RESUMEN
Rifampicin (RIF) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is also a first-line drug for treating tuberculosis (TB). Based on the naphthyl ring structure of RIF this study synthesized 16 narrow-spectrum antimicrobial molecules that were specifically anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The most potent candidate was 2-((6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl) methylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (compound 3c) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/mL against Mtb. Synergistic anti-Mtb test indicated that none of the combinations of 3c with the major anti-TB drugs are antagonistic. Consistent with RIF, compound 3c induced large amounts of reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cells of Mtb. The killing kinetics of compound 3c and RIF are very similar. Furthermore, molecular docking showed that compound 3c was able to access the RIF binding pocket of the ß subunit of Mtb RNA polymerase (RNAP). Experiments in mice showed that compound 3c increased the variety of intestinal flora in mice, while RIF significantly decreased the diversity of intestinal flora in mice. In addition, compound 3c is non-toxic to animal cells with a selection index (SI) much more than 10. The evidence from this study suggests that the further development of 3c could contribute to the development of novel drug for TB treatment.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Tuberculosis , Animales , Ratones , Rifampin/farmacología , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The rise of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has extended the duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment and reduced the likelihood of cure. One strategy to combat this issue is the development of inhibitors targeting the virulence factors of bacterial pathogens. Mtb' catalase (KatG) is crucial for its detoxification mechanisms and also serves as a significant virulence factor for the bacterium. In this study, twelve derivatives synthesized from 5-fluoropyridine and benzo[b]thiophene demonstrated antimycobacterial efficacy with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varying between 0.5 and 32 µg/mL. Compound 2, 2-(benzo[b]thiophene-2-ylmethylene) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide, emerged as the most potent candidate. It effectively inhibited Mtb KatG. Molecular docking revealed that compound 2 binds to the active site of Mtb-KatG with docking score of 114. The rabbit skin tuberculosis model was employed to assess the virulence of Mtb. Animal study results indicated that the granulomas induced by Mtb after treatment with compound 2 were reduced in size, exhibited a lower bacterial load, and the bacteria were no longer aggregated, in contrast to those caused by untreated Mtb. Hence, compound 2 can be regarded as a molecule capable of neutralizing the virulence factors of Mtb. This research offers insights into the design of anti-Mtb molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
RESUMEN
Astragaloside IV (AST) has been confirmed to have antiasthmatic effects. However, the underline mechanism is unclear. The study aimed to explore the treatment mechanism of AST based on autophagy of memory T cells. AST treatment significantly decreased the number of T effector cells in asthma mice blood and the nude mice that received AST-treated TCMs had relieved inflammation compared with the untreated group; meanwhile, we found that AST significantly decreased the autophagy level and inhibited OX40/OX40L signal pathway of lymphocytes. The results highlighted that AST regulated autophagy to inhibit differentiation of effector T-cell phenotype.
Asunto(s)
Asma , Autofagia , Inflamación , Saponinas , Linfocitos T , Triterpenos , Animales , Saponinas/farmacología , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/química , Ratones , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones Desnudos , Estructura Molecular , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB CRESUMEN
This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the application of the mycorrhizal planting technology of Dendrobium officinale by investigating the effects of mycorrhizal planting on the fingerprints of D. officinale and the content of six chemical components. Seventeen samples of D. officinale under mycorrhizal and conventional planting were collected from four regions, such as Jinhua of Zhejiang. The HPLC fingerprints were established to evaluate the similarity of the samples. The content of six chemical components of the samples was determined by HPLC. There were 15 common peaks in the fingerprints, and five of them were identified by marker compounds, which were naringenin, 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl, 3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl, 3',4-dihydroxy-3,5'-dimethoxybibenzyl(gigantol), and 3,4-dihydroxy-4',5-dimethoxybibenzyl(DDB-2). The similarities of the fingerprints of mycorrhizal and conventional planting samples and the control fingerprint were in the ranges of 0.733-0.936 and 0.834-0.942, respectively. The influences of mycorrhizal planting on fingerprints were related to planting regions, the germplasm of D. officianle, and the amount of fungal agent. The content of six chemical components in the samples varied greatly, and the content of DDB-2 was the highest, ranging from 69.83 to 488.47 µg·g~(-1). The mycorrhizal planting samples from Chongming of Shanghai and Taizhou of Jiangsu showed an increase in the content of 5-6 components, while samples from Zhangzhou of Fujian and Jinhua of Zhejiang showed an increase in the content of 1-2 components. The results showed that mycorrhizal planting technology did not change the chemical profile of small molecular chemical components of D. officinale, but affected the content of chemical components such as bibenzyls, which has a good application prospect.
