RESUMEN
Oesophageal cancer is among the ten most common types of cancer worldwide. More than 80% of the cases and deaths related to the disease occur in developing countries. Local socio-economic, epidemiologic and healthcare particularities led us to create a Brazilian guideline for the management of oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) carcinomas. The Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumours invited 50 physicians with different backgrounds, including radiology, pathology, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, genetics, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and clinical oncology, to collaborate. This document was prepared based on an extensive review of topics related to heredity, diagnosis, staging, pathology, endoscopy, surgery, radiation, systemic therapy (including checkpoint inhibitors) and follow-up, which was followed by presentation, discussion and voting by the panel members. It provides updated evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical management of oesophageal and OGJ carcinomas in several scenarios and clinical settings.
RESUMEN
Gastric cancer is among the ten most common types of cancer worldwide. Most cases and deaths related to the disease occur in developing countries. Local socio-economic, epidemiologic and healthcare particularities led us to create a Brazilian guideline for the management of gastric carcinomas. The Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumors (GTG) invited 50 physicians with different backgrounds, including radiology, pathology, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, genetics, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and clinical oncology, to collaborate. This document was prepared based on an extensive review of topics related to heredity, diagnosis, staging, pathology, endoscopy, surgery, radiation, systemic therapy and follow-up, which was followed by presentation, discussion, and voting by the panel members. It provides updated evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical management of gastric carcinomas in several scenarios and clinical settings.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hepatic steatosis is prevalent in obese patients. Although it requires histology for diagnosis, ultrasound may indicate its presence. We evaluated the importance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of steatosis in morbidly obese patients, and considered its clinical relevance for patients with BMI of 35-40 kg/m(2) without co-morbidities. METHODS: 187 morbidly obese patients submitted to bariatric surgery were prospectively studied. All patients had ultrasound before the operation, and hepatic biopsies during the operation, which were compared. RESULTS: The prevalence of steatosis histologically was 91.4%. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing steatosis was 49.1% and 75%, respectively,with a positive predictive value of 95.4%. CONCLUSION: The biopsies found a very high prevalence of steatosis in the studied population. The ultrasound results yielded a high positive predictive value (95.4%), suggesting its use as a diagnostic tool for this co-morbidity in morbidly obese patients. The low sensitivity of the method could be related to the lack of objective criteria for the ultrasound diagnosis of steatosis, and probably, technical problems in performing ultrasound in such patients. We believe that in patients with a BMI of 35-40 kg/m(2) without other comorbidities, the ultrasound finding of steatosis could be of value as an indication for bariatric surgery.
Asunto(s)
Hígado Graso/diagnóstico por imagen , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Índice de Masa Corporal , Hígado Graso/etiología , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Objetivos: Revisar a história da colecistectomia laparoscópica e as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo cirurgiões envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento. Fonte de Dados: Revisão bibliográfica através do Pubmed. Foram analisados artigos selecionados sobre a história dos pioneiros da colecistectomia laparoscópica. Síntese de Dados: A introdução da cirurgia endoscópica na rotina clínica mudou drasticamente o campo da cirurgia. Redução da dor pós-operatória, menor impacto nas funções vitais, menor tempo de internação hospitalar e retorno mais rápido as atividades são algumas das vantagens do método. Entretanto, os pioneiros da técnica foram criticados em uma época na qual o pensamento dominante era: "Grandes cirurgiões, grandes incisões". Conclusões: Atualmente a colecistectomia laparocópica é a técnica de eleição para a remoção da vesícula biliar. Procedimentos minimamente invasivos alteraram o campo da cirurgia. Contudo, levou tempo até serem aceitos na prática dos cirurgiões. O conhecimento das dificuldades enfretandas no passado ajudará no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias.