The effect of antimalarials on the safety and persistence of treatment with biologic agents or Janus kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To test the association of use of antimalarials with the overall safety of treatment in RA patients receiving one or multiple courses of biologic (b)DMARDs or a Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi). METHODS: BiobadaBrasil is a multicentric registry-based cohort study of Brazilian patients with rheumatic diseases starting their first bDMARD or JAKi. The present analysis includes RA patients recruited from January 2009 to October 2019, followed up over one or multiple (up to six) courses of treatment (latest date, 19 November 2019). The primary outcome was the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs). Total and system-specific adverse events (AEs) and treatment interruption served as secondary outcomes. Negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations (to estimate multivariate incidence rate ratios, mIRR) and frailty Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The number of patients enrolled was 1316 (2335 treatment courses, 6711 patient-years [PY]; 1254.5 PY on antimalarials). The overall incidence of SAEs was 9.2/100 PY. Antimalarials were associated with reduced risk of SAEs (mIRR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.68; P < 0.001), total AEs (0.68; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.81; P < 0.001), serious infections (0.53; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.84; P = 0.007) and total hepatic AEs (0.21; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.85; P = 0.028). Antimalarials were also related to better survival of treatment course (P = 0.003). There was no significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular AEs. CONCLUSION: Among RA patients on treatment with bDMARDs or JAKi, concomitant use of antimalarials was associated with reduced the incidence of serious and total AEs and with longer treatment course survival.

Safety of the Methotrexate-leflunomide Combination in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results of a Multicentric, Registry-based, Cohort Study (BiobadaBrasil).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of the methotrexate (MTX)-leflunomide (LEF) combination in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), comparing it with other therapeutic schemes involving conventional synthetic (cs-) and biologic (b-) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi). METHODS: Patients with RA starting a treatment course with a csDMARD (without previous use of bDMARD or JAKi) or their first bDMARD/JAKi were followed up in a registry-based, multicentric cohort study in Brazil (BiobadaBrasil). The primary outcome was the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs); secondary outcomes included serious infections. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score matching analysis (PSMA) were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS: In total, 1671 patients (5349 patient-years [PY]) were enrolled; 452 patients (1537 PY) received MTX + LEF. The overall incidence of SAEs was 5.6 per 100 PY. The hazard of SAEs for MTX + LEF was not higher than for MTX or LEF (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.00, 95% CI 0.76-1.31, P = 0.98). MTX + LEF presented a lower hazard of SAEs (aHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36-0.88, P = 0.01) and infectious SAEs (aHR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.94, P = 0.03) than bDMARDs/JAKi with MTX or LEF. MTX + LEF presented lower hazard of SAEs than MTX + sulfasalazine (SSZ; aHR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16-0.65, P = 0.002). Analysis using PSMA confirmed the results obtained with traditional multivariate Cox analysis. CONCLUSION: In our study, MTX + LEF presented a relatively good overall safety profile in comparison to MTX + SSZ and schemes involving advanced therapies in RA.

Th1, Th17, and Treg Responses are Differently Modulated by TNF-α Inhibitors and Methotrexate in Psoriasis Patients.

Psoriasis is a chronic, recurrent, immune-mediated, hyperproliferative inflammatory skin disease. The role of the adaptive immune system, particularly of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes, has been regarded as prominent in the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, as well as decreased Tregs function. Immunobiological drugs were administered in therapeutic pulses and a few studies evaluate their effects on the immune repertoire. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptive immune profile of patients with severe psoriasis under immunobiological treatment in two time points. Thirty-two psoriasis patients and 10 control patients were evaluated. In the group of psoriasis patients, 10 patients were on anti-TNF and 14 patients on methotrexate treatment, while 8 individuals were not treated. IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, and IL-10 were analyzed. CD4 T cell intracellular cytokines were analyzed. It was observed that stimulation could significantly increase the production of IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 only before anti-TNF pulse therapy. The activation of Th1 and Treg cells after stimulation was significantly higher before anti-TNF pulse. Patients on methotrexate or anti-TNF therapy produced significantly lower levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6. Furthermore, these patients showed a significant decrease in the activated CD4+ T cells. The treatment with immunomodulator or methotrexate modulates the activation of CD4+ T cells, and anti-TNF treatment appears to have a modulating effect on the activation and production of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells.