Asunto(s)
Dendrobium , Micorrizas , Dendrobium/química , China , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta PresiónRESUMEN
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a highly prevalent, chronic joint disorder, and it is a typical disease which can develop chronic pain. Our previous study has proved that endocannabinoid (2-AG)-CB1R-GABA-5-HT pathway is involved in electroacupuncture (EA) mediated inhibition of chronic pain. However, it is still unclear which among the 5-HT receptor subtype is involved in EA evoked 5-HT mediated inhibition of chronic pain in the dorsal spinal cord. 5-HT2A is a G protein-coupled receptor and it is involved in 5-HT descending pain modulation system. We found that EA treatment at frequency of 2 Hz +1 mA significantly increased the expression of 5-HT2A receptor in the dorsal spinal cord and intrathecal injection of 5-HT2A receptor antagonist or agonist reversed or mimicked the analgesic effect of EA in each case respectively. Intrathecal injection of a selective GABAA receptor antagonist Bicuculline also reversed the EA effect on pain hypersensitivity. Additionally, EA treatment reversed the reduced expression of GABAA receptor and KCC2 in the dorsal spinal cord of KOA mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that intrathecal 5-HT2A receptor antagonist/agonist reversed or mimicked the effect of EA up-regulate of KCC2 expression, respectively. Similarly, intrathecal injection of PLC and PKC inhibitors prevented both anti-allodynic effect and up-regulation of KCC2 expression by EA treatment. Our data suggest that EA treatment up-regulated KCC2 expression through activating 5-HT2A-Gq-PLC-PKC pathway and enhanced the inhibitory function of GABAA receptor, thereby inhibiting chronic pain in a mouse model of KOA.
Asunto(s)
Dolor Crónico , Electroacupuntura , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla , Simportadores , Animales , Dolor Crónico/metabolismo , Dolor Crónico/terapia , Ratones , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptor de Serotonina 5-HT2A/metabolismo , Receptores de GABA-A/metabolismo , Serotonina/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Simportadores/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study aims to analyze the variation of the content of mineral elements in stems and leaves of Dendrobium officinale cultivated with conventional method and mycorrhizal fungi, which is expected to lay a basis for safety of stems and leaves of D. officinale. A total of 7 samples from Jiangsu, Fujian, Shanghai, and Zhejiang were collected, which were then cultivated with conventional method and mycorrhizal fungi, separately. The content of 17 mineral elements in stems and leaves was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and the content changes of the mineral elements were analyzed. The health risks of Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in stems were assessed by target hazard quotient(THQ). The results showed that the content of polluting elements in stems and leaves of D. officinale was low, and the content in the plants cultivated with mycorrhizal fungi was reduced. The content of K, Ca, Mg, and P was high in stems and leaves of the species, suggesting that cultivation with mycorrhizal fungi improved the content of other elements irregularly. According to the THQ, the safety risk of stems of D. officinale cultivated with either conventional method or mycorrhizal fungi was low, particularly the D. officinale cultivated mycorrhizal fungi. The results indicated that cultivation with mycorrhizal fungi influenced the element content in stems and leaves of D. officinale. It is necessary to study the culture substrate, processing technology, and the mechanism of the increase or decrease in mineral elements of D. officinale in the future.
Asunto(s)
Dendrobium , Micorrizas , Dendrobium/química , China , Hojas de la Planta/química , Minerales/análisis , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with hydrolyzed yeast (HY) (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) on growth performance, hematological parameters, immune response and antioxidant ability of juvenile Nile tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (32% protein and 4% lipid) with different levels (0%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%) of HY were formulated. Each diet was randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 19.1⯱â¯0.01â¯g). Results indicated that significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) were obtained in fish fed 1% HY diet than that of fish fed 0% HY diet (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Fish fed 0.25% HY diet showed the lowest value of hepatopancreas somatic indices (HSI) and significantly lower than that of fish fed 0% HY diet (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Meanwhile, protein and ash in the whole-body content of fish fed 1% HY diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed 0%-0.5% HY diets. Serum immunological parameters showed that the lysozyme (LZM) activity and Complement C3 content were significantly increased by dietary supplementation of 0.5%-1% HY (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, dietary supplementation with 0.125%-1% HY significantly decreased the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Antioxidant status in serum and liver was significantly enhanced by dietary supplementation of 0.25%-1% HY through the remarkably improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity both in serum and liver, the raised total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) of serum as well as the notably reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). However, T-AOC in the liver was not significantly influenced among all diet treatments (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). Villi height and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEFs) of mid-intestine were significantly higher in fish fed 0.5%-1% HY diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). The challenge test demonstrated the enhanced protection against Streptococcus iniae strain by the obtained higher cumulative survival rate. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1% HY could maintain the better growth performance, nutrient composition as well as immune response and antioxidant capacity for juvenile Nile tilapia.
