Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy Markers in Soleus Muscle Disuse-Induced Atrophy of Rats Treated with Fish Oil.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy pathways are implicated in disuse muscle atrophy. The effects of high eicosapentaenoic (EPA) or high docosahexaenoic (DHA) fish oils on soleus muscle ERS and autophagy markers were investigated in a rat hindlimb suspension (HS) atrophy model. Adult Wistar male rats received daily by gavage supplementation (0.3 mL per 100 g b.w.) of mineral oil or high EPA or high DHA fish oils (FOs) for two weeks. Afterward, the rats were subjected to HS and the respective treatments concomitantly for an additional two-week period. After four weeks, we evaluated ERS and autophagy markers in the soleus muscle. Results were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. Gastrocnemius muscle ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids (FAs) ratio was decreased by both FOs indicating the tissue incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids. HS altered (p < 0.05) the protein content (decreasing total p38 and BiP and increasing p-JNK2/total JNK2 ratio, and caspase 3) and gene expressions (decreasing BiP and increasing IRE1 and PERK) of ERS and autophagy (decreasing Beclin and increasing LC3 and ATG14) markers in soleus. Both FOs attenuated (p < 0.05) the increase in PERK and ATG14 expressions induced by HS. Thus, both FOs could potentially attenuate ERS and autophagy in skeletal muscles undergoing atrophy.

Effect of olive oil-based emulsion on human lymphocyte and neutrophil death.

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of lipid emulsions in parenteral diets is a requirement for energy and essential fatty acid supply to critically ill patients. The most frequently used IV lipid emulsions (LE) are composed with long-chain triacylglycerols rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from soybean oil, but these LE promote lymphocyte and neutrophil death. A new emulsion containing 20% soybean oil and 80% olive oil rich in omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) has been hypothesized not to cause impairment of immune function. In this study, the toxicity of an olive oil-based emulsion (OOE) on lymphocytes and neutrophils from healthy volunteers was investigated. METHODS: Twenty volunteers were recruited and blood was collected before a 6-hour infusion of an OOE, immediately after infusion, and again 18 hours postinfusion. Lymphocytes and neutrophils were isolated by gradient density. The cells were studied immediately after isolation and after 24 hours or 48 hours in culture. The following determinations were carried out: triacylglycerol levels and fatty acid composition and levels in plasma, lymphocyte proliferation, production of reactive oxygen species, and parameters of lymphocyte and neutrophil death (viability, DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, and neutral lipid accumulation). RESULTS: OOE decreased lymphocyte proliferation, provoked lymphocyte necrosis, and had no effect on the proportion of viable neutrophils. The mechanism of cell death induced by OOE involved neutral lipid accumulation but had no effect on mitochondrial membrane depolarization. CONCLUSIONS: The OOE given as a single dose of 500 mL induced low toxicity to lymphocytes from healthy volunteers, probably by necrosis.

Balanced Diet-Fed Fat-1 Transgenic Mice Exhibit Lower Hindlimb Suspension-Induced Soleus Muscle Atrophy.

The consequences of two-week hindlimb suspension (HS) on skeletal muscle atrophy were investigated in balanced diet-fed Fat-1 transgenic and C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Body composition and gastrocnemius fatty acid composition were measured. Skeletal muscle force, cross-sectional area (CSA), and signaling pathways associated with protein synthesis (protein kinase B, Akt; ribosomal protein S6, S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, 4EBP1; glycogen synthase kinase3-beta, GSK3-beta; and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2, ERK 1/2) and protein degradation (atrophy gene-1/muscle atrophy F-box, atrogin-1/MAFbx and muscle RING finger 1, MuRF1) were evaluated in the soleus muscle. HS decreased soleus muscle wet and dry weights (by 43% and 26%, respectively), muscle isotonic and tetanic force (by 29% and 18%, respectively), CSA of the soleus muscle (by 36%), and soleus muscle fibers (by 45%). Fat-1 transgenic mice had a decrease in the ω-6/ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio as compared with C57BL/6 wild-type mice (56%, p < 0.001). Fat-1 mice had lower soleus muscle dry mass loss (by 10%) and preserved absolute isotonic force (by 17%) and CSA of the soleus muscle (by 28%) after HS as compared with C57BL/6 wild-type mice. p-GSK3B/GSK3B ratio was increased (by 70%) and MuRF-1 content decreased (by 50%) in the soleus muscle of Fat-1 mice after HS. Balanced diet-fed Fat-1 mice are able to preserve in part the soleus muscle mass, absolute isotonic force and CSA of the soleus muscle in a disuse condition.

