Experiences of discrimination and self-reported health in Chinese migrants: a structural equation model.

BACKGROUND: Many migrants suffer from discrimination and poor health in China. We sought to examine the associations between experiences of discrimination and self-reported health among internal migrants in China, as well as the mediators of social integration and perceived stress. METHODS: The data was obtained from a specific survey of migrants, as a part of the National Health and Family Planning Dynamic Monitoring for Migrants conducted in 2014. A total of 15,999 migrants aged 15 to 59 years were recruited by a stratified, multistage clustered sampling procedure in eight Chinese cities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted. RESULTS: The results indicated that experiences of discrimination were associated with worse self-reported health (ß = - 0.32, P < 0.001), less social integration (ß = - 0.25, P < 0.001), as well as higher perceived stress (ß = 0.21, P < 0.01). Both objectively measured socioeconomic status (ß = 0.21, P < 0.001) and subjective social status (ß = 0.21, P < 0.01) had significantly positive correlations with self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS: The discrimination, social exclusion and perceived stress experienced by migrants have significant implications on their health.

Mechanism of Water Oxidation Catalyzed by a Mononuclear Iron Complex with a Square Polypyridine Ligand: A DFT Study.

The mononuclear [Cl-FeIII(dpa)-Cl]+ (1Cl) complex containing a square planar tetradentate polypyridine ligand has been reported to catalyze water oxidation in pH = 1 aqueous medium with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a chemical oxidant. The reaction mechanism of the oxygen evolution driven by this catalyst was investigated by means of density functional calculations. The results showed that one chloride ligand of 1Cl has to exchange with a water molecule to generate 1, [Cl-FeIII(dpa)-OH2]2+, as the starting species of the catalytic cycle. The initial one-electron oxidation of 1 is coupled with the release of two protons, generating [Cl-FeIV(dpa)═O]+ (2). Another one-electron transfer from 2 leads to the formation of an FeV═O complex [Cl-FeV(dpa)═O]2+ (3), which triggers the critical O-O bond formation. The electronic structure of 3 was found to be very similar to that of the high-valent heme-iron center of P450 enzymes, termed Compound I, in which a π-cation radical ligand is believed to support a formal iron(IV)-oxo core. More importantly, 3 and Compound I share the same tendency toward electrophilic reactions. Two competing pathways were suggested for the O-O bond formation based on the present calculations. One is the nitrate nucleophilic attack on the iron(V)-oxo moiety with a total barrier of 12.3 kcal mol-1. In this case, nitrate functions as a co-catalyst for the dioxygen formation. The other is the water nucleophilic attack on iron(V)-oxo with a greater barrier of 16.5 kcal mol-1. In addition, ligand degradation via methyl hydrogen abstraction was found to have a barrier similar to that of the O-O bond formation, while the aromatic carbon hydroxylation has a higher barrier.

The moderating roles of bedtime activities and anxiety/depression in the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and sleep problems in children.

BACKGROUND: Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience sleep problems, but the comorbidity mechanism has not been sufficiently studied. This study aimed to determine the comorbidity of ADHD symptoms and sleep problems as well as the moderating effects of bedtime activities and depression/anxiety symptoms on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sleep problems. METHODS: We recruited 934 primary students from third to fifth grade and their parents by stratified random sampling from three primary schools in Shanghai, China. This study used parent-reported versions of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV, Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. We used hierarchical linear regression analysis to clarify the moderating effects of bedtime activities and depression/anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: We found that children with more ADHD symptoms had shorter sleep durations and more sleep problems on weekdays. Screen time before bedtime strengthened the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sleep-disordered breathing. Children with more screen time were more likely to have sleep onset delay, while those with less screen time had more sleep onset problems with increasing ADHD symptoms. The high bedtime eating group experienced more night waking with increasing ADHD symptoms compared with the low bedtime eating group. Anxiety/depression exacerbated total sleep problems and further interacted with ADHD symptoms to predict sleep length and sleep duration problems. CONCLUSIONS: Bedtime activities and emotional problems had important moderating effects on the relationship between ADHD symptoms and sleep problems. These findings indicate that appropriate bedtime management and emotional management may reduce sleep problems and improve sleep duration for children with ADHD symptoms.