Asunto(s)
Cíclidos/inmunología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Rhodotorula/química , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cíclidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cíclidos/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Distribución Aleatoria , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Streptococcus iniae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of dietary mixed probiotics on growth, non-specific immunity, intestinal morphology and microbiota of juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Juvenile shrimp (initial body weight 1.21⯱â¯0.01â¯g) were fed diets containing graded probiotics (F1: 0â¯mg/kg probiotics; F2: 1000â¯mg/kg probiotics; F3: 2000â¯mg/kg probiotics; F4: 4000â¯mg/kg compound probiotics; F5: 6000â¯mg/kg probiotics; F6: 8000â¯mg/kg probiotics) for 8 weeks. The result of this trial showed that the growth performance (SGR, WG, FBW) of shrimp fed diets containing probiotics (F2â¼F6) were significantly higher than that of shrimp fed diet without supplemental probiotics (F1) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), and the highest values of the growth performance (SGR, WG, FBW) and lowest FCR were found in shrimp fed the diet containing 2000â¯mg/kg probiotics. Total antioxidant capacity of shrimp fed diet F2 and F3 were significantly higher than that of shrimp fed the basal diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Superoxide dismutase in F4 treatment was significantly higher than that of basal treatment (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Catalase of shrimp in all probiotics supplemented (F2â¼F6) treatments were significantly higher than that of the control one (F1) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Malondialdehyde in F5 groups was significantly lower than that of F1 groups (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Alkline phosphatase and acid phosphatase in F3 treatments were significantly higher than those of the basal one (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Lysozyme of shrimp fed F2â¼F6 were significantly higher than that of shrimp fed F1 diet (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). The lipase and amylase activities in 2000â¯mg/kg probiotics groups showed the highest activities and were significantly higher than that of control one (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Intestinal villi height in F3â¼F6 treatments were significantly higher than that of control one (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Alpha diversity indices including observed species, chao1, ACE and shannon indices showed that F2 and F3 groups had higher microbial diversity in their intestines, both richness and evenness. PCA plot showed that there was a clear shift of F2 and F3 groups from the control groups in microbial community structure. The dominant phyla in pacific white shrimp are proteobacteria, bacteroidetes and actinobacteria, the dominant genus were algoriphagus and vibrio. As the probiotics increased, the gemmatimonadetes, acidobacteria, deltaproteobacteria and xanthomonadales firstly increased and then decreased, with the highest content in F2 group, which was no significant difference to F3 group (Pâ¯>â¯0.05) while significantly higher than other groups (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). In conclusion, the supplement of mixed species probiotics can promote growth performance, enhance the non-specific immunity, influence the microbiota of the pacific white shrimps and the recommended optimum dosage in diet of Litopenaeus vannamei was 2000â¯mg/kg.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Penaeidae/inmunología , Probióticos/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/microbiología , Penaeidae/anatomía & histología , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Penaeidae/microbiología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Aflatoxins, which was produced by Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus fungi during grain and feed processing or storage, could cause severe health problems and reduction of yield during shrimp cultures. To evaluate toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and potential protective effect of Zn(II)-curcumin (Zn-CM), four experimental diets (control, 500 µg/kg AFB1, 500 µg/kg AFB1+100 mg/kg Zn-CM, 500 µg/kg AFB1+200 mg/kg Zn-CM) were formulated in quadruplicate to feed the shrimp for 8 weeks. The results revealed that AFB1 could induce significant decrease in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG, %) and visible variations of the hepatopancreas structures in L.vannamei. Compared with AFB1 group, AFB1+100 mg/kg Zn-CM group significantly ameliorated the toxic effects of AFB1 on growth performance, while AFB1+100 mg/kg Zn-CM group had no effect on growth performance. Dietary AFB1+100 mg/kg Zn-CM enhanced phenoloxidase (PO) (P < 0.05) activity. Both dietary AFB1+100 mg/kg Zn-CM and AFB1+200 mg/kg Zn-CM reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and glutathione (GSH) level, decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) in hepatopancreas compared with AFB1 group. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated that Zn-CM could relieve the microvilli transformation and mitochondria accumulation reduction caused by AFB1. Consequently, the results demonstrated that suitable Zn-CM could mitigate the AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity effects on L.vannamei.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxina B1/farmacología , Curcumina/farmacología , Penaeidae/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Zinc/farmacología , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidad , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Glutatión/metabolismo , Hepatopáncreas/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatopáncreas/metabolismo , Hepatopáncreas/patología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Penaeidae/inmunología , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of dietary Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) on shrimp, Penaeus monodon, first on growth performance, second on the immune response and immune related gene expression of shrimp. In trial 1, shrimp (mean initial wet weight about 3.02â¯g) were fed with five diets containing 0% (basal diet), 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% FSE in triplicate for 60 days. Growth performance (final body wet weight, FBW; weight gain, WG; biomass gain, BG) of shrimp fed FSE diets were higher (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) than that of shrimp fed the basal diet. The survival among all the diets treatments were above 90% and no significant difference was revealed among them (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). The antioxidant capacity (total antioxidant status, TAS; glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px) appears in the trend of firstly increasing then decreasing with the increasing of dietary FSE levels. The highest value of TAS and GSH-Px were found in shrimp fed 0.02% FSE diet and were significantly higher than that of shrimp fed the basal and 0.06% FSE diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Hepatopancreas malondialdehyde (MDA) of shrimp fed FSE diets were lower (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) than that of shrimp fed the basal diet. Total haemocyte count of shrimp fed the basal diet was lower (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) than that of shrimp fed FSE diets. Haemolymph clotting time of shrimp had the opposite trend with the total haemocyte count of shrimp. No significant differences were found in haemolymph biomarkers of intestinal permeability (endotoxin and diamine oxidase) and in molecular gene expression profiles of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) mRNA and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) mRNA in haemolymph of shrimp among all diet treatments (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). In trial 2, a pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus 3HP (VP3HP) injection challenge test was conducted for 6-day after the rearing trial and shrimp survival were also compared among treatments. Survival of shrimp fed diets supplemented with 0.01%-0.02% FSE were higher than that of shrimp fed the basal and 0.06% FSE diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Dietary FSE supplementation produced stronger hepatopancreas antioxidant capacity (TAS, GSH-Px) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) and higher glutathione (GSH) level (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), lower superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), higher total haemocyte count (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), lower haemolymph clotting time (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), lower MDA and carbonyl protein concentration (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), lower haemolymph biomarkers of intestinal permeability (endotoxin and diamine oxidase) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05), generated lower molecular gene expression profiles of HSP 70 mRNA and higher HIF-1α mRNA (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) than the basal diet. The immune response were characterized by lower TAS and higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GSH-Px) and higher oxidative stress level (MDA and carbonyl protein) and higher haemolymph biomarkers of intestinal permeability (endotoxin and diamine oxidase) compared to levels found in trail 1. However, the total haemocyte counts and haemolymph clotting times were not changed in 0.01%-0.02% FSE diets treatments between trial 1 and trial 2 (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). The molecular gene expression profile of Hsp 70 mRNA was increased while HIF-1α mRNA was decreased when compared to trial 1. In conclusion, results suggested that dietary intake containing FSE could enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of P. monodon and furthermore reduce oxidative stress and immune depression challenged by a pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress. Considering the effect of FSE on both growth performance and immune response of P. monodon, the level of FSE supplemented in the diet should be between 0.01% and 0.02%.
