one week, indicates that they were not asymptomatic carriers nor were they affected as a result of this outbreak by the causal bacteria.

Changing patterns of Salmonella serovars: increase of Salmonella enteritidis in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Foram avaliados os sorotipos de 5.490 cepas de Salmonella isolados no periodo, 1991-95, de infeccoes humanas (2.254 cepas) e de materiais de origem nao humana (3.236 cepas) bem como o perfil de sensibilidade aos agentes antimicrobianos de 131 cepas de S. enteritidis (92 de origem humana e 39 de origem nao humana). No periodo estudado, foram determinados 81 diferentes sorotipos. S. Enteritidis correspondeu a 1,2 por cento em 1991, 2 por cento em 1992, 10,1 por cento em 1993, 43,3 por cento em 1994 e 64,9 por cento em 1995. Um aumento significativo no isolamento de S. enteritidis foi verificado em 1993 associado a ocorrencia de surtos de enfermidades transmitidas por alimentos. E relatado tambem o aumento deste sorotipo a partir de hemoculturas, principalmente daquelas oriundas de pacientes com sindrome de imunodeficiencia. S. enteritidis foi tambem o sorotipo prevalente em materiais de origem nao humana, particularmente em ovos, aves (matrizes) e em amostras do meio ambiente. Ressalta-se a importancia da contaminacao, das materias primas, componentes de racao de aves, pela S. enteritidis, o que representa um preocupante problema para a avicultura brasileira

Progression of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 strains in São Paulo State, Brazil

A total of 574 S. Enteritidis strains (383 from human sources and 191 from non-human sources) isolated between 1975-95, in São Paulo State, Brazil, were phagetyped. Among the strains isolated during the period of 1975-92, 80.9 of them belonged to phage type 8 (PT-8), but in 1993 strains of PT-4 accounted for 65.2 of all the S. Enteritidis isolates. In the following years, PT-4 strains accounted for 99.7 and 98.4 of phagetyped S. Enteritidis strains. The results obtained suggested that the current epidemic of S. Enteritidis in São Paulo State is clearly associated with the progression of PT-4 strains.

The role of Public Health Laboratory in the problem of salmonellosis in Sao Paulo, Brazil

No periodo de 1950-90 foram identificadas 45.862 cepas de Salmonella, sendo 31.517 provenientes de infeccoes humanas e 14.345 de materiais de origem nao humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as alteracoes ocorridas quanto a frequencia dos sorotipos isolados neste periodo. No periodo 1950-66, nao houve predominio evidente de nenhum sorotipo; entretanto, no perido 1970-76, com inicio em 1968, a S. Typhimurium passou a ser o sorotipo predominante, representando 77,7 por cento dos sorotipos isolados. Observou-se um aumento significativo da S. Agona, bem como de uma grande variedade de sorotipos. Quanto as salmonelas de origem nao humana, chama a atencao o grande numero (mais de 100) de sorotipos...

Surto alimentar por Salmonella Enteritidis no Noroeste do Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil / Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis in northwest of S. Paulo State, Brazil

Em 1993 ocorreu um surto alimentar em escola, com 211 afetados. Os dados epidemiológicos levantados por entrevista de amostragem de afetados e näo afetados mostraram que os sintomas predominantes foram diarréia, febre (77,7 porcento), dor abdominal (67,7 porcento) e vômito (65,8 porcento), calafrios (54,5 porcento) e cefaléia (44,5 porcento). A mediana de incubaçäo foi de 17 horas, com limites entre 3 e 29 horas. A duraçäo da doença foi de 3 a 4 dias. O alimento consumido foi um tipo de patê, mistura de molho de maionese preparada com ovos crus com batata cozida, passado em päo. A análise de material biológico (3 coproculturas) e de restos de alimentos, revelou a presença do mesmo microorganismo, a Salmonella Enteritidis. No caso dos alimentos, o núnero encontrado desta bactéria por gramo de produto era compatível com a quantidade de células necessária para desencadear a doença (10*4 e 10*5/g). O antibiograma de todas as cepas isoladas revelou o mesmo padräo de sensibilidade. As falhas no preparo de alimento relacionadas com o levantamento indicam a possibilidade de contaminaçäo endógena dos ovos; contaminaçäo cruzada - o surto afetou três períodos escolares, sendo que para cada um o alimento foi preparado em separado - e as condiçöes de manutençäo do alimento após preparo e até o consumo. A observaçäo por uma semana seguida das 3 merendeiras envolvidas, através de coprocultura, näo indicaram que as mesmas fossem portadoras assintomáticas desta bactéria ou que tivessem sido envolvidas no surto em questäo