Comparison of Goto-Kakizaki rats and high fat diet-induced obese rats: Are they reliable models to study Type 2 Diabetes mellitus?

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an evident growing disease that affects different cultures throughout the world. T2DM occurs under the influence of three main factors: the genetic background, environmental and behavioral components. Obesity is strongly associated to the development of T2DM in the occident, while in the orient most of the diabetic patients are considered lean. Genetics may be a key factor in the development of T2DM in societies where obesity is not a recurrent public health problem. Herein, two different models of rats were used to understand their differences and reliability as experimental models to study the pathophysiology of T2DM, in two different approaches: the genetic (GK rats) and the environmental (HFD-induced obese rats) influences. GK rats were resistant to weight gain even though food/energy consumption (relative to body weight) was higher in this group. HFD, on the other hand, induced obesity in Wistar rats. White adipose tissue (WAT) expansion in this group was accompanied by immune cells infiltration, inflammation and insulin resistance. GK rats also presented WAT inflammation and insulin resistance; however, no immune cells infiltration was observed in the WAT of this group. Liver of HFD group presented fat accumulation without differences in inflammatory cytokines content, while liver of GK rats didn't present fat accumulation, but showed an increase of IL-6 and IL-10 content and glycogen. Also, GK rats showed increased plasma GOT and GPT. Soleus muscle of HFD presented normal insulin signaling, contrary to GK rats, which presented higher content of basal phosphorylation of GSK-3ß. Our results demonstrated that HFD developed a mild insulin resistance in Wistar rats, but was not sufficient to develop T2DM. In contrast, GK rats presented all the typical hallmarks of T2DM, such as insulin resistance, defective insulin production, fasting hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia and lipid plasma alteration. Thus, on the given time point of this study, we may conclude that only GK rats shown to be a reliable model to study T2DM.

Combination of a high-fat diet with sweetened condensed milk exacerbates inflammation and insulin resistance induced by each separately in mice.

Obesogenic diets increase body weight and cause insulin resistance (IR), however, the association of these changes with the main macronutrient in the diet remains to be elucidated. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with: control (CD), CD and sweetened condensed milk (HS), high-fat (HF), and HF and condensed milk (HSHF). After 2 months, increased body weight, glucose intolerance, adipocyte size and cholesterol levels were observed. As compared with CD, HS ingested the same amount of calories whereas HF and HSHF ingested less. HS had increased plasma AST activity and liver type I collagen. HF caused mild liver steatosis and hepatocellular damage. HF and HSHF increased LDL-cholesterol, hepatocyte and adipocyte hypertrophy, TNF-α by macrophages and decreased lipogenesis and adiponectin in adipose tissue (AT). HSHF exacerbated these effects, increasing IR, lipolysis, mRNA expression of F4/80 and leptin in AT, Tlr-4 in soleus muscle and IL-6, IL-1ß, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 protein in AT. The three obesogenic diets induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. HS was more proinflammatory than the HF and induced hepatic fibrosis. The HF was more detrimental in terms of insulin sensitivity, and it caused liver steatosis. The combination HSHF exacerbated the effects of each separately on insulin resistance and AT inflammatory state.

Effects of high EPA and high DHA fish oils on changes in signaling associated with protein metabolism induced by hindlimb suspension in rats.

The effects of either eicosapentaenoic (EPA)- or docosahexaenoic (DHA)-rich fish oils on hindlimb suspension (HS)-induced muscle disuse atrophy were compared. Daily oral supplementations (0.3 mL/100 g b.w.) with mineral oil (MO) or high EPA or high DHA fish oils were performed in adult rats. After 2 weeks, the animals were subjected to HS for further 2 weeks. The treatments were maintained alongside HS At the end of 4 weeks, we evaluated: body weight gain, muscle mass and fat depots, composition of fatty acids, cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the soleus muscle and soleus muscle fibers, activities of cathepsin L and 26S proteasome, and content of carbonylated proteins in the soleus muscle. Signaling pathway activities associated with protein synthesis (Akt, p70S6K, S6, 4EBP1, and GSK3-beta) and protein degradation (atrogin-1/MAFbx, and MuRF1) were evaluated. HS decreased muscle mass, CSA of soleus muscle and soleus muscle fibers, and altered signaling associated with protein synthesis (decreased) and protein degradation (increased). The treatment with either fish oil decreased the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids and changed protein synthesis-associated signaling. EPA-rich fish oil attenuated the changes induced by HS on 26S proteasome activity, CSA of soleus muscle fibers, and levels of p-Akt, total p70S6K, p-p70S6K/total p70S6K, p-4EBP1, p-GSK3-beta, p-ERK2, and total ERK 1/2 proteins. DHA-rich fish oil attenuated the changes induced by HS on p-4EBP1 and total ERK1 levels. The effects of EPA-rich fish oil on protein synthesis signaling were more pronounced. Both EPA- and DHA-rich fish oils did not impact skeletal muscle mass loss induced by non-inflammatory HS.

[Characterization of the lipid portion of pink shrimp commercial samples]. / Caracterização da fração lipídica de amostras comerciais de camarão-rosa.

The objective of this study was to describe the fresh cooled pink-shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus paulensis) lipid. The total lipid content was 1.13 +/- 0.09 g/100 g while fatty acid profile showed 32.9% saturated, 20.4% monounsaturated and 40.5% polyunsaturated. Eighteen fatty acids were detected, seven saturated (14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0), four monounsaturated (16:1w7, 17:1w9, 18:1w9, 20:1w9) and seven polyunsaturated (18:2w6, 18:3w3, 20:2w6, 20:4w6, 20:5w3, 22:5w3, 22:6w3). The free cholesterol content was 92 to 136 mg/100 g with average of 118 mg/100 g. In same time, was observed the occurrence of free 7-ketocholesterol, a product of cholesterol oxidation, in levels of 0.185 to 0.366 microgram/g. The fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography with a fused silica column Supelcowax 10. The cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using a mu-Porasil column, normal phase, and a diode array detector.

Inhibition of DNA virus: herpes-1 (HSV-1) in cellular culture replication, through an antioxidant treatment extracted from rosemary spice / A inibição do vírus DNA: herpes-1 (HSV-1) na replicação de cultura celular, através de um tratamento antioxidante extraídos de especiarias alecrim

This work aimed to evaluate antiviral properties in antioxidants from spices. Phenolic compounds extracted from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinallis, L) by hot water, had their antioxidant activity determined by spectrophotometry using β carotene/linoleic acid system. The rosemary extract was evaluated by antiviral assay of Herpes Virus type-1 (HSV-1) replication in VERO cells, in the presence or absence of the spice. 10,000 TCID50/mL of the HSV-1 was kept for 3 h at 4º C, with 300 ppm of rosemary extract, and 100 ppm of butyl hydroxyl toluene (BHT). Then, these viruses were inoculated in VERO cells incubated at 37º C in CO2-5 percent, for seven days. Daily, they were examined and the end point was based on 100 percent of CPE in virus control (without antioxidants). The HSV-1 replication inhibition percentage (IP) measured the antiviral action from antioxidants, showing viral reductions of the 82.0, 82.5 percent, in the presence of rosemary and rosemary + BHT, respectively. As an extension, cell test corresponded to the similar viral decrease (IP = 85.0 and 86.3 percent) in both aforementioned situations. Results lead to conclude that phenolic compounds from rosemary revealed an antiviral action on herpesvirus-1.