Buffering effect of parental engagement on the relationship between corporal punishment and children's emotional/behavioral problems.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has established links between corporal punishment and children's developmental problems, but few studies have investigated the moderating effect of positive parenting between corporal punishment and children's developmental difficulties in detail. This study investigated the buffering effect of parental engagement on the association between corporal punishment and children's emotional/behavioral problems. METHODS: The main caregivers completed the Evaluation of Environmental Stimulation Scale (EES), which is an evaluation of daily parenting behaviors, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which evaluates children's developmental problems. RESULTS: Corporal punishment was associated with worse emotional and behavioral problems in children, whereas parental engagement in games or sports was associated with fewer emotional symptoms. Similarly, parental engagement in homework or housework significantly moderated the association between corporal punishment and children's behavioral problems. CONCLUSIONS: Parental engagement positively moderated the association between parental corporal punishment and children's developmental difficulties. This association varied with child gender.

general psychopathology factor in Chinese adolescents and its correlation with trans-diagnostic protective psycho-social factors.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity in mental disorders is prevalent among adolescents, with evidence suggesting a general psychopathology factor ("p" factor) that reflects shared mechanisms across different disorders. However, the association between the "p" factor and protective factors remains understudied. The current study aimed to explore the "p" factor, and its associations with psycho-social functioning, in Chinese adolescents. METHODS: 2052 students, aged 9-17, were recruited from primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, China. Multiple rating scales were used to assess psychological symptoms and psycho-social functioning. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the fit of models involving different psychopathology domains such as externalizing, internalizing, and the "p" factor. Subsequently, structural equation models were used to explore associations between the extracted factors and psycho-social functioning, including emotion regulation, mindful attention awareness, self-esteem, self-efficacy, resilience, and perceived support. RESULTS: The bi-factor model demonstrated a good fit, with a "p" factor accounting for 46 % of symptom variation, indicating that the psychological symptoms of Chinese adolescents could be explained by internalizing, externalizing, and the "p" factor. Psychologically, a higher "p" was positively correlated with emotion suppression and negatively correlated with mindful attention awareness, emotion reappraisal, self-esteem, and resilience. Socially, a higher "p" was associated with decreased perceived support. LIMITATIONS: Only common symptoms were included as this study was conducted at school. Furthermore, the cross-sectional design limited our ability to investigate causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: A "p" factor exists among Chinese adolescents. Individuals with higher "p" factor levels were prone to experience lower levels of psycho-social functions.

Association between anxiety, depression symptoms, and academic burnout among Chinese students: the mediating role of resilience and self-efficacy.

BACKGROUND: To explore the associations between anxiety and depression symptoms and academic burnout among children and adolescents in China, and to examine the role of resilience and self-efficacy in addressing academic burnout. METHODS: A total of 2,070 students in grades 4-8 were recruited from two primary and three middle schools in Shanghai, completed the Elementary School Student Burnout Scale (ESSBS), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-Chinese (MASC-C), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), with 95.04% effective response rate. Multivariable regression analyses examining the associations between anxiety / depression symptoms and academic burnout (as well as the associations between resilience / self-efficacy and academic burnout) were performed using STATA 16.0 and SmartPLS 3.0. RESULTS: Anxiety symptoms (ß = 0.124, p < 0.01) and depression symptoms (ß = 0.477, p < 0.01) were positively correlated with academic burnout. Resilience partially mediated the association between depression symptoms and academic burnout (ß = 0.059, p < 0.01), with a mediation rate of 12.37%. Self-efficacy partially mediated the associations between anxiety symptoms and academic burnout (ß = 0.022, p < 0.01) and between depression symptoms and academic burnout (ß = 0.017, p < 0.01), with mediation rates of 17.74% and 3.56%, respectively. Resilience and self-efficacy together (ß = 0.041, p < 0.01) formed a mediating chain between depression symptoms and academic burnout, with a mediation rate of 8.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depression symptoms were positively associated with academic burnout. Resilience and self-efficacy were found to mediate the associations partially.

