The synthesis of deuteriated tri-tert-butyl phosphine.

The synthesis of deuteriated tri-tert-butyl phosphine is reported. This synthesis is an adaptation of the known procedure for tri-tert-butyl phosphine via a Grignard intermediate.

Synthesis of dibenzylamino-1-methylcyclohexanol and dibenzylamino-1-trifluoromethylcyclohexanol isomers.

The isomers of dibenzylamino-1-methylcyclohexan-1-ol and dibenzylamino-1-trifluoromethylcyclohexan-1-ol have been prepared. The stereochemistry of these compounds was unequivocally assigned through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray analysis. The cis-isomer of 3-N,N-dibenzylamino-1-trifluoromethylcyclohexanol and its derivatives display an unusual conformational behaviour in both solution-phase and the solid-state, where the amino group usually adopts an axial conformation.

Water-Resistant Surface Modification of Hydrophobic Polymers with Water-Soluble Surfactant Additives.

Water-soluble nonionic surfactant, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, C12E5, spontaneously blooms to the surface of spin-cast hydrophobic polyisoprenes, generating hydrophilic surfaces. This system provides a simple model for hydrophilic chemical modification of rubbery polymers that demonstrates surprisingly rich, complex, and unexpected behaviour. The vertical depth profiles were quantified using neutron reflectometry (NR) using a novel procedure to account for undulations in the film thickness. Surface properties were characterized using contact angle analysis and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Despite the low surface tension of the toluene solvent used in film preparation and the low surface energy of the polyisoprene (PI) matrix, NR depth profiles revealed clear evidence of surfactant segregation. This surface layer was typically thicker than a monolayer, but incomplete, yet was remarkably stable with respect to dissolution, even when exposed to hundreds of thousands of times the volume of water required to dissolve all the surfactant on the surface. Despite the apparent resistance to removal from the surface, water exposure does alter the subsequent wettability of the surface, with a hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition occurring after rinsing. Complementary AFM images of these C12E5/cis-PI films showed unexpected strand-like features on the surface of the film, which we attribute to a non-uniform lateral distribution of some of the surfactant. This surface structure becomes more evident after rinsing, and it appears that there are two distinct populations of surfactant on the PI film surface. We conclude that some of the bloomed surfactant exists as layers, which are relatively inert with respect to rinsing or surface modification, and some is laterally inhomogeneous. This latter population is primarily responsible for surface wetting behaviour but is not detected by specular NR.

Development of the Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of alkoxy- and aryloxy-substituted allyl glycinates.

The Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of 3-alkoxy- and 3-aryloxy-substituted allyl glycinates is presented. This [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement route offers direct access to syn ß-alkoxy and ß-aryloxy α-amino acid systems. In particular, N,N-diboc glycine esters rearrange with excellent diastereoselectivities (dr > 25:1). The synthesis of substrates, rearrangement optimization, and a discussion of stereoselection are presented.

Alloxan under pressure-squeezing an extremely dense molecular crystal structure.

The crystal structure of the small organic molecule, alloxan, has been explored using high-pressure neutron diffraction; its already efficiently-packed structure provides a 'chemical head-start' on the pressure experiment. At the highest pressure measured, alloxan reaches a density of 2.36 g cm-3-unprecedented for a C, H(D), N, O-containing organic material of appreciable molecular weight. Its crystal structure is stable until ca. 6.5 GPa above which the sample starts to undergo amorphisation.

Morphology Modulation of Ionic Surfactant Micelles in Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are potentially greener solvents obtained through the complexation of simple precursors which, among other applications, have been investigated in recent years for their ability to support the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules. It is crucial to understand the factors which influence surfactant solubility and self-assembly with respect to the interaction of the surfactant molecule with the DES components. In this work, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used to investigate the micellization of cationic (CnTAB) and anionic (SDS) surfactants in a ternary DES comprising choline chloride, urea, and glycerol, where the hydrogen bond donors are mixed in varying molar ratios. The results show that in each case either globular or rodlike micelles are formed with the degree of elongation being directly dependent on the composition of the DES. It is hypothesized that this composition dependence arises largely from the poor solubility of the counterions in the DES, especially at low glycerol content, leading to a tighter binding of the counterion to the micelle surface and giving rise to micelles with a high aspect ratio. This potential for accurate control over micelle morphology presents unique opportunities for rheology control or to develop templated syntheses of porous materials in DES, utilizing the solvent composition to tailor micelle shape and size, and hence the pore structure of the resulting material.