Asunto(s)
Forsythia/química , Inmunidad Innata , Penaeidae/fisiología , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hemolinfa/inmunología , Hepatopáncreas/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Estrés Oxidativo/inmunología , Penaeidae/genética , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Penaeidae/inmunología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of dietary macroalgae Porphyra haitanensis on growth, immunity and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei. In trial 1, shrimp (mean initial wet weight about 0.64â¯g) were fed with seven diets (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6) containing 0% (basal diet), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% P. haitanensis in triplicate for 60 days. Growth performance (weight gain, WG; specific growth rate, SGR) of shrimp fed the P4 diet were significantly higher than that of shrimp fed P0, P5 and P6 diets (Pâ¯<â¯0.05) but without significant differences with shrimp fed P1-P3 diets (Pâ¯>â¯0.05). Hepatopancreas phenoloxidase (PO) activity of shrimp fed the P. haitanensis containing diets was significantly higher than that of shrimp fed the basal diet (P0) (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Total haemocyte count (THC) of shrimp fed basal diet (P0) was significantly lower than that of shrimp fed diets containing P. haitanensis. Our results declared that dietary P. haitanensis supplementation increases the abundance of beneficial bacterials such as Nitrosopumilus, Marinobacter or Bifidobacterium and reduces the abundance of harmful bacterias such as Vibrio, and especially pronounced in P4 diet treatment. In trial 2, a WSSV injection challenge test was conducted for 7-day after the rearing trial and shrimp survival was also compared among treatments. A sudden shrimp death was found from the 4th day, and values of survival of shrimp fed the P3-P4 diets were higher than that of shrimp fed other diets during 4-7 days challenge test. The immune response in trial 2 were characterized by higher superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and PO activities, lower THC and higher HCT compared to levels found in trial 1. In conclusion, suitable dietary P. haitanensis could enhance the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and alter total bacterial numbers or microbial diversity of L. vannamei and furthermore reduce oxidative stress and immune depression challenged by WSSV injection stress, and the level of P. haitanensis supplemented in the diet should be between 2.51% and 3.14%.
Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inmunidad Innata , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porphyra , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Acuicultura , Hemocitos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Penaeidae/inmunología , Penaeidae/microbiología , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major transitional metals that have toxic effects on aquatic organisms. To investigate the effects of dietary cadmium on growth, salinity stress, hepatotoxicity in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei) and potential protective effect of Zn(II)-curcumin, five experimental diets (control, 100mg/kg Zn(II)-curcumin, 30mg/kg Cd, 30mg/kg Cd+100mg/kg Zn(II)-curcumin, 30mg/kg Cd+200mg/kg Zn(II)-curcumin) were formulated. The results showed that Cd at 30mg/kg induced significant increase in weight gain, specific growth rate and visible alterations to the hepatopancreas structures of L. vannamei. Compared with control diet, 100mg/kg Zn(II)-curcumin added diet had no effect on growth performance or feed utilization, while healthier hepatopancreas and less plasma ALT, AST production was found. Moreover, 200mg/kg dietary Zn(II)-curcumin significantly ameliorated the Cd induced hepatotoxicity while 100mg/kg dietary Zn(II)-curcumin slightly ameliorated. Cd accumulation in the whole body was decreasing and Metallothioneins like was increasing in hepatopancreas with increasing dietary Zn(II)-curcumin level. The shrimp fed with dietary Zn(II)-curcumin showed higher survival rate after acute salinity change. Therefore, it can be demonstrated that hepatotoxicity and hormesis could be induced by Cd when Cd levels were 30mg/kg, Zn(II)-curcumin could mitigate the effects of dietary Cd on L. vannamei.
Asunto(s)
Cadmio/toxicidad , Curcumina/farmacología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Penaeidae/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Zinc/farmacología , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Cadmio/administración & dosificación , Curcumina/química , Dieta , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Hepatopáncreas/efectos de los fármacos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Metalotioneína/metabolismo , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Salinidad , Zinc/químicaRESUMEN
The effects of oral administration of Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and disease resistance of juvenile tilapia were investigated. Six experimental diets supplemented with different concentrations of B. licheniformis (0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08% and 0.1% of AlCare(®), containing live germ 2 × 10(10) CFU/g) were formulated, viz. control, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 fishes (3.83 ± 0.03 g). After 10 weeks of feeding trial, weight gain (WG), final body wet weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased significantly in groups T2, T3, T4 and T5 compared with control and T1 (p < 0.05). However, survival rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not found to be significantly affected (P > 0.05). Compared with control, dietary B. licheniformis supplementation increased the content of complement C3 in serum significantly (P < 0.05). The lysozyme activity was observed to be highest in T2 (P < 0.05) without differences among other groups. However, SOD activity was not affected by B. licheniformis supplementation (P > 0.05). When tilapia were challenged against Streptococcus iniae, survival rate improved significantly when tilapia fed with T2, T3, T4 and T5 (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant differences in villi length and muscular layer thickness of anterior intestinal among the treatments, intestinal villi of fish fed with higher concentrations of B. licheniformis (T2, T3, T4, T5) tended to be regularly arranged and exhibited less exfoliation, twist and fusion. These results indicated that dietary supplementation of B. licheniformis not only increased the growth, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile tilapia, but also influenced anterior intestinal development and integrity. Furthermore, in our study, the optimal concentration of B. licheniformis in diets for tilapia was greater than or equal to 4.4 × 10(6) CFU/g.