Effects of Mindfulness and Life-Skills Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: China's rapid urbanization has been associated with increased mental health challenges, especially in rural-to-urban migrant children. This study evaluates the effects of mindfulness and life-skills (LS) training on emotional regulation and anxiety symptoms from a randomized controlled trial aimed at improving the mental health of Chinese migrant children. METHODS: Two intervention arms-mindfulness training (MT) and MT plus LS mentorship (MT + LS)-were compared to a waitlist control group of 368 migrant children aged 9-17 years. Volunteers were trained to deliver interventions to 285 migrant children in small groups of 15 for eight weeks weekly. Social integration varied: migrant children mixed with local children at public schools were considered highly integrated, those in migrant-only classrooms at public schools had intermediate levels of integration, and children in private migrant schools had low integration. Emotion regulation and anxiety symptoms were assessed preintervention, postintervention, and three months postintervention. RESULTS: Postintervention and compared to the control group, children with high social integration in the MT arm showed increased cognitive reappraisal ability (p < .05) but higher physical anxiety (p < .01). Children with high social integration in the MT + LS arm had lower anxiety symptoms of harm avoidance (p < .01) and physical anxiety (p < .05). Children with low social integration in the MT + LS arm showed lower cognitive reappraisal (p < .01) and poorer overall emotion regulation abilities (p < .01). Three months later, children with intermediate integration in the MT + LS arm had lower separation anxiety (p < .05) and harm avoidance anxiety (p < .05). No other groups showed significant improvements in emotion regulation or reducing in anxiety symptoms three months postintervention. DISCUSSION: Mindfulness and LS training may benefit Chinese migrant children who have higher levels of social integration but increase anxiety in those with lower social integration. Future research should consider the sociocultural context in which a treatment is implemented.

Self-aware face emotion accelerated recognition algorithm: a novel neural network acceleration algorithm of emotion recognition for international students.

With an increasing number of human-computer interaction application scenarios, researchers are looking for computers to recognize human emotions more accurately and efficiently. Such applications are desperately needed at universities, where people want to understand the students' psychology in real time to avoid catastrophes. This research proposed a self-aware face emotion accelerated recognition algorithm (SFEARA) that improves the efficiency of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the recognition of facial emotions. SFEARA will recognize that critical and non-critical regions of input data perform high-precision computation and convolutive low-precision computation during the inference process, and finally combine the results, which can help us get the emotional recognition model for international students. Based on a comparison of experimental data, the SFEARA algorithm has 1.3× to 1.6× higher computational efficiency and 30% to 40% lower energy consumption than conventional CNNs in emotion recognition applications, is better suited to the real-time scenario with more background information.

ADHD Symptoms and Obesity in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study With Abnormal Eating Behaviors as Moderating Factors.

BACKGROUND: Emerging studies have explored the possibility of ADHD and associated abnormal eating behaviors as catalysts for obesity in children and adolescents. However, results were largely inconsistent. This study aims to explore the effects of ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors (including eating disorders, emotional eating, and bedtime eating) on obesity, and to assess the moderating role of abnormal eating behaviors between ADHD symptoms and BMI in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS: We recruited 546 grade 3 to 11 students and their parents by stratified random sampling from three primary schools and four middle schools in Shanghai, China. This study used parent-reported versions of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV to assess ADHD symptoms, the Eating Attitudes Test and the Children's Eating Attitude Test to assess eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire to collect information about other abnormal eating behaviors at baseline and at a follow-up survey 1 year later. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that ED played a moderating role in the relationship between ADHD symptoms and BMI in addition to age (ß = .003, p = .008). The simple slope test showed that ADHD symptoms positively correlated with BMI ofs in the older age group with a high level of ED symptoms (ß = .16, p < .001). Moreover, the baseline ED symptoms (ß = .03, p = .032) and ADHD symptoms (ß = .12, p = .015) increased the students' BMI one year later after controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study suggest that ADHD and ED symptoms raised the students' BMI separately. Moreover, ADHD and ED symptoms raised the students' BMI separately. Moreover, a combined high level of ADHD and ED symptoms is correlated with students' high BMI in the older age group.

Reliability and validity of an observation-based parent-child interaction rating scale for Chinese children aged 0-6 years.

We examined the psychometric properties of a parent-child interaction rating scale (IRS) in Chinese children. We recruited 346 dyads of children aged 0-6 years (Mage = 2.72 years, SD = 1.52 years) and their caregivers from four cities in China. Parent-child interactions were videotaped in a controlled laboratory and coded by two trained coders. Internal reliability and test-retest reliability were used to measure the reliability of test scores from the IRS in our sample. We performed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the factor structure of the Chinese version of the parent-child interaction rating scale (IRS-C). The third version of the dyadic parent-child interaction coding system (DPICS) was applied to assess the convergent validity of the IRS-C. Test scores from the IRS-C exhibited strong internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20 score 0.855) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.809 over a 1-month interval). Results of confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the five-factor structure for both the child's and caregiver's domains of the IRS-C was suitable for the Chinese sample. Convergent validity in interpretation was also verified with significant correlations between the IRS-C and DPICS. Our findings suggested that the IRS-C produces reliable and valid test scores in the evaluation of parent-child interactions among Chinese children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Association between socioeconomic status and mental health among China's migrant workers: A moderated mediation model.

Mental health problems are prevalent among China's internal migrant workers. However, research on the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health is insufficient. Therefore, this study, utilizing the China's National Dynamic Monitoring Survey data from a sample of 15,997 migrant workers aged 15-59 years to explore differences in the relationship between migrants' objective and subjective SES and mental health status in 2015. Both the mediating effect of perceived interpersonal discrimination and the moderating effect of age were examined through structural equation modeling. The results indicated that subjective SES has a stronger direct relationship with mental health than objective SES. Perceived interpersonal discrimination mediated the association between subjective SES and mental health. Furthermore, a much stronger relationship was found between subjective SES and perceived interpersonal discrimination among migrants older than 24 years of age than younger migrant groups. The results showed that, compared with traditional objective SES indicators, subjective SES could be a more sensitive index for identifying those migrant workers with a high risk of mental health problems. In addition, reducing interpersonal discrimination toward migrants can alleviate their mental health problems. And we should pay more attention to older migrant workers since they are more likely to prone to interpersonal discrimination and mental health issues.

The Reliability and Validation of the Children's Eating Attitude Test among Chinese Samples.

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Children's Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT) in a Chinese sample. A total of 906 children (mean age = 10.55, SD = 1.08) from three primary schools were evaluated by the ChEAT. Factor analysis was performed to examine the factor structure of the ChEAT. The children's body mass index (BMI) was applied to assess the concurrent validity of the ChEAT. The ChEAT showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.819) and split-half reliability (0.816) in Chinese children. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor structure, consistent with previous studies, which explained 41.16% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good construct validity for the Chinese sample. The Chinese version of the ChEAT showed evidence for reliability and validity to evaluate the eating attitudes and behaviors for Chinese children. The mean score of each factor of the ChEAT differed significantly among different genders and BMI groups. Overweight girls had more eating disorder problems than normal-weight girls, and boys with lower BMI showed higher social eating pressure.

The Prevalence of Non-infectious Diseases Among Overseas Chinese Workers in 2018.