Concomitância de fibromialgia em pacientes portadores de hipotireoidismo e de alterações tireoideanas em pacientes com fibromialgia / Fibromyalgia concomitance in patients with hypothyroidism and thyroid disorders in patients with fibromyalgia

INTRODUÇAO: a fibromialgia (FM) pode ser definida como uma síndrome dolorosa musculoesquelética não-inflamatória de caráter crônico, tendo como sintomas mais comuns a fadiga e o sono não-reparador. Tais manifestações podem não resultar da FM, mas de outras doenças associadas, como o hipotireoidismo. OBJETIVO: descrever a ocorrência de FM em pacientes com hipotireoidismo, e os casos de hipotireoidismo em pacientes com FM, além de determinar os sintomas associados a essas condições clínicas. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 166 pacientes portadores de FM e 56 com hipotireoidismo. Os voluntários responderam a um questionário para detecção dos principais sinais e sintomas dessas doenças em estudo e foram submetidos às dosagens séricas de hormônio estimulador da tireóide (TSH), tiroxina livre (T4 livre) e anticorpo antitireoperoxidase (a-TPO). RESULTADOS: nos 166 pacientes com FM, foram diagnosticados hipotireoidismo clínico ou subclínico em 35 (21,1 por cento). Dos 56 pacientes portadores de hipotireoidismo, em 36 (64,3 por cento) foi confirmado o diagnóstico de FM pelos critérios do American College of Rheumatology (ACR). Nos pacientes com hipotireoidismo previamente diagnosticado, a fadiga, o sono não-restaurador e a cefaléia crônica foram estatisticamente mais freqüentes naqueles que apresentavam diagnóstico de FM. A rigidez matinal foi mais prevalente nos pacientes com hipotireoidismo sem FM. CONCLUSAO: há que se considerar a presença de manifestações clínicas ou laboratoriais de disfunção tireoideana nos pacientes portadores de FM e de FM em pacientes portadores de hipotireoidismo, para uma melhor abordagem diagnóstica e posterior tratamento dos mesmos.

Síndrome de Evans na evolução da doença de Still / Evans syndrome occurring in Still's disease

Objetivo: Mostrar a importância do diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da síndrome de Evans, ocorrendo como complicação de uma doença sistêmica, a doença de Still. Descrição: Relato do caso da paciente A.L.F.T., 4 anos e 1 mês, com diagnóstico de doença de Still há um ano e cuja evolução, durante sua hospitalização, complicou-se com a síndrome de Evans. Comentário: A síndrome de Evans, ocorrendo no curso da doença de Still, é uma entidade clínica infreqüente, mas importante em termos do prognóstico do paciente. É difícil a distinção dos sintomas dessas enfermidades e a estratégia de tratamento constitui uma urgência.

Manifestações reumáticas da hanseníase: dificuldades no diagnóstico precoce / Rheumatic manifestation in leprosy: pitfalls in early diagnosis

Os autores chamam a atenção para as manifestações osteoarticulares da hanseníase e a importância delas no diagnóstico diferencial com algumas doenças reumáticas inflamatórias. Alertam também para os prejuízos causados ao paciente, quando o diagnóstico etiológico é retardado. Nesse aspecto, são relatados quatro casos de hanseníase que, em seu início, apresentaram manifestações clínicas que mimetizavam algumas doenças reumáticas, ocasião em que o diagnóstico inicial foi de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico em dois casos, artrite reumatóide em um caso e esclerose sistêmica em um caso. Poliartrite incaraterística, rash malar, edema de membros inferiores, eritema nodoso, artralgia generalizada, esplenomegalia e disfagia foram os sintomas e sinais encontrados.