Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation and blood flow during hypoxic gas ventilation therapy in HLHS and CoA/IAA complex with markedly increased pulmonary blood flow.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxic gas ventilation therapy has recently been performed to prevent post-birth increased pulmonary blood flow in cases of congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow. However, how the oxygen supply to the tissues changes during breathing a hypoxic gas mixture, remains unknown. The changes in cerebral oxygen saturation and blood supply during hypoxic gas ventilation therapy using a nitrogen gas mixture were studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cerebral regional oxygen saturation (cerebral rSO(2)) was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, and changes in middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood flow and an index of vascular resistance (RI) were assessed in 8 consecutive patients having congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow. In all patients, urinary volume increased significantly, and the respiratory rate showed a clear decrease. Percutaneous oxygen saturation showed no significant change. The average of cerebral rSO(2) was 67.3% before hypoxic gas ventilation, but increased to 69.4%, 69.1%, and 70.7% within 1, 12, and 24 h after initiation of treatment, respectively. MCA blood flow significantly increased in the diastolic phase, and RI significantly improved from 0.80 to 0.68 within 12 h after initiation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that hypoxic gas ventilation therapy does not decrease cerebral oxygen saturation, but safely improves the cerebral blood supply in cases of congenital heart diseases with increased pulmonary blood flow.

Coronary artery obstruction due to membranous ridge of the right sinus valsalva associated with Tetralogy of Fallot: syncope mimics anoxic spell.

We report an infant with Tetralogy of Fallot who had suffered from repetitive attacks of syncope without obvious cyanosis. Careful observation by means of echocardiography and angiography revealed that the attacks resulted from acute coronary artery obstruction due to membranous ridge covering the sinus Valsalva. Surgical resection of the abnormal ridge and repair of Tetralogy of Fallot successfully improved the patient's symptoms. Syncope in children should be extensively investigated to exclude obstruction of the coronary arteries.

[Anesthetic experience in a case of an adolescent with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with ventricular septal defect].

A 14-year-old girl with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with ventricular septal defect was scheduled for intracardiac repair surgery. Preoperative pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was 85/47 mmHg, and the pulmonary vascular resistance was 8.2 unit.m-2. After the induction of general anesthesia, PAP (75/31 mmHg) remained unchanged and eventually exceeded arterial pressure (AP, 70/30 mmHg). Neither pulmonary vasodilatation therapy with the inspiration of high oxygen concentration nor intravenous administration of vasodilators (ATP or prostaglandin-I2) could decrease the PAP, but resulted in the exacerbation of systemic arterial hypotension. Accordingly, we cancelled the cardiac surgery considering the possibility of lethal postoperative pulmonary hypertension. Eleven days later, lung biopsy under one-lung ventilation anesthesia was performed. During the one-lung ventilation anesthesia, we applied PEEP with 100% of oxygen onto the independent lung in order to avoid pulmonary vasoconstriction. Although mild hypoxemia (SpO2 = 93%) and transient elevation in PAP to 130/80 mmHg (equal to AP) were observed, the biopsy was completed without any major problems. A histological examination revealed pulmonary plexogenic arteriopathy, the complete contraindication to cardiac surgery. In the anesthetic management of adolescent cases with PH, we should consider the existence of extremely severe pulmonary arterial obstructive changes not diagnosed by preoperative hemodynamic evaluations. Careful monitoring of pulmonary hemodynamics and the application of strategies to avoid lethal PH should be considered.

Noninvasive estimation of central venous pressure after Fontan procedure using biochemical markers and abdominal echography.

OBJECTIVES: Patients may develop liver dysfunction, including liver fibrosis, over the long term following Fontan procedure. Therefore, early detection of liver dysfunction is essential to identify those patients who are at risk. We evaluated various laboratory parameters, including liver biochemical markers, hepatic echography findings, and cardiac catheterization outcomes, at an early stage after undergoing Fontan procedure. METHODS: A total of 56 patients who underwent Fontan procedure were included in the study. All patients underwent cardiac catheterization and biochemical markers were evaluated from the samples. Abdominal echography was performed on a subgroup of patients (n = 20) to observe the structure of liver tissues and to measure blood flow in the hepatic vein, portal vein, and hepatic artery. RESULTS: The mean period of time since Fontan procedure was 2.8 ± 2.1 years. There was a significant correlation between venous pressure and serum levels of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and type IV collagen 7s domain, which indicated a high probability of liver consolidation. The other biochemical markers were normal. Stepwise regression analyses suggested that by using the ratio of hepatic venous flow and type IV collagen 7s collagen domain concentration, inferior vena cava pressure can be predicted. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that we can predict inferior vena cava pressure using noninvasive abdominal echography and biochemical markers at an early stage after Fontan procedure.