Neste estudo foi avaliada a ação antiviral de antioxidantes de especiaria. Extrato aquoso de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis, L), que apresentou atividade antioxidante através de espectrofotometria usando o sistema β caroteno/ácido linoléico, foi avaliado em ensaios com vírus herpes-1 na replicação em células VERO. Nestes ensaios foram utilizados 10.000 TCID50 por cento/mL do vírus HSV-1, mantidos em contato com 300 ppm do extrato de alecrim e com 100 ppm de butil hidroxi tolueno (BHT), durante 3h a 4ºC. Esses vírus, em seguida, foram inoculados em células VERO incubadas a 37 ºC/5 por cento de CO2 por sete dias. Pelo efeito citopático (ECP) e o "end point" de ECP do controle de vírus (sem antioxidante), foi possível observar que houve reduções na replicação viral de 82 e 82,5 por cento na presença do alecrim e do alecrim + BHT, respectivamente. Nessa situação,avaliou-se ainda a redução da adsorção viral às células, que apresentou índices similares de 85,0 e 86,3 por cento de redução na capacidade da adsorção. Estas reduções no desempenho do HSV foram medidas pela fórmula de porcentagem de inibição da replicação viral (PI). Os resultados levam a concluir que os compostos fenólicos do alecrim apresentam ação antiviral sobre o HSV-1.

Propriedades antioxidantes em subproduto do pedúnculo de caju (Anacardium occidentale L. ): efeito sobre a lipoperoxidação e o perfil de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados em ratos / Antioxidant properties in cashew apple byproduct (Anacardium occidentale L. ): effect on lipoperoxidation and on the polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in rats

O caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) apresenta substâncias fenólicas, as quais são atribuídas propriedades antioxidantes. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar a capacidade antioxidante em subproduto, ou seja, no bagaço do pedúnculo do caju. O potencial antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHAlc) do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju foi avaliado em sistema de varredura do radical 2,2'-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPHò) e em ensaio in vivo. No sistema DPPH, o extrato demonstrou atividade antioxidante de cerca de 95% em sua maior concentração (1000 µg/mL). Para o estudo in vivo, foram utilizados ratos Wistar administrando oralmente EHAlc (200 e 400 mg/kg de peso corpóreo) por 30 dias e analisados os tecidos plasmático, hepático e cerebral. Não houve alterações na peroxidação lipídica no plasma e no fígado dos animais tratados comparados ao grupo controle. Contudo, foi observada redução da lipoperoxidação no cérebro dos grupos tratados. Além do mais, neste tecido, os animais tratados apresentaram maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI), destacando-se o ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA). Estes resultados indicam que o EHAlc contém antioxidantes naturais efetivos e que podem contribuir na redução da lipoperoxidação e preservação dos AGPICL no tecido cerebral de ratos, dando indícios da capacidade antioxidante do bagaço do pedúnculo de caju CCP-76.

The cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) contains phenolic compounds usually related with antioxidant properties. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate its antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the cashew apple pulp (EHAlc.) was assessed for the scavenging of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) by in vitro method and by an in vivo essay. For this essay a 30-day oral (gavage, EHAlc. 200 and 400 mg/kg) study was conducted in Wistar male rats, evaluating hepatic, plasma and brain tissues. In DPPH model, the extract demonstrated antioxidant activity of 95% (largest concentration, 1000 µg/ mL). There were found no relevant peroxidation comparing the treated animals with the control group. However, the treated group presented a lower level of brain lipoperoxidation. Also in the treated animals brain tissue was found the largest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic (DHA). Therefore, the analyzed extract from cashew apple pulp clone CCP-76 contains effective natural antioxidants, responsible for free radical scavenging in vitro and also for decreasing the brain lipoperoxidation and keeping the PUFAS levels in Wistar rats.

