RESUMEN
In Cuba, maternal and child health care is based on the priority granted by the State, the implementation of the National Maternal and Child Health Program and the guarantee of equitable access to health services. This article describes the Cuban experience in this field, as well as its main achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. Among the most relevant results up to 2015 are the reduction of infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate to 4.3 and 5.7 deaths per 1 000 live births, respectively; 5-year survival of 99.4%; more than 10 prenatal check-ups per delivery; 5.3% of low birth weight; 99.9% of institutional births; and being the first country to validate the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS and congenital syphilis. The main challenges are to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding; to reduce anemia due to iron deficiency in children and pregnant women; to reduce overweight in children; to prevent accidents; and to reduce maternal mortality, adolescent fertility rate, and voluntary abortion. Among the lessons learned are the priority given by the State to health, the programmatic management of maternal and child care, the guarantee of universal coverage, the systematic collection of information for decision-making, the integration of sectors and social participation in health. Sustaining and improving the results achieved will contribute to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030.
Em Cuba, os cuidados de saúde materno-infantil baseiam-se na prioridade concedida pelo Estado, na implementação do Programa Nacional de Saúde Materno-Infantil e na garantia de acesso equitativo aos serviços de saúde. Este artigo descreve a experiência cubana neste campo, bem como as principais conquistas, desafios e lições aprendidas. Entre os resultados mais relevantes até 2015 estão a redução da mortalidade infantil e mortalidade em menores de 5 anos para 4,3 e 5,7 mortes por 1 000 nascidos vivos, respectivamente; sobrevivência a 5 anos de 99,4%; mais de 10 exames pré-natal por nascimento; 5,3% do baixo peso ao nascer; 99,9% dos partos institucionais; e seja o primeiro país a validar a eliminação da transmissão materno-infantil de HIV/AIDS e sífilis congênita. Os principais desafios são aumentar a taxa de aleitamento materno exclusivo; reduzir a anemia devido a deficiência de ferro em crianças e mulheres grávidas e reduzir o excesso de peso infantil; prevenir acidentes; e reduzir a mortalidade materna, taxa de fertilidade adolescente e aborto voluntário. Entre as lições aprendidas estão a prioridade dada pelo Estado à saúde, a gestão programática dos cuidados materno e infantil, a garantia de cobertura universal, a coleta sistemática de informações para a tomada de decisões, a integração de setores e a participação social em saúde. Sustentar e melhorar os resultados obtidos contribuirá para o cumprimento da Agenda de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para 2030.
RESUMEN
Anaemia among older people is increasingly recognized as a matter of public health concern. Data from low- and middle-income countries are sparse. We surveyed 10915 people aged 65 years and over (8423 with blood tests) in catchment areas in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Mexico, to assess prevalence and correlates of anaemia and impact on disability. Prevalence varied widely between sites, from 6·4% in rural Mexico to 9·2% in urban Mexico, 9·8% in Venezuela, 19·2% in Cuba, 32·1% in Puerto Rico and 37·3% in Dominican Republic. Prevalence was higher in men and increased with age, but sociodemographic composition did not account for prevalence differences between sites. Standardized morbidity ratios indicated a much higher prevalence in Cuba (173), Puerto Rico (280) and Dominican Republic (332) compared with USA National Health and National Examination Surveys. Anaemia was associated with undernutrition, physical impairments, and serum creatinine. There was an association with greater African admixture in Dominican Republic but not in Cuba. African admixture is therefore unlikely to fully explain the high prevalence in the Caribbean islands, which may also arise from environmental, possibly dietary factors. Given an important independent contribution of anaemia to disability, more research is needed to identify preventable and treatable causes.