The role of apelin on the alleviative effect of Angiotensin receptor blocker in unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Apelin is a selective endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, which genetically has closest identity to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT-1). The effects of the apelin/APJ system on renal fibrosis still remain unclear. METHODS: We examined the effects of the apelin/APJ system on renal fibrosis during AT-1 blockade in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. RESULTS: WE OBTAINED THE FOLLOWING RESULTS: (1) At UUO day 7, mRNA expressions of apelin/APJ and phosphorylations of Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the UUO kidney were increased compared to those in the nonobstructed kidney. (2) AT-1 blockade by the treatment with losartan resulted in a further increase of apelin mRNA as well as phosphorylations of Akt/eNOS proteins, and this was accompanied by alleviated renal interstitial fibrosis, decreased myofibroblast accumulation, and a decreased number of interstitial macrophages. (3) Blockade of the APJ receptor by the treatment with F13A during losartan administration completely abrogated the effects of losartan in the activation of the Akt/eNOS pathway and the amelioration of renal fibrosis. (4) Inhibition of NOS by the treatment with L-NAME also resulted in a further increase in renal fibrosis compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that increased nitric oxide production through the apelin/APJ/Akt/eNOS pathway may, at least in part, contribute to the alleviative effect of losartan in UUO-induced renal fibrosis.

Effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on continuous post-inflammatory vascular remodeling late after Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: In Kawasaki disease (KD), it has been clinically and experimentally reported that post-inflammatory vascular remodeling would induce the development of arteriosclerosis or early onset of atherosclerosis in the future. The effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors on continuous vascular remodeling late after Kawasaki disease were clinically evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled and treated a total of 11 KD patients (age range, 7-25 years) with fluvastatin (0.5-0.7 mg/kg/day) for 12 months. All of them had significant coronary aneurysmal or stenotic lesions and more than 3 of the following 5 abnormal findings: reduced %flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD), reduced urinary NOx, elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), reduced urinary 8-isoprostane, and elevated brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV; control, ≤1400 cm/s). RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement was observed in each biomarker after fluvastatin treatment: %FMD, from 9.29% (3.41)% to 10.55% (3.27)% (p=0.003) after 3 months; NOx/creatinine (cre), from 1.16 (0.54) µmol/mg cre to 1.30 (0.50) µmol/mg cre (p=0.038) after 12 months; baPWV, from 1175.4 (277.3) cm/s to 1031.8 (155.6) cm/s (p=0.009) after 3 months; hs-CRP, from 0.073 (0.035) mg/dl to 0.028 (0.014) mg/dl (p=0.0002) after 3 months; and 8-iso/cre, from 751.8 (241.8) pg/mg cre to 660.0 (198.5) pg/mg cre (p=0.018) after 3 months. No adverse events were clinically observed in the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are useful as an alternative therapeutic strategy for stabilizing continuous post-inflammatory vascular remodeling that results in the development of arteriosclerosis late after KD or early onset of atherosclerosis in the future.

Effect of hematopoietic cytokines on renal function in cisplatin-induced ARF in mice.

In this study, the effect of hematopoietic cytokines, i.e., granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), on renal function was studied in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in mice. Treatment with G-CSF significantly ameliorated both BUN and serum creatinine increase induced by cisplatin administration with concomitant alleviation in the degree of necrotic change, enhancement in DNA synthesis, and decrease in apoptosis of renal tubular cells. There was no significant change observed among these parameters following treatment with SCF or with GM-CSF. Serum hepatocyte growth factor level was significantly lower in mice treated with cisplatin and G-CSF compared with that in those treated with cisplatin only. In conclusion, G-CSF, but not SCF or GM-CSF, acts to accelerate regeneration and prevent apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells and leads to reduced renal injury in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in mice.