Composición química y actividad antioxidante del alga marina roja Bryothamnion triquetrum (S. G. Gmelin) Howe / Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the red marine algae Bryothamnion triquetrum (S. G. Gmelin) Howe

En la actualidad existe un marcado interés por la búsqueda de antioxidantes de fuentes naturales, incluidas las algas marinas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la composición química y propiedades antioxidantes del alga Bryothamnion triquetrum. Se estudió la composición centesimal y de minerales, identificación de ácidos grasos y sustancias antioxidantes. La composición centesimal es la siguiente: Proteínas (9,5 por ciento), Lípidos (1,3 por ciento), Carbohidratos (5,9 por ciento), Fibras (10,2 por ciento) y Cenizas (43 por ciento). Los resultados de la actividad antioxidante para las diferentes metodologías empleadas fueron: atrapamiento de radicales DPPHò (38 por ciento, 4 mg de liofilizado), beta-Caroteno-Linoleico (12 por ciento, 4 mg de liofilizado), actividad atrapadora de radicales O2ò- (CI50 0,36 mg/mL), de radicales OHò (CI50 2,11 mg/mL) y unión al Fe (CI50 0,37 mg/mL). Las propiedades antioxidantes de esta alga parecen explicarse por la capacidad atrapadora de radicales libres, particularmente relacionada con mecanismos de dismutación de radicales O2ò-, inactivación de radicales OHò y quelación de Fe. En trabajos previos se identificaron ácidos cinámicos y fenólicos como moléculas que pudieran explicar la actividad antioxidante, sin embargo adicionalmente se debe considerar un efecto sumatorio y/o sinérgico de otros componentes antioxidantes del extracto, como los descritos en este trabajo, incluidos minerales, carotenoides y vitamina C.

An increasing interest has been growing during the past years for the search of natural origin antioxidants, particularly those from marine algae. In this context, the main objective of current research was to evaluate the chemical composition and some antioxidant properties of the aqueous extract of the seaweed Bryothamnion triquetrum. The extracts contains: Proteins (9.5 percent), Lipids (1.3 percent), Carbohydrates (5.9 percent), Fibers (10.2 percent) and Ashes (43 percent). In current approach, the following results were obtained for the different procedures assessed: DPPHò radicals scavenging (38 percent for 4 mg of lyophilized); beta-Carotene-Linoleic assay (12 percent for 4 mg of lyophilized); O2ò- radicals scavenging (IC50 0.36 mg/mL); OHò radicals scavenging (IC50 2.11 mg/mL) and iron quelation ability (IC50 0.37 mg/mL). Thus, antioxidant properties of this natural product seem to be related to its ability to scavenge free species. In previous reports of our group, cinnamic and phenolic acids were proposed as at least partially responsible for the antioxidant properties of the extract, but the necessity for the presence of other components was also shown. Then, the antioxidant properties of the extract could be envisioned as the result of the additive and/or synergic effect between phenolic constituents and the other antioxidant components, such as minerals, carotenes and ascorbic acid.

Caracterização físico-química de creme vegetal enriquecido com ésteres de fitosteróis / Physico-chemical characterization of a phytosterol ester enriched margarine

Atualmente, esteróis e estanóis têm sido adicionados a margarinas especiais, comercialmente disponíveis como alimentos funcionais, com o intuito de reduzir os níveis de colesterol. Como parte de uma dieta saudável, é cientificamente comprovado que esse tipo de produto reduz o colesterol LDL em aproximadamente 10-15 por cento. A literatura disponível sobre os efeitos dos fitosteróis/fitostanóis na redução do colesterol no organismo, bem como a forma como estes componentes são metabolizados, é muito vasta. Porém, informações sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas destas substâncias e os efeitos de sua aplicação em alimentos, do ponto de vista tecnológico, dificilmente são encontradas...

