Bhargavaea changchunensis sp. nov. isolated from soil in China.

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped (201802YP6T) bacteria was isolated from soil, Northeast of China. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0) and at 0-2% NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbors of strain 201802YP6T were identified as Bhargavaea cecembensis DSE10T (99.52%), Bhargavaea beijingensis ge10T (99.45%), Bhargavaea indica KJW98T (99.45%), Bhargavaea ullalensis ZMA19T (98.81%), and Bhargavaea ginsengi ge14T (98.76%). Levels of similarity among strain 201802YP6T and other Bhargavaea species were lower than 98.76%. GyrB amino acid sequence-based analysis supported the phylogenetic position and also distinguished strain 201802YP6T from the other species of the genus Bhargavaea. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 201802YP6T and B. cecembensis, B. beijingensis, B. indica, B. ullalensis, B. ginsengi were 43.5%, 43%, 32.5%, 30.5% and 20.4%, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain 201802YP6T was 51.23 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) of the draft genome was 87.04% to B. cecembensis DSE10T. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidyllipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (39.91%), anteiso-C15:0 (28.86%), anteiso-C17:0 (6.30%) and C16:0 (6.13%). On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain 201802YP6T represents a novel species of the genus Bhargavaea, for which the name Bhargavaea changchunensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 201802YP6T (= CGMCC 1.13508T = KCTC 33975T).

Systematic analysis of changes across different developmental stages of the mushroom Sarcomyxa edulis.

Sarcomyxa edulis is a widely harvested mushroom of Northeastern Asia. Its development can be divided into six stages: growth of mycelium until occupying half the bag (B1), mycelium under low-temperature stimulation after occupying the entire bag (B2), appearance of mycelium in primordia (B3), primordia (B4), mycelium at the harvest stage (B5), and mature fruiting body (B6). Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) are important bioinformatic methods for screening key genes. To explore the growth and development mechanisms of the mushroom S. edulis and clarify its genetic background, DEG and WGCNA analyses were combined to screen key genes at different developmental stages. From A1 to A6, respectively, 459, 97, 885, 169, 277, and 712 key genes were identified. Then the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways of key genes were analyzed, and GO and KEGG analyses were performed on all genes across different periods using GSEA. In summary, the genes in A1 were mainly involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, structural molecule activity, and oxidative phosphorylation. At the A2 stage, genes were mainly involved in peptidase activity, peroxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity, antioxidant activity, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. A3 genes were involved in gene expression, RNA metabolism, spliceosome, RNA transport, and ribosome biogenesis. A4 genes were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, proteasome complex, cellular protein complex assembly, actin filament-based processes, oxidative phosphorylation, and carbon metabolism. The A5 stage genes were involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, polysaccharide metabolic process, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, leucine, isoleucine, and ABC transporters. Finally, A6 genes were mainly involved in the cell cycle, meiosis of yeast, MAPK signaling pathway, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus, DNA metabolic process, DNA replication, and DNA repair. The combination of multiple analyses provides us with an in-depth understanding of the network that regulates mushroom development.

Comparative transcriptome and WGCNA reveal key genes involved in lignocellulose degradation in Sarcomyxa edulis.

The developmental transcriptomes of Sarcomyxa edulis were assessed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying lignocellulose degradation. Six stages were analyzed, spanning the entire developmental process: growth of mycelium until occupying half the bag (B1), mycelium under low-temperature stimulation after occupying the entire bag (B2), appearance of mycelium in primordia (B3), primordia (B4), mycelium at the harvest stage (B5), and mature fruiting body (B6). Samples from all six developmental stages were used for transcriptome sequencing, with three biological replicates for all experiments. A co-expression network of weighted genes associated with extracellular enzyme physiological traits was constructed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We obtained 19 gene co-expression modules significantly associated with lignocellulose degradation. In addition, 12 key genes and 8 kinds of TF families involved in lignocellulose degradation pathways were discovered from the four modules that exhibited the highest correlation with the target traits. These results provide new insights that advance our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of lignocellulose degradation in S. edulis to facilitate its utilization by the edible mushroom industry.

Taxonomy and control of Trichoderma hymenopellicola sp. nov. responsible for the first green mold disease on Hymenopellis raphanipes.