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus/química , Cíclidos , Enfermedades de los Peces/tratamiento farmacológico , Probióticos/farmacología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/veterinaria , Streptococcus/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Cíclidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dieta/veterinaria , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the dietary lipid requirement and its effects on liver oxidative status and non-specific immune responses of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Purified diets with five dietary lipid levels (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, fish oil/corn oil = 1:1) were each fed to triplicate groups of grass carp (mean initial weight: 6.57 ± 0.01 g) in a recirculating rearing system maintained at 27.5 ± 0.5 °C for 10 weeks. Percent weight gain was highest (P < 0.05) with 5% lipid and lowest in fish fed the lipid free control diet. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in fish followed the same pattern of percent weight gain. Fish fed with lipid containing diets had better non-specific immune response indexes (e.g. phagocytic activity, plasma peroxidase and lysozyme activity) and low-level of liver oxidation status than fish fed with the control diet. But excess dietary lipid supplement would bring over metabolic burden to liver. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed control diet obtained significantly (P < 0.05) lower survival rate. The survival rate was highest with 7.5% lipid. The results of this study indicated that proper dietary lipid supplementation enhanced the immune response of grass carp and improved the survival rate in the bacterial challenge, but excess dietary lipid may elevate liver oxidation rates of grass carp. Analysis by second-order regression of percent weight gain indicated that the optimal dietary lipid level in juvenile grass carp (6.6-35.5 g) is about 6.5%.
Asunto(s)
Carpas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carpas/inmunología , Dieta/veterinaria , Lípidos/administración & dosificación , Aeromonas hydrophila/inmunología , Animales , Acuicultura , Carpas/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inmunidad Innata , Hígado/metabolismo , Oxidación-ReducciónRESUMEN
Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of honeysuckle on shrimp, Penaeus monodon, first on growth performance, secondly on the immune response of shrimp. In trial 1, shrimp (mean initial wet weight about 3.02 g) were fed with five diets containing 0% (basal diet), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% honeysuckle in triplicate for 60 days. Growth performance (final body wet weight, FBW; weight gain, WG; biomass gain, BG) of shrimp fed honeysuckle diets were higher (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed the basal diet, shrimp fed 0.4% honeysuckle diet showed the highest value of growth performance. Shrimp fed 0.2% honeysuckle diet showed highest value of survival. The total antioxidant status (TAS) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of shrimp fed 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% honeysuckle diets were higher (P < 0.05) than those of shrimp fed basal and 0.1% honeysuckle diets. Hepatopancreas malondialdehyde (MDA) of shrimp fed honeysuckle diets were lower (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed the basal diet. Total haemocyte count of shrimp fed the basal diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed honeysuckle diets. Haemolymph clotting time of shrimp had the opposite trend with the total haemocyte count of shrimp. In trial 2, the shrimp were exposed to air during a simulated live transportation for 36 h after the rearing trial. The antioxidant responses were characterized by lower TAS and higher antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase: SOD, GSH-Px) and higher oxidative stress level (MDA) in the hepatopancreas compared to levels found in trial 1. No mortalities were observed in any diet groups after 36 h of simulated live transportation. The glutathione (GSH) content and TAS of shrimp fed 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% honeysuckle diets were higher (P < 0.05) than those of shrimp fed the basal and 0.1% honeysuckle diets. The SOD activity of shrimp fed the basal diet was higher (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed honeysuckle diets. The GSH-Px activity of shrimp fed the basal diet was lower (P < 0.05) than that of shrimp fed 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% honeysuckle diets but without significant difference (P > 0.05) with shrimp fed 0.1% honeysuckle diet. Moreover, the oxidative stress level (MDA) recorded in the hepatopancreas with shrimp submitted to the honeysuckle diets were lower. In conclusion, results suggested that dietary intake containing honeysuckle could enhance the growth performance of P. monodon and improve its resistance to air exposure during simulated live transportation. Considering the effect of honeysuckle on both growth performance and survival of P. monodon, the level of honeysuckle supplemented in the diet should be between 0.2% and 0.4%.