Caracterização da fração lipídica de amostras comerciais de camarão-rosa / Characterization of the lipid portion of pink shrimp commercial samples

The objective of this study was to describe the fresh cooled pink-shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus paulensis) lipid. The total lipid content was 1.13 +/- 0.09 g/100 g while fatty acid profile showed 32.9 saturated, 20.4 monounsaturated and 40.5 polyunsaturated. Eighteen fatty acids were detected, seven saturated (14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0), four monounsaturated (16:1w7, 17:1w9, 18:1w9, 20:1w9) and seven polyunsaturated (18:2w6, 18:3w3, 20:2w6, 20:4w6, 20:5w3, 22:5w3, 22:6w3). The free cholesterol content was 92 to 136 mg/100 g with average of 118 mg/100 g. In same time, was observed the occurrence of free 7-ketocholesterol, a product of cholesterol oxidation, in levels of 0.185 to 0.366 microgram/g. The fatty acid profile was obtained by gas chromatography with a fused silica column Supelcowax 10. The cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol was determined by high performance liquid chromatography using a mu-Porasil column, normal phase, and a diode array detector.

Perfil de ácidos graxos, composição centesimal e valor calórico de moluscos crus e cozidos com leite de coco da cidade de Maceió-AL / Fatty acids composition, chemical centesimal composition and caloric value in raw and boiled mollusks with milk coconut in the city of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil de ácidos graxos, a composição centesimal e o valor calórico de moluscos crus e cozidos da cidade de Maceió. Analisaram-se três espécies: sururu (Mytella falcata), maçunim (Anomalocardia brasiliana) e unha de velho (Tagelus plebeus), nas formas cruas e cozidas (ao molho de coco). Os moluscos in natura apresentaram elevados teores de umidade e proteínas. Os maiores teores de lipídeos e cinzas foram encontrados no sururu e maçunim, respectivamente. O sururu apresentou maior valor calórico. Em base seca, detectou-se que a cocção provocou redução significativa nos teores de proteínas e aumento significativo nos teores de lipídeos e cinzas em todos os moluscos...

Composição centesimal, valor calórico, teor de colesterol e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de búfalo (Bubalis bubalis) da cidade de São Luiz do Quitunde-AL / Centesimal composition, caloric value, level of cholesterol, and fatty acid profile of the meat from buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) breeding in the area of São Luiz do Quitunde-AL

O búfalo (Bubalis bubalis) é um animal que apresenta notável potencial para a produção de carne e leite, entretanto a literatura não apresenta muitos dados sobre os principais constituintes químicos de seus produtos. Por isso, este estudo teve como objetivo oferecer informações sobre a carne de búfalo da cidade de São Luiz do Quitunde-AL, por meio de caracterização de seu perfil de ácidos graxos, teor de colesterol, composição centesimal e valor calórico. Analisaram-se 60 amostras em três tipos de corte: alcatra (20 amostras), chã de dentro (20 amostras) e lombo paulista (20 amostras). Os resultados demonstraram elevados teores de umidade e proteínas e reduzidos valores de lipídeos, quando comparados com os de outras espécies. O maior valor calórico foi encontrado em alcatra. Os teores de colesterol corresponderam a 83,01 mg/100g (alcatra), 79,01 mg/100g (lombo paulista) e 86,70 mg/100g (chã de dentro). No perfil de ácidos graxos foram identificados vinte e dois, sendo os principais em todos os cortes os seguintes: C18:1, C18:0, C16:0, C18:2 e C20:4. O ácido esteárico (C18:0), apesar de saturado, é não aterogênico e correspondeu à metade do total dos ácidos graxos saturados em todas as amostras. A relação poliinsaturados/saturados foi 0,50 (alcatra), 0,54 (lombo paulista) e 0,60 (chã de dentro). A razão ω6/ω3 foi 2,1:1 (alcatra), 2:1 (lombo paulista) e 2,3:1 (chã de dentro). Considerando-se os dados obtidos a carne de búfalo apresenta-se como opção de um alimento saudável, quando comparada com outros tipos de carne