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/epidemiología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Cuba/epidemiología , Países en Desarrollo , República Dominicana/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Puerto Rico/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Venezuela/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence and incidence of dementia are low in Nigeria, but high among African-Americans. In these populations there is a high frequency of the risk-conferring APOE-e4 allele, but the risk ratio is less than in Europeans. In an admixed population of older Cubans we explored the effects of ethnic identity and genetic admixture on APOE genotype, its association with dementia, and dementia prevalence. METHODS: A cross-sectional catchment area survey of 2928 residents aged 65 and over, with a nested case-control study of individual admixture. Dementia diagnosis was established using 10/66 Dementia and DSM-IV criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants, and genetic admixture in 235 dementia cases and 349 controls. RESULTS: Mean African admixture proportions were 5.8% for 'white', 28.6% for 'mixed' and 49.6% for 'black' ethnic identities. All three groups were substantially admixed with considerable overlap. African admixture was linearly related to number of APOE-e4 alleles. One or more APOE-e4 alleles was associated with dementia in 'white' and 'black' but not 'mixed' groups but neither this, nor the interaction between APOE-e4 and African admixture (PR 0.52, 95% CI 0.13-2.08) were statistically significant. Neither ethnic identity nor African admixture was associated with dementia prevalence when assessed separately. However, considering their joint effects African versus European admixture was independently associated with a higher prevalence, and 'mixed' or 'black' identity with a lower prevalence of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: APOE genotype is strongly associated with ancestry. Larger studies are needed to confirm whether the concentration of the high-risk allele in those with African ancestry is offset by an attenuation of its effect. Counter to our hypothesis, African admixture may be associated with higher risk of dementia. Although strongly correlated, effects of admixture and ethnic identity should be distinguished when assessing genetic and environmental contributions to disease risk in mixed ancestry populations.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Recolección de Datos , Demencia/epidemiología , Demencia/genética , Etnicidad/genética , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Cruzamientos Genéticos , Cuba/epidemiología , Cuba/etnología , Demencia/etnología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Purpose: To determine the relationship between the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of VDR gene and the clinical forms of COVID-19 in Cuban patients. Methods: TaqI polymorphism was determined by the PCR in 104 Cuban patients, who suffered different clinical forms of COVID-19. Results: There was a greater possibility of presenting symptomatic forms [OR = 2.081, 95% CI: 0.243-17.842], even severe [OR = 1.200, 95% CI: 0.217-6.638], related to the tt genotype. Conclusion: There are signs of association between the risk of developing COVID-19 and the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of the VDR gene in the studied Cuban patients.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and sociodemographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. METHODS: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE ε4 genotype. RESULTS: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE ε4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementia prevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE ε4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia.
OBJETIVO: Em uma população miscigenada de cubanos idosos, estimamos a incidência de demência e a associação entre o genótipo da APOE e os fatores de risco sociodemográficos na incidência de demência. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma pesquisa de uma fase (linha de base) de todos os idosos com mais de 65 anos residentes em sete áreas de Cuba (n=2944), de 2003 a 2007. O diagnóstico de demência foi estabelecido de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV e do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi determinado em 2520 participantes. Avaliação da incidência foi conduzida 4,5 anos após a linha de base, a fim de estimar a incidência e associações com fatores de risco sociodemográficos e o genótipo APOE ε4. RESULTADOS: A taxa de incidência de demência foi de 9,0 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95% 7,2-11,3) de acordo com o DSM-IV e de 20,5 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95%, 17,6-23,5) de acordo com o 10/66. Idade avançada, história familiar de demência e genótipo APOE ε4 foram fatores de risco independentes para a incidência de demência de acordo com os critérios do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi associado com a prevalência de demência em estudo transversal, mas o efeito sobre a incidência de demência foi atenuado, e apenas aparente entre aqueles na faixa etária mais jovem. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de demência na população cubana mais velha é relativamente alta, semelhante às relatadas na Europa e América do Norte. O estudo mostra que a relação entre APOE ε4 incidente e demência é mais forte entre os idosos mais jovens e que esta alteração deve de ser considerada em modelos de demência.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN En Cuba, la atención a la salud maternoinfantil se sustenta en la prioridad que le otorga el Estado, la ejecución del Programa Nacional de Atención Materno Infantil y la garantía de acceso equitativo a los servicios de salud. Este artículo describe la experiencia cubana en este campo, así como sus principales logros, desafíos y lecciones aprendidas. Entre los resultados más relevantes hasta el 2015 se encuentran la reducción de la mortalidad infantil y del menor de 5 años a 4,3 y 5,7 fallecidos por 1 000 nacidos vivos, respectivamente; supervivencia a los 5 años de 99,4%; más de 10 controles prenatales por parto; 5,3% de peso bajo al nacer; 99,9% de partos institucionales; y ser el primer país en validar la eliminación de la transmisión vertical del VIH y la sífilis congénita. Los principales desafíos son aumentar la tasa de lactancia materna exclusiva; reducir la anemia por déficit de hierro en niños y gestantes y el sobrepeso infantil; prevenir los accidentes; y reducir la mortalidad materna, la tasa de fecundidad en las adolescentes y el aborto voluntario. Entre las lecciones aprendidas se destacan la prioridad que el Estado otorga a la salud, la conducción programática de la atención maternoinfantil, la garantía de cobertura universal, la recolección sistemática de información para la toma de decisiones, la integración de los sectores y la participación social en la salud. Sostener y mejorar los resultados alcanzados contribuirá al cumplimiento de la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible para el 2030.
ABSTRACT In Cuba, maternal and child health care is based on the priority granted by the State, the implementation of the National Maternal and Child Health Program and the guarantee of equitable access to health services. This article describes the Cuban experience in this field, as well as its main achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. Among the most relevant results up to 2015 are the reduction of infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate to 4.3 and 5.7 deaths per 1 000 live births, respectively; 5-year survival of 99.4%; more than 10 prenatal check-ups per delivery; 5.3% of low birth weight; 99.9% of institutional births; and being the first country to validate the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS and congenital syphilis. The main challenges are to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding; to reduce anemia due to iron deficiency in children and pregnant women; to reduce overweight in children; to prevent accidents; and to reduce maternal mortality, adolescent fertility rate, and voluntary abortion. Among the lessons learned are the priority given by the State to health, the programmatic management of maternal and child care, the guarantee of universal coverage, the systematic collection of information for decision-making, the integration of sectors and social participation in health. Sustaining and improving the results achieved will contribute to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Agenda for 2030.
RESUMO Em Cuba, os cuidados de saúde materno-infantil baseiam-se na prioridade concedida pelo Estado, na implementação do Programa Nacional de Saúde Materno-Infantil e na garantia de acesso equitativo aos serviços de saúde. Este artigo descreve a experiência cubana neste campo, bem como as principais conquistas, desafios e lições aprendidas. Entre os resultados mais relevantes até 2015 estão a redução da mortalidade infantil e mortalidade em menores de 5 anos para 4,3 e 5,7 mortes por 1 000 nascidos vivos, respectivamente; sobrevivência a 5 anos de 99,4%; mais de 10 exames pré-natal por nascimento; 5,3% do baixo peso ao nascer; 99,9% dos partos institucionais; e seja o primeiro país a validar a eliminação da transmissão materno-infantil de HIV/AIDS e sífilis congênita. Os principais desafios são aumentar a taxa de aleitamento materno exclusivo; reduzir a anemia devido a deficiência de ferro em crianças e mulheres grávidas e reduzir o excesso de peso infantil; prevenir acidentes; e reduzir a mortalidade materna, taxa de fertilidade adolescente e aborto voluntário. Entre as lições aprendidas estão a prioridade dada pelo Estado à saúde, a gestão programática dos cuidados materno e infantil, a garantia de cobertura universal, a coleta sistemática de informações para a tomada de decisões, a integração de setores e a participação social em saúde. Sustentar e melhorar os resultados obtidos contribuirá para o cumprimento da Agenda de Desenvolvimento Sustentável para 2030.