Trichoderma spp. are a group of widespread fungi with important applications in many aspects of human life, but they are also pathogens that cause green mold disease on mushrooms. During a survey of mushroom cultivation in Guizhou, China, five strains of Trichoderma from three different localities were isolated from soil in mushroom bags of Hymenopellis raphanipes. The typical morphology of having gregarious, reddish stromata and gregarious phialides and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on a combined dataset of RPB2, TEF, and ITS gene sequences demonstrated that these green-spored Trichoderma belong to a new taxon, Trichoderma hymenopellicola. Pathogenicity tests by covering fungal mycelial blocks or soil mixed with spore suspension in mushroom bags showed similar symptoms to those in the field, and the same fungal pathogen had been observed and re-isolated from these symptoms, which fulfill Koch's postulates. A primary screening test of nine common fungicides indicated that prochloraz-manganese chloride complex and propiconazole are the top two effective fungicides inhibiting the pathogen, whereas the former was further indicated as a suitable fungicide to control Trichoderma hymenopellicola, with a high inhibition ratio to the pathogen and low toxicity to the mushroom.

Corynebacterium defluvii sp. nov., isolated from Sewage.

A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shapeds, catalase-positive, and oxidase-negative strain, designated Y49T, was isolated from sewage collected from Jilin Agricultural University, China. It grew at 20-40°C (optimum at 30°C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum at 7.0) and at 0-1.0% sodium chloride (optimum at 0%). The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-8 (MK-8) and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, four unidentified lipids, and two unidentified aminolipids. The peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The cell-wall sugars were galactose, arabinose, and glucose. The fatty acids were C9:0, C16:0, C16:1 ω9c, C17:1 ω9c, C18:3 ω6c (6,9,12), C18:1 ω9c, and C18:0. The DNA G+C content was 51.4 mol%. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbors of strain Y49T were Corynebacterium efficiens DSM 44549T (97.5%), Corynebacterium callunae DSM 20147T (97.2%), Corynebacterium deserti GIMN 1.010T (96.8%), Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032T (96.4%), and other species belonging to this genus (92.3-95.4%). The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain Y49T and C. efficiens DSM 44549T, C. callunae DSM 20147T, C. deserti GIMN1.010T, and C. glutamicum ATCC 13032T was 25.5±2.0%, 21.1±1.0%, 16.5±0.5%, and 13.5±0.9%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain Y49T represents a novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the name Corynebacterium defluvii sp nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y49T (= KCTC 39731T =CGMCC 1.15506T).

[Application of near-infrared spectroscopy to postoperative monitoring of flap in plastic surgery].

As a non-invasive technique for the measurement of blood and oxygen in tissue, the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has an increasing application to the postoperative monitoring of plastic surgery. In authorial research, a set of NIRS oximeter has been used in 6 successful flap-transplantation operations to monitor and contrast the oxygen saturation in the free flap side and in the normal opposite side. It was found in the research that there is a notable difference in the oxygen saturation between those two sides. Another research has been done in an unsuccessful operation. In this experiment, several points in the mandible were measured and the result shows that the oxygen saturation is at an obviously lower level in the anoxic position than in the normal ones. In the above several researches, near infrared spectroscopy showed a high sensitivity to detect the dynamic changes in flaps induced by inhalation of pure oxygen. Therefore, NIRS can be a valuable aid in the post-operative monitoring of free flap after the operation, and must have a great practical future in this field.

Inhibitory and Acceleratory Effects of Inonotus obliquus on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Formation in B16 Melanoma Cells.

The aim of the present study is to preliminarily investigate the antimelanogenesis effect of Inonotus obliquus extracts by cell-free mushroom tyrosinase assay. It was found that petroleum ether and n-butanol extracts might contain unknown potential tyrosinase inhibitors, while its ethyl acetate extract might contain some unknown accelerators. Six compounds were isolated and their structures were identified by interpretation of NMR data and nicotinic acid was first discovered in Inonotus obliquus. In cells testing, betulin and trametenolic acid decreased tyrosinase activity and melanin content, while inotodiol and lanosterol significantly increased tyrosinase activity and melanin content, showing an AC⁡50 of 9.74 and 8.43 µM, respectively. Nicotinie acid, 3ß,22,25-trihydroxy-lanosta-8-ene, had a little or no effect on tyrosinase. Betulin exhibited a mode of noncompetitive inhibition with a K I = K IS of 0.4 µM on tyrosinase activity showing an IC50 of 5.13 µM and being more effective than kojic acid (6.43 µM), and trametenolic acid exhibited a mode of mixed inhibition with a K I of 0.9 µM, K IS of 0.5 µM, and an IC50 of 7.25 µM. We proposed betulin and trametenolic acid as a new candidate of potent tyrosinase inhibitors and inotodiol and lanosterol as accelerators that could be used as therapeutic agent.