Asunto(s)
Lonicera/química , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Penaeidae/inmunología , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Acuicultura , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Hemocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemocitos/metabolismo , Hemolinfa/efectos de los fármacos , Hemolinfa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Penaeidae/efectos de los fármacos , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , TransportesRESUMEN
Six oxidized fish oil contained diets were formulated to investigate the effect of graded levels of vitamin E (V(E)) (α-tocopherol acetate: 160, 280, and 400 mg kg(-1)) associated with either 1.2 or 1.8 mg kg(-1) selenium (Se) on growth, body composition, and antioxidant defense mechanism of juvenile largemouth bass. Another control diet containing fresh fish oil with 160 mg kg(-1) V(E) and 1.2 mg kg(-1) Se was also prepared. Over a 12-week feeding trial, about 5 % of Micropterus salmoide fed diet OxSe1.2/V(E)160 showed inflammation and hemorrhage symptoms at the base of dorsal, pectoral, and tail fin. Fish in all treatments survived well (above 90 %). Feed intakes (88.42-89.58 g fish(-1)) of all treatments were comparable. Growth performances (weight gain and specific growth rate) and feed utilization (feed and protein efficiency ratio) were significantly impaired by dietary oil oxidation, and they did not benefit from neither V(E) nor Se supplementation. Regardless of dietary V(E) and Se supplementation, oxidized oil ingestion resulted in markedly decreased hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio. Oxidized oil ingestion also induced markedly lower liver and muscle lipid contents, and these effects could be alleviated by dietary Se supplementation. Dietary oil oxidation stimulated hepatic catalase activities relative to the control, and supplementation of V(E) abrogated this effect. Hepatic reduced glutathione content in the control was markedly higher than that of treatment OxSe1.2/V(E)160, without any significant differences comparing with the other oxidized oil receiving groups. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity and liver Se concentration reflected dietary Se profile, whereas liver V(E) level reflected dietary V(E) profile. Compared with the control, fish fed diet OxSe1.2/V(E)160 obtained markedly higher serum, liver and muscle malondialdehyde contents, which droppe significantly with increasing either V(E) or Se supplementation. In conclusion, the overall results in this study suggested that both V(E) and Se inclusion could protect largemouth bass from the oxidative damage challenged by dietary oil oxidation.
Asunto(s)
Lubina/fisiología , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aceites de Pescado/farmacología , Crecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Selenio/farmacología , Vitamina E/farmacología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Composición Corporal/fisiología , Crecimiento/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Penaeus monodon (mean initial wet weight 1·19 (SE 0·01) g) were fed seven diets in triplicate: a control diet (D1) without carotenoids; three diets formulated to supply 0·1 % astaxanthin alone (D2), 0·2 % astaxanthin alone (D3), and a combination of 0·1 % astaxanthin and 1 % cholesterol (D4); three diets with 0·07 % canthaxanthin alone (D5), 0·13 % canthaxanthin alone (D6), and a combination of 0·07 % canthaxanthin and 1 % cholesterol (D7). Weight gain (WG, %), specific growth rate (SGR, %/d) and survival were chosen as parameters of shrimp growth performance. Total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were chosen as indices of shrimp plasma antioxidant capacity. Meanwhile, digestibility, retention efficiency and tissue carotenoids were also investigated to determine the additive effect of cholesterol on the efficiency of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. After 74 d rearing, WG and SGR of shrimp fed D2-D4 and D7 were higher than those of shrimp fed D1 (P < 0·05). Shrimp fed D4 had the highest survival. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of astaxanthin in D2-D4 were higher than those of canthaxanthin in D5-D7 (P < 0·05). Although ADC of astaxanthin were quite high (>98 %) in D2-D4 and no differences were found among them (P>0·05), the carotenoid retention efficiencies in the whole body, muscle and shell (D2-D3 treatments) were considerably low; however, cholesterol supplementation significantly improved the carotenoid retention efficiencies in the whole body, muscle and shell (D4 treatment). Accordingly, the addition of cholesterol also significantly enhanced the carotenoid contents of tissues. Shrimp fed supplemented carotenoid diets (D2-D7) had higher TAS and lower SOD, ALT and AST than shrimp fed D1 (P < 0·05). A low dissolved oxygen stress test was conducted for 7 d after the rearing trial and shrimp survival was also compared among the treatments. The survival of shrimp fed the diets supplemented with astaxanthin or canthaxanthin was higher than that of shrimp fed D1 during the stress test (P < 0·05). In conclusion, all data suggested that astaxanthin was better than canthaxanthin as the dietary carotenoid source in the commercial diet of P. monodon, and the supplement of cholesterol could positively enhance the efficiency of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin.
