[Cavernosography]. / La cavernosografia.

Dynamic cavernosography remains today an important step in diagnosis of veno-occlusive impotence, as support to cavernosometry: cavernosometry facilitate the diagnosis and the evaluation of venous-defect, but a contemporary show-timed cavernosography takes many informations about the site of venous-escape; these date allow to perform a correct selective vein ligation or percutaneous procedures, recently introduced in the clinical practice as an alternative or in association with vein ligation. Static cavernous-spongiosography, instead, has many indications in neoplasms and severe malformations.

[Section of the spermatic vein]. / Sezione della vena spermatica.

Surgical treatment of varicocele can be carried out using different techniques. The laparoscopic approach [1-2] represent a new trend that we used to ligate and dissect the spermatic vein in 10 patients, 8 with monolateral left varicocele and 2 with bilateral varicocele. The average time for laparoscopic surgery has been 45 minutes for monolateral varicocele and 65 minutes in the bilateral one. The absence of important complications during and after the operation has allowed to dismiss all patients 48 hours after the surgical treatment. The preferential direction of laparoscopic approach to varicocele is represented by the bilateral form.

[Laser-assisted endoscopic resection: a new surgical technique for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Preliminary results of a study involving 100 patients]. / Resezione endoscopica laser assistita: nuova tecnica chirurgica per il trattamento dell'ipertofia prostatica benigna. Risultati preliminari di uno studio riguardante 100 pazienti.

This study was designed to assess the efficiency of 2 kind of laser prostatectomy devices in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: a non contact technique versus a contact technique versus a contact one. From January 1994 to September 1994, 100 patients were included in a randomized comparison of 2 laser prostatectomy devices with right angle firing laser fibers: a non contact technique with Urolase fiber (Bard) (50 patients) versus a contact technique with Fibertom fiber (Dornier) (50 patients). The Urolase fiber was used at 60 Watts power setting for 60 seconds and administered to each lobe at 2, 4, 8 and 10 o'clock positions. The Fibertom fiber was used by dragging or the so called "painting" technique at 3 and 6 months with 3 parameters: Madsen symptom scores, peak urinary flow rates and post-void residual urine volumes. Operative morbidity rate was 9%. No difference in morbidity between both fibers. No blood transfusion was required in any case. Statistical analysis of the aforementioned parameters shows a p-value of < 0.001 for all parameters. Comparing the 2 different fibers, there was no statistical difference in outcome for any of these parameters. From this study we conclude that the preliminary results achieved, using the Urolase and the Fibertom fiber, are equivocal and interesting. However, a long term follow-up is necessary to evaluate the definitive efficiency of laser prostatectomy and to determine the optimal procedure.

[Orchiopexy]. / Orchidopessi.

The Authors illustrate their experience in the treatment of a case of left criptorchidism using laparoscopic technique associated with traditional surgery (Fowler-Stephens technique) without important complications during and after the procedure. The non palpable testis was located in the peritoneal cavity. The first step consists in a laparoscopic clip ligation of the spermatic vessels with the intent of improve the vasal collateral blood flow. After a 6 months interval, the patient underwent laparoscopic orchidopexy.

Urological laparoscopy: our preliminary results.

From the beginning of urological applications of laparoscopy, this technique has found many clinical indications. In our center, after an experimental training in animals, we performed 48 operations using laparoscopy: 18 pelvic lymphadenectomies (15 for prostate cancer, 2 for bladder tumor and 1 for penis carcinoma), 11 ligatures of the spermatic vein (3 bilateral), 4 orchidopexies, 10 excisions of renal cysts, 4 nephrectomies and 1 adrenalectomy. For cryptorchidism, laparoscopy is a less invasive alternative to surgical exploration; in case of prostate cancer, laparoscopic pelvic node dissection has a lower incidence of complications and requires few days of hospitalisation. The excision of renal cysts by laparoscopy, in case of large symptomatic pathology, is an efficacious operation with low morbidity. In case of nephrectomy for small wrinkled kidneys or severe hydronephrosis, long execution time makes cost/benefit ratio somewhat debatable; adrenalectomy, instead, is easier than nephrectomy and offers many advantages in comparison with traditional surgical approach. All indications will be better evaluated at a later date, with the indispensable learning period and the continuous progress of technical equipment.

[Laparoscopic nephrectomy]. / Nefrectomia laparoscopica.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a new procedure in which the entire kidney is removed introducing it in an Endopouch and, after morcellation pulled out through a 12 mm port. After an initial experimental experience, in our Institute we have performed one laparoscopic nephrectomy for left pyelonephritic kidney and ureteral reflux. The operation required the positioning of 5 trocars and 4 hours for its execution. The discharge of the patient was possible four days after.

[Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy]. / Linfoadenectomia laparoscopica.

7 patients, suffering by prostatic adenocarcinoma in clinical stage B, were undergone to laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy, to obtain a complete staging. The average time of execution of the operation was 180 minutes. The absence of important complications during and after surgical time, within low surgical trauma, has allowed the dismission of patients 48 hours after the operation. The low morbility demonstrated for this technique has allowed the dissection of a number of lymph node to consent an adequate staging.

[Renal cysts resection]. / Resezione di cisti renale.