Background: With the "Belt and Road" initiative, more Chinese citizens have gone abroad to engage in overseas labor activities. Few studies have investigated the prevalence of non-infectious diseases among Chinese overseas workers. This study seeks to fill the gap and illustrate the relevant diseases in a population of Chinese overseas workers. Methods: The health records of 13,529 Chinese migrant workers (12,917 males, mean age 41.3 ± 8.7 years, and 612 females, mean age 33.1 ± 10.2 years) who visited the International Travel Health Care Center in Anhui province were obtained. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between the prevalence of non-infectious diseases and sex, as well as the association between non-infectious diseases and length of stay abroad. Results: In this study, 34.6% of overseas workers were found to have one or more types of non-infectious diseases. Hypertension had the highest prevalence (9.58%). Hypertension, fatty liver, renal disease and abnormal liver function tests were more prevalent among male workers than among female workers, while anemia and abnormal urinalysis were more prevalent among female workers. The prevalence of hypertension, renal diseases, liver diseases and gallbladder diseases increased with the length of stay abroad. Conclusion: Non-infectious diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases were highly prevalent among Chinese overseas workers. Hence the monitoring of non-infectious diseases needs to be enhanced to reduce China's overall disease burden in the future.

Factors moderating the link between early childhood non-parental care and ADHD symptoms.

INTRODUCTION: There is little known about the association between non-parental care in early childhood and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in preschoolers. Therefore, we examined the association between childcare from grandparents/babysitters during infancy/preschool and ADHD symptoms in preschoolers. METHODS: Using stratified random sampling, we developed a sample comprising 1597 parents of children aged 1.6-7 years who were enrolled in preschool in rural and urban areas of China. Parental reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the preschool version of the ADHD Rating scale-IV. A regression analysis was used to examine the association between childcare from grandparents/babysitters and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS: Childcare from grandparents during infancy was associated with ADHD symptoms in childhood (ß = 1.03, P < 0.0001). Significant associations between grandparental care and ADHD symptoms were also observed in children from families with more than one child (ß = 0.64, P = 0.0035) and children living in rural areas (ß = -0.78, P = 0.0032). A babysitter as the primary child caregiver in preschool was especially strongly correlated with ADHD symptoms in girls (ß = 7.95, P = 0.0042). Moreover, region was strong factor associated with ADHD symptoms without adjustment for the non-parental caregivers' age and education, whereas family income was not strongly associated with ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSION: Non-parental caregiving (i.e., from grandparents or babysitters) in early childhood was associated with more ADHD symptoms in children. Certain characteristics in children, such as female gender and the existence of siblings, were stronger moderating factors than were family income and region.

Infant responses to maternal still face at 9 months predict social abilities at 18 months.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated developmental change and stability in infant responses to the still-face (SF) situation, as well as predictive validity at age 18 months, focusing on autonomy and responsiveness. METHODS: A total of 231 children (117 boys and 114 girls) and their Japanese mothers were observed in a face-to-face SF situation at two infant ages (4 and 9 months), as well as a caregiver-child teaching interaction at age 18 months. Each infant's facial expression, gaze direction, and vocalization were coded according to the SF paradigm, including the Natural Interaction (NI) and SF phases. Each child's Autonomy and Responsiveness to the Caregiver at age 18 months were both evaluated by means of the Interaction Rating Scale. RESULTS: The results indicated that negative facial expression and vocalization in the SF phases at age 9 months predicted the Autonomy rating at age 18 months, while positive facial expression and gaze toward the caregiver in the NI at age 9 months predicted the Responsiveness to Caregiver rating at age 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results are discussed in the context of developmental continuity and change in the children's social cognition and voluntary movements.