Asunto(s)
Cantaxantina/farmacología , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Colesterol/farmacología , Penaeidae/efectos de los fármacos , Penaeidae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Acuicultura , Cantaxantina/química , Carotenoides/química , Colesterol/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Penaeidae/metabolismo , Xantófilas/química , Xantófilas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The invasive pest whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a complex species, of which Middle East-Minor Asia 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) are the two most damaging members. Previous research showed that cabbage is frequently infested with MEAM1 but seldomly with MED, and this difference in performance is associated with glucosinolate (GS) content. Some insects can modify GS using glucosinolate sulfatase (SULF), the activity of which is regulated by sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1); therefore, to increase our understanding of different performances of MEAM1 and MED on cabbage plants, we identified and compared nine putative SULFs and one SUMF in MEAM1 and MED. We found that the lengths of two genes, BtSulf2 and BtSulf4, differed between MEAM1 and MED. The messenger RNA levels of BtSulf4 increased more than 20-fold after MEAM1 and MED adults were exposed to GS, but BtSulf2 expression was only induced by GS in MEAM1. Knockdown of BtSulf2 and BtSulf4 in MEAM1 resulted in a substantial increase in the mortality of GS-treated adults but not in MED. These results indicate that differences in BtSulf2 and BtSulf4 sequences and/or expression may explain why MEAM1 performs better than MED on cabbage. Our results provide a basis for future functional research on SULF and SUMF in B. tabaci.
Asunto(s)
Glucosinolatos , Hemípteros , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Sulfatasas , Animales , Brassica , Hemípteros/enzimología , Hemípteros/genética , Medio Oriente , Sulfatasas/genéticaRESUMEN
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common and disabling condition characterized by attacks of pain around the joints, and it is a typical disease that develops chronic pain. Previous studies have proved that 5-HT1, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 receptors in the spinal cord are involved in electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia. The 5-HT7 receptor plays antinociceptive role in the spinal cord. However, it is unclear whether the 5-HT7 receptor is involved in EA analgesia. The 5-HT7 receptor is a stimulatory G-protein (Gs)-coupled receptor that activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) to stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA). In the present study, we found that EA significantly increased the tactile threshold and the expression of the 5-HT7 receptor in the dorsal spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of 5-HT7 receptor agonist AS-19 mimicked the analgesic effect of EA, while a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist reversed this effect. Moreover, intrathecal injection of AC and PKA antagonists prior to EA intervention prevented its anti-allodynic effect. In addition, GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline administered (intrathecal, i.t.) prior to EA intervention blocked the EA effect on pain hypersensitivity. Our data suggest that the spinal 5-HT7 receptor activates GABAergic neurons through the Gs-cAMP-PKA pathway and participates in EA-mediated inhibition of chronic pain in a mouse model of KOA.
RESUMEN
This study was to explore the impacts of water-soluble chitosan and mixed probiotics on growth performance, intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and immunity and ammonia resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp were fed one of four experimental diets including basal diet (CON), 0.10% water-soluble chitosan diet (WSC), 0.30% mixed probiotics (MP) and 0.10% water-soluble chitosan +0.30% mixed probiotics (SYN) for 8 weeks. Results showed shrimp fed with dietary MP and SYN diets could significantly improve growth performance and feed utilization in comparison with those of shrimp fed with CON diet (P < 0.05). Acetic acid content was significantly higher in shrimp fed with all supplemented diets compared to that in shrimp fed with CON diet (P < 0.05). Compared to shrimp fed with CON diet, dietary WSC and MP significantly influenced the contents and/or activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM) in serum, SOD, malondialdehyde (MDA), acid phosphatase (ACP) in hepatopancreas and SOD and MDA in intestine. In addition, the gene expression levels of prophenoloxidase (proPO), penaiedin 3a (Pen-3a), crustin (Crustin), serine proteinase (SP), GPX and SOD in hepatopancreas, were significantly upregulated compared to those in CON diet at some time points (P < 0.05). Significantly higher survival rate in all supplemented diets were observed after ammonia challenge (P < 0.05). Therefore, the above results indicated dietary WSC and MP or SYN could enhance intestinal SCFAs content, stimulated antioxidant capacity and immune response, and increase the ammonia resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei. Besides, the growth performance was also improved by dietary MP and SYN.