Six patients with inferior and middle polar renal cysts of 8-15 centimeters of diameter, underwent the resection of the cyst by laparoscopic technique. The operation required an average time of execution of two hours and the positioning of four trochars to consent an adequate access. The absence of important complications during and after the operation has allowed a quick dismission of the patients. The laparoscopic treatment of renal cysts represent a valid choice to traditional surgery and percutaneous needle aspiration.

[Laparoscopic cystectomy: an experimental model of urinary diversion]. / Cistectomia laparoscopica: un modello sperimentale di derviazione urinaria.

During our experimental trial we achieved laparoscopic cistectomies with urinary diversion to prove our manual capability with the reconstructive surgery. We executed, on male pigs, 10 cistectomies with urinary diversion using laparoscopic technique. We performed 5 ureterocutaneostomies on 5 pigs and, in the other ones, 5 ureterosigmoidostomies. During UCS the pigs laid in lateral position, and during USS in supine position. The average time of the operation is going to reduce in consideration of the overcoming of the initial techno-instrumental difficulties and is 60 minutes for cistectomy, 30 minutes for ureterocutaneostomy and 120 minutes for ureterosigmoidostomy.

[100 orthotopic neobladders in men after cystectomy: a 5-year experience]. / 100 neovesciche ortotopiche nel maschio cistectomizzato: esperienza di 5 anni.

Urethral bladder substitution is traditionally suggested to good prognosis cystectomized patients. In our series this diversion was chosen for all but the salvage cystectomized men. Between the 1st of February 1991 and the 30th of April 1996, one hundred consecutive men underwent lower urinary tract reconstruction after radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. An orthotopic ileal neobladder was constructed (in 84 cases according to Kock's technique and in 16 to Studer's technique). Total early complication rate was 29% (29/100), including one perioperative death due to sepsis (mortality rate 1%). 13 patients required surgery (6 retroperitoneal hematomas, 2 wound dehiscences, 1 urinary fistula, 1 lymphocele, 1 rectal-neobladder fistula, 1 rectal-cutaneous fistula, 1 necrosis of the terminal ureter). The late complication rate was 19% (19/100); in 8 cases reparative surgery was required (1 mechanical ileus, 2 bladder neck stenoses, 3 stenoses of the ureteral anastomosis, 2 laparoceles). Four patients were lost at the follow-up; out of the 96 remaining patients only 85 were evaluable for continence: continence during the day was achieved in a period between there to six months in 78 patients (91.7%); night continence was achieved with planned awakenings in 60 patients (70.5%). Eight patients recovered potency, another 7 had successful intercourses after PGE1 intracavernous injection. Renal function based on creatinine value was mildly impaired in 5/78 evaluable patients (6.4%) (peak creatinine 2.8 mg%). In 29 patients tumour progression was observed (29%): 9 pelvic and 20 metastatic. Among the latter 2 urethral recurrences were observed (2%). Twenty-four patients died for metastatic cancer, one for primitive lung cancer, one patient for postoperative septic shock. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 11 patients without complication with an indwelling catheter in the neobladder to avoid drug reabsorption. Four patients showed complete response (2 are alive after a mean of 12 months), 6 were non responders and 1 had a partial response. In our series the ileal neobladder is a feasible method of urinary diversion when urethral cancer involvement is ruled out. Early and late complications are proportionally decreasing with experience and overall continence is satisfactory. The fate of the neobladder depends on both the technique and patient's compliance. Only educated patients can cope successfully with neobladder diversion without major complications. All the patients operated for non salvage cystectomy deserve to be diverted with a continent urethral bladder substitution.

Experimental and clinical urinary diversion.

In order to achieve an appropriate technical experience and explore clinical feasibility of laparoscopic urinary diversion, the authors planned a laboratory experiment. In ten male pigs weighing about 25 kilograms cystoprostatectomy was performed. Ureterocutaneostomy or ureterosigmoidostomy were carried out next. For ureterocutaneostomy a channel was bluntly dissected through the abdominal wall. The ureter was grasped by a clamp passed through the stroma, drawn outside and anstomosed to the skin. Operative time was about 30 minutes. For ureterosigmoidostomy a longitudinal incision of approximately 1 cm was made through the wall of the sigmoid colon in order to reach the mucosa. A very small opening in the angle of the incision was made. A suture was placed in the ureteral tip and secured to the colon wall. Finally, the ureter was covered in its bed with antireflux technique. Operative time was about 180 minutes. Laparoscopic ureterocutaneostomy was also successfully applied in a compromised patient to resolve a particular clinical situation.

Bladder laparoscopic surgery.

The advances made in laparoscopic surgery during the last five years have made possible the performance of a variety of bladder level procedures as suspension of the bladder neck, removal of bladder diverticulum and cystectomy. Laparoscopic bladder-neck suspension is purposed by different Authors as a minimally invasive procedure that can be provide efficacious results as like as open surgery, reducing post-operative disconfort. All different laparoscopic technique provide good results at short-term follow-up. A longer follow-up period is required for the evaluation of the effective efficacy of this treatment. In according with other authors, our experience with laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy demonstrates the feasibility and the potentiality of this technique. Up to now this procedure has been employed in the treatment of diverticula involved in urinary infection or residual urine. At the beginning, laparoscopic cystectomy has been purposed in patients with begin disease; more recently, laparoscopy has been disease; more recently, laparoscopy has been employed for cystectomy in case of bladder cancer. The few cases described demonstrate that the technique is feasible but, until now, laparoscopic cystectomy has been reported just in female patients.