The trajectory patterns of parenting and the social competence of toddlers: a longitudinal perspective.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have suggested that the daily emotional interactions between a child and his/her caregiver play a significant role in his/her development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the trajectory patterns of parenting patterns of caregivers raising toddlers affect the social competence of the toddlers. METHODS: The study participants were 246 dyads of 18-month-old children (baseline) and their caregivers, which was conducted as part of a Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) project. We used the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) to evaluate the children's social competence. We assessed the child rearing environments by analyzing the caregivers' responses to the Index of Child Care Environment (ICCE). RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the children's total score on the IRS was significantly related to how frequently they sang songs together with their caregivers. Their score was also significantly related to how closely their caregiver worked with his/her partner in raising the child. These relationships did not change according to demographic information. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm previous findings on the relationship between parenting patterns and children's social competence. In particular, the study shows that varied and continual parenting significantly affects a child's social competence.

Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) as an evidence-based practical index of children's social skills and parenting.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to describe the features of the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) as an evidence-based practical index of children's social skills and parenting. METHODS: The participants in our study, which was conducted as part of a Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) project, were 370 dyads of children (aged 18, 30, and 42 month) and 81 dyads of 7-year-old children with their caregivers. The participants completed the five minute interaction session and were observed using the IRS. RESULTS: The results indicated that the IRS can measure children's social skill development and parenting with high validity. Along with the discriminate validity for pervasive development disorder (PDD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), abuse and maltreatment, a high correlation with the SDQ (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire), and high reliability, the IRS is effective in describing features of social skill development. CONCLUSIONS: The IRS provides further evidence of the fact that in order to study children's social skill development, it is important to evaluate various features of the caregiver-child interaction as a predictor of social skills.

The trajectory of children's social competence from 18 months to 30 months of age and their mother's attitude towards the praise.

BACKGROUND: Praise from caregivers has been shown as an important influence on the development of social competence in early adolescence. However, the effects of praise in younger children have not been investigated. We examined how the trajectory of children's social competence from 18 months to 30 months of age was related to their caregiver's attitude towards the importance of praise at times when their child was 4 months and 9 months old. METHODS: We studied 155 mother-child dyads, whose interactions during play were observed both when the child was 18 months and 30 months old, which was conducted as part of a Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) project. The child's social competence was assessed using the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS). Demographic data was obtained when the child was 4 months old, and the caregiver's attitude towards the importance of praise when the child was both 4 months and 9 months old. A logistic regression analysis controlling for the effects of demographic variables was performed. RESULTS: We found that children who had received continuous praise from their mother when they were 4-9 months of age had a decreased risk of low social competence at 18-30 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: A mother's attitude towards the importance of praise at early stages of her child's development has an important influence on the later trajectory of social competence.

A longitudinal study on social competence development and sleeping habits.

BACKGROUND: It is known that sleep problems impact children's health, learning, and school performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between sleeping habits and social competence development. METHODS: Three hundred and nine caregiver-child dyads participated in this study, which was conducted as part of a Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) project. The caregivers answered some questionnaires about sleeping habits when the child was 9 months and 18 months old. Caregiver-child interaction was observed when the child was 30 months old, and the features of the interaction were examined using the Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) as a measure of social competence. RESULTS: The caregivers' attitude toward sleeping in the 9-month period was found to be significantly correlated with the children's social competence at 30 months. Moreover the caregivers' attitude toward sleeping in the 9-month period significantly correlated with the children's sleeping habits at 9 and 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that the caregivers' attitude toward sleeping is an important factor influencing the development of children's social competence.

Relationship between children's intelligence and their emotional/behavioral problems and social competence: gender differences in first graders.

BACKGROUND: The present study examines gender differences in the correlations between intelligence and developmental problems as well as social competence in first graders. METHODS: Ninety parent-child dyads participated in this study. The children comprised 7-year-olds recruited from the first grade of an elementary school. All the children were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III), Parent-child Interaction Rating Scale (IRS), and the parent report version of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). RESULTS: The findings clarified that the processing speed of boys significantly correlated with their peer relationship. On the other hand, the emotional symptoms exhibited by girls had a more common association with their intellectual abilities. The correlations between parenting and intellectual abilities differed in boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Children's gender should be taken into account when assessing the diversity in their intellectual abilities and developmental problems. Moreover, parenting also influences the development of children in various ways.