An integrative toolbox to unlock the structure and dynamics of protein-surfactant complexes.

The interactions between protein and surfactants play an important role in the stability and performance of formulated products. Due to the high complexity of such interactions, multi-technique approaches are required to study these systems. Here, an integrative approach is used to investigate the various interactions in a model system composed of human growth hormone and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Contrast variation small-angle neutron scattering was used to obtain information on the structure of the protein, surfactant aggregates and surfactant-protein complexes. 1H and 1H-13C HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to probe the local structure and dynamics of specific amino acids upon surfactant addition. Through the combination of these advanced methods with fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry, it was possible to identify the interaction mechanisms between the surfactant and the protein in the pre- and post-micellar regimes, and interconnect the results from different techniques. As such, the protein was revealed to evolve from a partially unfolded conformation at low SDS concentration to a molten globule at intermediate concentrations, where the protein conformation and local dynamics of hydrophobic amino acids are partially affected compared to the native state. At higher surfactant concentrations the local structure of the protein appears disrupted, and a decorated micelle structure is observed, where the protein is wrapped around a surfactant assembly. Importantly, this integrative approach allows for the identification of the characteristic fingerprints of complex transitions as seen by each technique, and establishes a methodology for an in-detail study of surfactant-protein systems.

Circadian clock component REV-ERBα controls homeostatic regulation of pulmonary inflammation.

Recent studies reveal that airway epithelial cells are critical pulmonary circadian pacemaker cells, mediating rhythmic inflammatory responses. Using mouse models, we now identify the rhythmic circadian repressor REV-ERBα as essential to the mechanism coupling the pulmonary clock to innate immunity, involving both myeloid and bronchial epithelial cells in temporal gating and determining amplitude of response to inhaled endotoxin. Dual mutation of REV-ERBα and its paralog REV-ERBß in bronchial epithelia further augmented inflammatory responses and chemokine activation, but also initiated a basal inflammatory state, revealing a critical homeostatic role for REV-ERB proteins in the suppression of the endogenous proinflammatory mechanism in unchallenged cells. However, REV-ERBα plays the dominant role, as deletion of REV-ERBß alone had no impact on inflammatory responses. In turn, inflammatory challenges cause striking changes in stability and degradation of REV-ERBα protein, driven by SUMOylation and ubiquitination. We developed a novel selective oxazole-based inverse agonist of REV-ERB, which protects REV-ERBα protein from degradation, and used this to reveal how proinflammatory cytokines trigger rapid degradation of REV-ERBα in the elaboration of an inflammatory response. Thus, dynamic changes in stability of REV-ERBα protein couple the core clock to innate immunity.

Optimized chemical probes for REV-ERBα.

REV-ERBα has emerged as an important target for regulation of circadian rhythm and its associated physiology. Herein, we report on the optimization of a series of REV-ERBα agonists based on GSK4112 (1) for potency, selectivity, and bioavailability. (1) Potent REV-ERBα agonists 4, 10, 16, and 23 are detailed for their ability to suppress BMAL and IL-6 expression from human cells while also demonstrating excellent selectivity over LXRα. Amine 4 demonstrated in vivo bioavailability after either iv or oral dosing.

An Ireland-Claisen approach to beta-alkoxy alpha-amino acids.

A diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen approach to beta-alkoxy alpha-amino acid esters is reported. Amino acid esters of enol ethereal allylic alcohols undergo facile syn-selective [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement via silyl ketene acetals. Substrate synthesis, rearrangement development, stereoselectivity, and product elaboration are discussed.